1. GHANA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (GIMPA) Programme: post graduate diploma, occupational safety, health and environmental management(DOSHEM)

2. course: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LEGAL FRAMWORK TOPIC: Chemical Safety
FACILITATOR:
PETER AGBO-GANDEE
(SHEQ Mgr.)

4. Topics Chemical Hazards Chemical Procurement Chemical Storage
Chemical Transporting
Chemical Handling
Chemical Disposal/Recycling
Chemical Effects

5. CHEMICAL SPILL

6. Chemical hazard
A chemical hazard is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
The first rule of chemical safety is… "Know what you are working with and how to protect yourself and others“
Never sniff a chemical for identification
Exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause short (acute) or long-term (chronic) detrimental health effects.

7. chemical hazard
Acute effect - Effects that are usually of short duration. (Minutes, hours, days) An adverse effect on a human or animal body resulting from a single exposure with symptoms developing almost immediately or shortly after exposure occurs.
Chronic effects - Effects that occur after a longer period of time (months, years) an adverse effect on a human or animal body resulting from repeated low level exposure, with symptoms that develop slowly over a long period of time or that recur frequently.

8. Types of Chemical Hazards
Physical -
Health-
Environment-

9. Chemical Hazards
Chemicals are classified as being a health hazard if they:
Can cause cancer
Are poisonous (toxic)
Cause harm to your skin, internal organs, or nervous system
Are corrosive - such as acids
Cause allergic reactions after repeated exposure

10. Chemical Hazards
Chemicals are classified as having Physical Hazards if they are
Explosive
Compressed Gas
fire
Combustible Liquids
Flammable
Unstable
Water Reactive
Oxidizers

11. Industrial Safety Lecture Three

12. Chemical Hazards
There are many types of hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents, dermatologic agents, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens, pneumoconiosis agents, and sensitizers

13. Chemical Hazards Chemicals comes in:
Solids, Liquids, Gases, Vapors, Mists, Dusts, and Fumes.
Chemicals can change their physical state depending on temperature, moisture or pressure

14. Routes of exposure Inhalation-breathing in gases, fumes, mist or dust
Ingestion-swallowing
Skin Contact-skin puncture-Burns
Ocular-Eye Contact

15. Chemical Procurement

16. Chemical Procurement
Before chemicals are ordered, the following questions should be considered:
What is the least hazardous chemical available that can be used?
How should the chemical be stored?
CHEMICAL
STORAGE
AREA
Is the laboratory equipped to handle
a spill? Spill kits are in each lab.
What is the minimum quantity needed
to complete the experiment?
Is the chemical already available? Check chemical inventory.
Are personnel trained on how to safely handle the chemical?

17. Chemical Storage

18. Chemical Storage Requirements for chemical storage.
Specific information for the storage of chemicals by hazard class.

19. Bad Practice

20. Chemical Storage- Requirements
There must be an inventory list of hazardous chemicals as defined in Chemical Hygiene Plan.
Chemical containers must be labeled with a minimum of chemical name, hazard warnings and target organs.
Containers shall be dated when received and opened.
Accompanying safety data sheets must be kept.

21. Chemical Storage General Considerations:
Plan ahead for spills, accidents or emergencies.
Be aware of special storage conditions such as temperature, relative humidity or limited shelf life.
Segregate chemicals by hazard class or compatibility.

22. Chemical Storage General Considerations:
If available, use ventilated cabinets for volatile toxics and odoriferous chemicals.
Use approved flammable storage cabinets for flammable liquids.
Use secondary containers or trays for corrosives and toxic solvents.

23. Chemical Storage General Considerations:
When refrigerating flammables, only use refrigerators specifically designed for flammable materials.
Do not store food in chemical storage refrigerators.
Label chemical storage refrigerators with the following:
No Food – Chemical Storage Only

24. Chemical Storage General Considerations:
Avoid storing liquid chemicals above eye level.
Avoid storing chemicals in aisle ways.
Avoid over stocking shelves.
Avoid storing heavy containers above shoulder level.
Avoid storing chemicals in fume hoods or on counter tops.
Avoid storing chemicals near sources of heat or in direct sunshine.

