1. Chapter 8 Grammar Note SH

2. The Past Participle
The past participle is a form of the verb. It is not a tense. One use of the past participle is with the auxiliary verb have or has to form the present perfect tense.
Ex)
-My mark has changed
-I have failed
He has been failed by the teacher.

3. Cases Base Form Past Form Past Participle Study - Studied - Studied
Look Looked Looked
Leave Left Left
Understand Understood Understood
- Put Put Put

4. Different from the past tense (irregular verbs)
Base Form Past Form Past Participle
Become Became Become
Come Came Come
Run Ran Run
Blow Blew Blown
Draw Drew Drawn
Fly Flew Flown
- Swear Swore Sworn

5. Different from the past tense (more irregular verbs see p. 370-1)
Base Form Past Form Past Participle
Tear Tore Torn
Wear Wore Worn
Break Broke Broken
Choose Chose Chosen
Freeze Froze Frozen
Speak Spoke Spoken

6. Different from the past tense
Base Form Past Form Past Participle
- Begin Began Begun
- Drink Drank Drunk
- Ring Rang Rung
- Arise Arose Arisen
- Bite Bit Bitten
- Drive Drove Driven
- Be was/were Been

7. Differnet from the past tense
Base Form Past Form Past Participle
Eat Ate Eaten
Fall Fell Fallen
Miscellaneous Changes :
Do Did Done
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Get Got Gotten
Go Went Gone

8. The Present Perfect Tense
Subject Have/Has Past Participle
I Worked. Eaten.
You Have Forgotten. Left.
We Spoken. Understood.
They Known.
He Begun.
She Has Fallen. It
There has been a mistake.
There have been some problems.

9. Word Order
Wh- Word Have Subject Have Main Verb Complement Short Answer He has been in an AA group He hasn’t been in an Na group. Has he been in the group for long? How long Have He been in the group? Who has been in the group? Short Answer : Yes, he has* No, he hasn’t. Note*: Don’t use a contraction for a short yes answer

10. The Present Perfect
We use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues to the present. He has been in the group since June. She has been in the group for four days. Now Past Future has been
May

11. The Present Perfect Continuous
Subject Have/Has Been Verb-ing
She Has Been Studying
I Have Been Working
They Have Been Running

12. Word Order – Present Perfect Continuous
Wh- Word Have Subject Have Been VerbingComplement Short Answer
He has been Studying in School
He hasn’t been Studying in library
he been Studying alone?
Has he been Studying alone?
How long Have Who has been Studying with her?
Short Answer : Yes, he has.

13. The Present Perfect with Repetition up to the Present
When we talk about the repetition of an action in a time period that includes the present, we can use the present perfect. The present perfect shows that the action can happen again in this time period because the time period is not finished.
Ex) I’ve written three mails today. (It is possible that I will write more mails today.)

14. The Present Perfect: Indefinite Past Time
We use the present perfect to refer to an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past that still has importance to the present situation.
Ex) Have you ever gone to an AA meeting? Yes, I have
(AA = Alcoholics Anonymous – they help people and families struggling with alcohol addiction)