1. The Reunification and Revival of Post-Classical China
Chapter Twelve
AP World History
Ms. Tully

2. Quick Review of Chinese History
Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties
Era of Warring States
Qin Dynasty
Han Dynasty
Three Kingdoms Period (Northern Qi; Northern Zhou; Chen)

3. Sui Dynasty (589-618) Return to strong dynastic control in China
Wendi, Northern Zhou Emperor
Widespread popularity
Buddhist; expands Buddhism

5. Sui Collapse Yangdi, Son of Wendi
Milder legal code, supports Confucian education
Scholar-gentry reestablished
Expensive building projects & excessive luxury
: Attack Korea  failure
618: Assassinated by own ministers

6. Grand Canal Canal system built by Sui & Tang
Build to accommodate population shift and transportation of goods and revenue
Millet in North, Rice in South
1100 miles long
1 million forced laborers

7. Tang Dynasty (618-907) Li Yuan, Duke of Tang  Emperor Gauzo of Tang
Used armies to unite China  Assimilation of Turkic nomads
Expands empire into Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria, Korea
Great Wall repaired and strengthened

8. Tang Dynasty at greatest extent

9. Rebuilding the Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy collapsed with Han dynasty
Goal #1: Revive scholar-gentry (bureaucrats)
Goal #2: Rework Confucian ideology
Levels of political control needed from Imperial palace to small district
Executive department w/ 6 ministries
Bureau of Censors
New capital  Chang’an

10. The Growing Importance of the Examination System
Examination system expanded  # of educated scholars rises
Ministry of Rites established to administer exams
Jinshi: those who passed the most difficult/highest exams
Special social privileges emerge
Entrance into bureaucracy still exclusive

11. State and Religion in the Tang
Buddhism had grown in popularity during Six Dynasties Era
Mahayana Buddhism
Chan (Zen) Buddhism
Early tang supported Buddhism; Empress Wu ( )

14. Anti-Buddhist Backlash
Buddhist success leads to criticism by Confucians
Tang lost revenue and labor power
: Persecution under Emperor Wuzong
Confucianism emerges as the central ideology; Buddhism is weakened

15. Tang Decline 8th C: Signs of decline Emperor Xuanzong (713- 756)
Yang Guifei  royal concubine of Xuanzong
755: An Lishan Rebellion
907: last Tang emperor resigns

16. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 907-960
Five Dynasties in Northern China succeeded one another rapidly
Later Liang
Later Tang
Later Jin
Later Han
Later Zhou (General Zhao Kuangyin conquers other kingdoms and unifies China)
Ten Kingdoms in Southern China existed concurrently and controlled their own territory Wu
Former Shu
Wuyue
Later Shu
Min
Jingan
Chu
Southern Tang
Southern Han
Northern Han

17. Song Dynasty (960-1279) Northern Song: 960-1127
Southern Song:
960: General Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu) founds Song Dynasty
Could not defeat northern Liao dynasty in Manchuria
Not as politically or militarily as powerful as Tang dynasty
Continued growth of bureaucracy

18. Neo-Confucians Revivers of pure Confucian thought and teachings
Importance of philosophy in everyday life; stress personal morality
Hostility to foreign ideas
Emphasis on tradition: gender, class, age distinctions reinforced
Became dominant interpretation of Confucianism

19. Attempts at Reform & Southern Song Dynasty
Increase in tribute to nomadic tribes
Large military an increasing burden
Wang Anshi (1070s – 1080s)  introduces reforms
Agricultural expansion; landlords/scholars-gentry taxed
Bureaucratic reforms  analytical thinking over memorization
1085: Emperor Shenzong dies; reforms reversed by neo- Confucians and new emperor
1115: Jin Kingdom founded north of Song Empire
Song flee to south  new capital at Hangzhou

21. A New Phase of Commercial Expansion
Canal systems + Silk Roads = commercial expansion booming!
Commerce expands in cities and trading towns
Urban growth; Chang’an capital w/ 2 million ppl

22. Silk Roads & Indian Ocean Trade
Tribal societies drawn to riches of Silk Road  raided traders
Chinese rulers protect trade and travelers on Silk Roads  urban development
Increase in ocean trade  Chinese Junks
Established market network along Indian ocean coast  rival Arabs for control

24. Expanding Agrarian Production
Economy stimulated by advances in farming
Tang and Song rulers try to promote agricultural production and peasants
Canals help transport produce quickly
Breakup of aristocratic estates  divided up among peasantry

25. Family in the Tang-Song Era
Male-dominated and respect for elders supported by Neo- Confucians
Elite women have broader opportunities
Arranged marriages
Divorce widely available if both husband and wife consent
Neo-Confucian greatly reduce role of women in late Song period  confinement, repression

26. Foot-Binding Symbol of subordination Begin binding feet at 2-5 y/o
Ideal length: 3 inches
Considered highly attractive and erotic by men
Dies out by early 20th C

28. Cultural Achievements
Renaissance of Chinese poetry & painting  nature theme
Scholars are now cultural producers
Paper techniques refined  development of moveable type in 1041
Gunpowder & fireworks (9th C)
Abacus, wheelbarrow