25. Chemical Storage General Considerations
Avoid overhead storage of hazardous liquids and dangerous solids.
Maximum separation of reactive chemicals minimizes risk.

26. Chemical Storage General Considerations
Therefore, don't store chemicals in alphabetical order--store by category.
Do not store mutually-reactive chemicals near each other - e.g. sodium near the sink or in a sprinkled storage area, acids near bases, organometallics near alcohols.

27. Chemical Storage General Considerations
Date ethers and other peroxide-forming compounds upon arrival and follow directions for storage, testing and disposal given in this manual.
Respiratory assailants and "stench" compounds should be stored in a properly vented storage cabinet.
Store cleanup kits close to storage areas

28. Chemical Storage – Hazardous Characteristics
At a minimum, chemicals should be segregated as:
Corrosives
Flammable Liquids
Oxidizers
Poisons or Toxic Chemicals
Reactive (water or time sensitive)

29. Chemical Storage – Corrosives
Store concentrated acids and bases separately.
ACIDS BASES
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Keep corrosives away from organic chemicals and combustible materials.
Use secondary catch basins for concentrated acids and bases.
OH- H+

30. Chemical Storage –
Storage based on occupancy, classification, building construction, availability of flammable storage cabinets, quantities and location of the laboratory.
Solids: Phosphorus, yellow Calcium carbide

31. Chemical Storage
As a general rule of thumb, no more than 10 gallons of flammable liquids should be stored outside of an approved flammable storage cabinet Hospital patient areas are typically much less (1 to 2 gallons).
Liquids: Acetone Benzene

32. Chemical Storage – xidizers
Store oxidizers away from flammable and combustible materials.
Store oxidizers away from reducing agents.
Maintain the minimum quantity needed and dispose of unneeded material immediately.
Potassium permanganate
Potassium dichromate

33. Chemical Storage – Toxic Chemicals
Store highly toxic materials in a dedicated storage fume hood.
Maintain the minimum quantity needed and dispose of unneeded material immediately.
Store in unbreakable containers or use secondary containers.
Label storage areas with designated area signs.

34. Toxic Chemicals Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Cyanides
Heavy metals compounds, i.e., cadmium, mercury

35. Chemical Storage – Reactive
Examples of reactive chemicals would include, but not be limited to:
Water reactive chemicals.
Pyrophors, which react with air.
Peroxide forming chemicals, which form shock sensitive explosives.
ETHER

36. Chemical Storage – Reactive
Consult the SDS and labels for storage information.
Bring only quantities needed for immediate use into the laboratory.
Date all reactive chemicals as soon as they are received.
Do not open material after the expiration date.

37. Chemical Storage – Reactive
Store pyrophoric chemicals away from flammables.
Store perchloric acid away from reducing agents.
Store perchloric acid bottles in glass or ceramic trays.
Store peroxidizable materials away from heat and light.

38. Chemical Storage – Reactive
Store water reactive chemicals away from all
sources of water or in water tight containers.
Store thermally unstable chemicals in approved refrigerators.
Consider explosion relief boxes for highly sensitive materials.
Restrict access to the storage area.

39. Reactive Metals
Sodium metal  
Potassium metal

40. Chemical Transporting

41. Transporting Chemicals
If chemicals are transferred to a second container, make sure the new container is labeled with the chemical name.
Use secondary containers, with handles, made of rubber, plastic or metal.
Secondary containers should be large enough to contain all of the chemical contents.

42. Transporting Chemicals
Make sure the pathway is clear of obstructions and tripping hazards.
Plan ahead for spills.
Transport only the quantity needed to complete the experiment.
Use sturdy carts when transporting heavy containers or transporting over long distances.

