1. The Middle Ages

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

3. Europe in the 6c

4. The Medieval Catholic Church
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

5. The Power of the Medieval Church
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare  only days a year for combat.
curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

6. A Medieval Monk’s Day

7. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

8. Illuminated Manuscripts

9. Romanesque Architectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

10. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

11. Charlemagne’s Empire

12. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

13. The Carolingian Renaissance

14. Carolingian Miniscule

15. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

16. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

17. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

18. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

19. Parts of a Medieval Castle

20. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

21. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

22. The Medieval Manor

23. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

24. The
"Renaissance"
of the 12c

25. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

26. Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

27. Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

28. Magna Carta, 1215 Runnymeade “Great Charter”
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

29. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

30. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

31. Gothic Architectural Style
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses

32. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

33. Setting Out on Crusade

34. Christian Crusades: East and West

35. Medieval Universities

36. Oxford University

37. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

38. Medieval Trade

39. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

40. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

41. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

42. Late Medieval Europe

43. More than you ever wanted to know about the Anglo-French connections
Roots in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 (Battle of Hastings)
French dukes of Normandy retained lands in France and held title of “King of England”
French kings were weak feudal lords holding little authority outside of Île de France (Paris and the surrounding countryside)
French aristocracy often married their daughters off to the sons of the kings of England, further complicating dynastic alliances
Eleanor of Aquitaine: m. Louis IX of France, then Henry II of England (large French province become English land)
Isabella of Angoulême: m. John I, mother to Henry III
Eleanor of Provence: m. Henry III, mother to Edward I
Isabella of France: m Edward II, mother to Edward III, overthrew husband with aid of her lover, Roger Mortimer, imprisoned by her son
Edward III was heir to properties in France which made him a threat to French royal power, in addition to his claim to the throne

44. 100 Years’ War
Death of Charles IV of France, last Capetian king, no surviving male heirs
Edward III of England claims the throne of France through his mother’s line.
Claim denied by France due to Salic Law, rule passes to Philip VI Valois
Edward III goes to war with Philip VI to claim the throne of France

45. 100 Year’s War (1337-1453) Major Players:
England: Edward III, Edward the Black Prince, Henry IV, Henry V
France: Philip (Phillippe) VI of Valois
Flanders: sought independence from French rule; early role in the war
Burgundy: rival for control of France; aided Henry V; eventually a Hapsburg possession; Cf. Huizinga’s Autumn of the Middle Ages

46. Major territorial gains
1328: Pre-war land status
1382: English losses reason for overthrow of Richard II
1430: Henry V of England allied with Burgundians
1470: Post-war situation

47. Major Battles and Happenings
Crecy: longbow > cavalry
Poitiers: Black Prince
Agincourt: Heroic win for Henry V
Orleans: Joan of Arc
Black Death:
Peasant’s Revolt: 1381
Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy:

48. Black Death
Not quite known exact origins or nature of disease, even today
Bubonic plague / anthrax combination?
Thought to be spread by rats
Caused the death of 33% to 50% of Europe

49. Reactions to the Black Death
What are the two main reactions to tragedy?
Decameron, Boccaccio
How would a worldwide plague affect the world today?
Who benefits from such a plague?

50. English Peasant’s Revolt, 1381
Spurred by John Ball, Lollard priest
Led by Wat Tyler,killed as a rebel
Lollards
John Wycliffe’s followers
Bible in English
Called for reform of Church
“Church of the Saved”
Association with revolt drove it underground

51. Babylonian Captivity First things: Roman Catholic Church hierarchy
Priests/monks
Bishops/abbots
Archbishops
(Cardinals)
Pope (Bishop of Rome)
Pope’s political position
Ruler of Papal States
Needed to maintain armies to hold position
Often threatened by Germanic, French, and Italian city-states

52. Move to Avignon
Ostensibly, Roman patrician families battling for influence deposed Pope Boniface VIII
Influence of French cardinals caused election of Clement V, a Frenchman.
Clement V elected to reside in Avignon
Perception was that the popes made decisions at behest of King of France

53. Critics
England, at war with France, resented papal judgments on behalf of France
Marsiglio of Padua
Defensor Pacis
1st to write for a separation of church and state
William of Ockham
Ockham’s Razor
Accused Pope John XXII of heresy

54. Papacy restored to Rome
Catherine of Siena intervened, pleading for papal return to Rome
Great Western Schism of
Rise of Conciliar Movement

55. Social History Race deals with nationality, not skin color
What is a nation?
Statute of Kilkenny: “No marriages between those of immigrant and native stock”

56. Vernacular Literature
(Divine) Comedy
Dante Alighieri
Italian: Il Commedia
Journey through hell to heaven
Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
English; pilgrimage stories
The City of Ladies
Christine di Pisan
First “feminist” writings; shows influence of women in stabilizing court culture