1. PhD Candidate, University of Cape Town
Water governance in urban Malawi Mapping interactions between state and non-state actors in Lilongwe City
Jane Mwenechanya
PhD Candidate, University of Cape Town

2. State
Governance
Non-state
Rogers and Hall, 2003
Governance in Malawi has been described as centralized, fragmented with minimal involvement of non state actors (O’Neal and Cammack, 2014; Chipofya et al., 2009; )

3. Aim of study
The aim is to examine complex collaborative interactions between governmental and non-governmental actors concerning water management in Lilongwe city

4. Understanding the interactions
Social network analysis – provides insight in the role and position of individual actors in the network of interest (Bodin and Crona 2009)
Helps to understand the structure by focusing on nodes and ties
Hence useful in understanding interactions

5. Lilongwe as a case study
The city of Lilongwe (the capital) is the fastest growing from 19,425 in 1966 to 674,448 in (NSO, 2008)
An annual growth rate of 4.3 percent was registered for the inter-censual period between 1998 and 2008

6. Water demand and supply for the Lilongwe city
Year
Demand m3 per day
Supply m3 per day
2013
115,479
95,000
2012
100,656
2011
85,834
2010
72, 920
90,000
2009
65,362
Current demand around , supply – 95,000 cubic meters
Source: LWB Data

7. Increase in water demand in the city
35% lost as non revenue water
About 61,000m3 reach the consumer

8. Methodology Identification of actors
In total 24 actors were involved (NGOs, government departments, development partners etc)
Realist approach used to draw boundaries

9. Data Analysis Coded and entered into SNA software Ucinet and Netdraw
Focused on information exchange and collaboration
Analyzed two network characteristics- Density and centrality

10. Results and discussion
Organizations and agencies in Lilongwe city
Administrative level
Type of organization
Total
National
4 government departments
3 NGOs
4 development partners
2 research and consultancy 13
Local
6 NGOs
1 utility operator
2 government department
1Research and consultancy
1WUA 11

11. Collaboration and Information exchange

12. Results and discussion continued…
Network Density: The level of density, that is the number of ties present against the number of possible ties
Information exchange: (15%)
Collaboration: (16%)

13. Centrality (node size based degree of centrality)
Collaboration
Information exchange

14. Removing centralized actors from the network (information exchange)
Government actor removed
NGO removed

15. Tentative conclusions for now
What is obvious?
Limited interactions between different actors
Existence of peripheral actors e.g. the academia, but contributions limited
Prominence of actors in the broker role is evident

16. What still need to be analyzed?
Application of different scenarios
Establish how Horizontal and Vertical links are facilitated – what strengthens the links

17. “Key challenges of the study – how do we strengthen existing linkages from what exists? Are we ready to move to a new form of governance?” (Jane’s reseach diary!)