43. Chemical Handling

44. Chemical Handling
Be familiar with chemical properties and products of chemical reactions.
Be prepared for chemical spills and clean up spills immediately.
Plan ahead – have apparatus and associated equipment ready before chemicals are used.
Use the appropriate equipment, such as funnels, beakers and spatulas when transferring chemicals.

45. Chemical Manipulation
                          
Chemical Manipulation
Use chemical fume hoods to control exposure as chemicals are transferred.
Use chemical fume hoods to control
exposure during the experiment.
Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (chemical splash goggles, gloves, etc.).
Have disposal containers ready ahead of time.

46. First Aid
In case of emergency, it is recommended to understand the first aid procedures in order to minimize any damages
The different types of chemicals will cause a variety of damages but the majority of sources recommend that it is best to rinse any contacted skin or eye with water for at least minutes, immediately flush the affected area

47. Recommended flush time is as follows:
5 minutes - non to mild irritants
minutes - moderate to severe irritants and chemical that cause acute toxicity
30 minutes - most corrosives
60 minutes - strong alkalis such as sodium, potassium or calcium hydroxide

48. First Aid cont,
Transport the affected person to a health care facility is important depending on the victim's condition. In the case that the victim needs to be transported before the recommended flush time, then flushing should be done during the transportation process. It is to note that some chemical manufacturers may state the specific type of cleansing agent that is recommended

49. Chemical Disposal &
Recycling

50. Chemical Disposal…
Each chemical and container must be disposed off properly
No container is truly "empty" unless properly cleaned
Follow SDS requirements for container disposal

51. Chemical Disposal… Recycle unused chemicals
Do not place hazardous chemicals in normal trash receptacles.
Do not pour chemicals into sinks, onto the ground or in storm drains

52. Target
Organ
Effects

53. Target Organ
A specific organ on which chemical, or other Substance that (in contrast to a systemic toxin) generally does not affect the entire body, but instead attacks a particular organ.

54. Health Hazards Category A-Biological Agents-eg.
Category B-Physical Agents-eg.
Category C-Chemical Agents-eg.
Industrial Safety Lecture Three

55. Chemical Health Effects
Irritants: Inflame skin tissue on contact.
Corrosives: Destroy skin tissue at point of contact.
Sensitizers: Cause allergic reactions.
Target-Organ Chemicals: Damage specific body organs and systems.
Reproductive Hazards: Change genetic information in egg or sperm cells and/or damage fetus after conception.
Carcinogens: Cause cancer.
Industrial Safety Lecture Three

56. Hepatotoxins Chemicals which produce liver damage
Signs and Symptoms: Jaundice, liver enlargement
Chemicals: Carbon Tetrachloride, nitrosamines

57. Nephrotoxins Chemicals which produce kidney damage
Signs and Symptoms:Edema
Chemicals: Halogenated Hydrocarbons, uranium
Edema abnormal accumulation of fluid in joints, but can be caused by a variety of other exposures, tight bandages etc...

58. Neurotoxins
Chemicals which produce their primary toxic effects on the nervous system
Signs and Symptoms: Narcosis, behavioral changes, decreased motor function
Chemicals: Mercury, carbon disulfide, lead

59. Hematopoietic system Agents which act on the blood
Decrease hemoglobin function, deprive the body tissues of oxygen
Signs and Symptoms: Cyanosis, loss of consciousness
Chemicals: Carbon monoxide, cyanides
Cyanosis: blue skin

60. Agents which damage the lungs
Chemicals which damage pulmonary tissue
Signs and Symptoms: Cough, tightness in the chest, loss of breath
Chemicals: Asbestos, silica

61. Reproductive toxins Chemicals which damage reproductive capabilities
Includes chromosomal damage (mutations) and damage to fetuses (teratogenesis)
Signs and Symptoms: Birth defects, sterility
Chemicals: Lead

62. Cutaneous hazards Chemicals which effect the dermal layer of the body
Signs and Symptoms: Defatting of the skin, rashes, irritation
Chemicals: Ketones, chlorinated compounds

63. Eye hazards Chemicals which affect the eye or visual capacity
Signs and symptoms: Conjunctivitis, corneal damage, blurred vision, burning or irritation
Chemicals: Solvents, corrosives

64. Control of Chemical Hazards and Exposures
Engineering and Mechanical Controls
Administrative and Procedural Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Industrial Safety Lecture Three

66. Protecting Yourself…
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) may be needed to protect yourself from chemical hazards
Use the PPE our Company has required for each chemical
Check the PPE before use to make sure it is not damaged

67. Protecting Yourself…
Use face shield and Goggles if there is a splash hazard
Use the proper respirator for dusts, mists and fumes

68. Protecting Yourself… Use the right gloves when handling chemicals
Properly clean and store your PPE after use
Don't take PPE home - why risk exposing your family?

69. THINK SAFETY
BE SAFE,
NOT SORRY!

70. 1.Before purchasing new chemicals you should?
Part A
1.Before purchasing new chemicals you should?
A. Check to see if chemical is already available.
B. Determine the minimum quantity needed.
C. Search for a less hazardous substitute.
D. All the above.

71. 2.The chemical hygiene plan requires?
A. Inventory list of hazardous chemicals.
B. Labels
C. Requires chemicals to be dated when opened and received.
D. All the above.

72. 3.Chemicals should be stored?
A. Alphabetically
B. By hazard class or compatibility.
C. In the chemical fume hood.
D. Randomly

73. 4.Devices used to store chemicals include?
A. Flammable storage cabinets.
B. Specially designed refrigerators.
C. Laboratory drawers.
D. Both A & B

74. 5.Chemicals can be segregated as?
A. Corrosives
B. Flammable Liquids
C. Oxidizers
D. All the above.

75. 6.Acids and bases should be stored together?
A. True
B. False

76. 7.Which is an example of a reactive chemical?
A. Ethyl Ether
B. Benzene
C. Sodium
D. Both A & C

77. 8.Chemical storage information can be found in?
A. SDS
B. Labels
C. Dictionary
D. Both A & B

78. 9.An example of a secondary container is?
A. Plastic Tray
B. Glass Beaker
C. Rubber Pail
D. All the above.

79. 10.Chemical fume hoods can be used to control exposure.
A. True
B. False

80. 11.Store chemicals in alphabetical order
A. True
B. False

81. 12.Store chemical by category
A. True
B. False

82. Part B 1. Give the names of the two chemical hazards.
2. What name is given to a chemical which will burst into flame when contacted by air?
3. What term is given to chemicals which can cause and /or support fire in other materials?
4. What is a health hazard?
5. Which kind of health hazard destroys skin on contact?
6. Chemicals that cause sterility, fetal death, and birth defects are called ____________.
7. What is a carcinogen?
8. Give the three states in which a chemical can exist.
9. Give the three ways employees can be exposed to health hazards.
10.What are the most common skin contact hazards?
11.What is an SDS?
12.What kind of information is found on the SDS?
Industrial Safety Lecture Three

83. Answer A 1. All the above (D). 6. False (B)
2. All the above (D) Both A & C (D)
3. By hazard class or compatibility(B) Both A & B (D)
4. Both A & B (D) All the above (D)
5. All the above (D) False (A)
11. False (B)
12. True (A)
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84. Answer B 1.Physical and Health hazards 2.Reactive Chemical
3.Flammable Chemical
4.Any chemical that have adverse effect on human health
6.Tetratogenes
7.Cancer
8.Solid,liquid And Gas
9.Inhalation,ingestion,skin Contact, Eye Injection
10.Acids,bases,
11.Safety Data Sheet
12.Chemical information and characteristics (physical and chemical properties)