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Post World War II America ( )

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1 Post World War II America (1945-1960)
Unit 9A AP U.S. History

2 Fundamental Questions
Explain how the Truman and Eisenhower administrations maintained continuity and fostered change in American foreign policy. Compare and contrast cultural developments of the 1920s and the 1950s.

3 Legacy of World War II on American Foreign Policy
New World Order U.S. virtually unscathed from war destruction Imperialist powers and Axis belligerents weakened Decolonization Non-Alignment Movement Superpowers United States and Soviet Union State of Israel Involvement in Middle East affairs National and International Defense Reorganization of diplomatic and military bureaucracy United Nations and Security Council

4 Decolonization

5 Understanding the Cold War
Superpower nations after WWII Soviet Union = communism, police state United States = capitalism, democracy Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright conflict However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in various regions around the world.

6 United Nations General Assembly Security Council
Member nations convened to develop a postwar world to combat global issues while respecting sovereignty and peace. Security Council 15-member body to authorize peacekeeping and promote international security Permanent Members United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China Resolutions must be unanimous

7 Occupation of Japan Reform Economic Recovery Peace and Alliance
Emperor as ceremonial role Democratization Breakup of conglomerates Demilitarization Economic Recovery Avoid communist incursion Peace and Alliance General Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito

8 Iron Curtain German Occupation Zones Eastern Europe
Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) Eastern Europe Soviet Union did not withdraw its troops from occupied Eastern Europe Virtually forced communist regimes on Eastern European

9 Harry Truman (D) (1945-1953) Fair Deal Labor Relations
"Every segment of our population, and every individual, has a right to expect from his government a fair deal.“ – State of the Union (1949) Labor Relations Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Prohibited closed shops, political contributions, sympathy strikes Permitted “right to work” states Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) President order to seize national steel mills unconstitutional Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Social and Cultural Developments Civil Rights Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 (1948) Desegregated the federal government and military Foreign Developments Containment Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift Korean Conflict

10 Election of 1948 Harry S. Truman (D) Strom Thurmond Thomas Dewey (R)
States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) Thomas Dewey (R)

11 Truman’s Fair Deal A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare programs 21-Point Domestic Program Expansion of Social Security Increased minimum wage Housing Act of 1949 Urban projects and public housing Prevention by Conservative Coalition National healthcare insurance Limited civil rights legislation

12 Harry S. Truman (D) (1945-1953) Containment
Truman Doctrine Provide economic and military support for nations threatened by communism Greece and Turkey National Security Act (1947) Department of Defense National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) NSC-68 (1950) Justify defense spending and arms buildup as necessary Establish alliances with non-communist nations

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15 Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Marshall Plan
European Recovery Program $13 billion in grants Rebuild and develop European infrastructure Designed to prevent communist uprisings or infiltration in vulnerable nations

16 Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Berlin Airlift
Soviet Union establishes blockade of West Berlin U.S. and allies launch aerial campaign from Drop food and fuel to citizens Extremely successful Over 200,000 flights 47,000 tons daily

17 Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Cold War Alliances
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Permanent alliance between U.S., Canada, and Western Europe If one member is attacked, all treaty nations will defend Warsaw Pact Soviet Union’s version of NATO Eastern European satellite nations

18 Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Korean Conflict (1950-1953)
North Korean Invasion (1950) Advised by Soviet Union and China Truman and United Nations Intervention General Douglas MacArthur launched successful counterattack Repulsed to 38th parallel by Chinese support troops Armistice (1953) 38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic South Truman win/lose Containment worked “soft on Communism”

19 Nuclear Arms Race Nuclear weapon development Soviet Union
United States develops weapons with higher yields Soviet Union Detonated first nuclear weapon (August 1949) United Kingdom Detonated first nuclear weapon (October 1952) France Detonated first nuclear weapon (February 1960) China Detonated first nuclear weapon (October 1964)

20 Second Red Scare (1947-1957) Government Policies
Loyalty Review Board McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Investigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs and blacklisting Senator Joseph McCarthy (R) McCarthyism Espionage Alger Hiss Klaus Fuchs Julia and Ethel Rosenberg

21 Election of 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) Adlai Steveneson (D)
I Like Ike Richard Nixon as VP Checkers speech Adlai Steveneson (D)

22 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)
Modern Republicanism/Dynamic Conservatism Reduce federal scope of power Balanced budgets Pro-business policies Progressive republicans Interstate Highway System (1956) National Defense Education Act (1958) Social and Cultural Developments Second Red Scare Affluent Society Conformity and Consensus of Values Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott ( ) Little Rock Nine (1957) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Sit-ins Foreign Developments Brinkmanship Sputnik U-2 Incident

23 Interstate Highway System

24 Election of 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) Adlai Stevenson (D)

25 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961) Brinkmanship
Secretary of State John F. Dulles Massive Retaliation Domino Theory Eisenhower Doctrine Extension of Truman Doctrine to Middle East Covert Operations Operation Ajax (1953) - Iran Operation PBSUCCESS (1954) - Guatemala

26 Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961) Soviet Union
Temporary Thaw with Soviet Union “Atoms for Peace” (1953) Hungarian Revolt (1956) Sputnik (1957) U-2 Incident (1960)

27 Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961) Vietnam and Cuba
Geneva Conference (1954) Ho Chi Minh and North Vietnam Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (1954) Cuba Fidel Castro and Revolution Deposes Fulgencio Batista (1959) American Embargo Cuban Alliance with Soviet Union

28 Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961) Farewell Address (1961)
“Military-Industrial Complex” Cold War and Arms Race implications Warning of a military-corporate state

29 The Military-Industrial Complex
Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations. This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence ñ economic, political, even spiritual ñ is felt in every city, every Statehouse, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.” “We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.”

30 Baby Boom ( )

31 American Suburbia Causes Details Effects Postwar economic expansion
G.I. Bill and FHA Great Migration Interstate highways Details Single-family homes Subdivisions and zoning Shopping malls Effects “White flight” Urban decay

32 Second Red Scare (1947-1957) Cold War Fears McCarthyism Duck and Cover
“He May Be a Communist” McCarthyism Demographics: Republican Conservative Protestants and Catholics Blue-collar workers Tactics Media and Television Blacklisting Reaction Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954) “Decency” Edward R. Murrow of CBS Public Outcry

33 Nifty Fifties The American Dream
Corporate America White-collar jobs Business dress codes Consumerism Credit cards Shopping malls and strip malls Advertising/Brand Names/Franchising Ford Cheerios Chef Boyardee Carnation Milk

34 Nifty Fifties Women Suburban and middle-class growth and mainstream media culture reinforced cult of domesticity “Know your role” Increased employment opportunities 40% of women held jobs

35 Nifty Fifties Conformist and Conservative Society
Causes New Deal politics, Cold War/Communism, Materialism, Baby Boom, Suburbia Social Mores Traditional gender roles Respect for authority Against perversion, drugs Church Membership 49% in 1950 69% in 1960 Impact on Politics “under God” added to the Pledge of Allegiance (1954) “In God We Trust” as national motto and on paper currency (1956) Billy Graham Evangelism to be pure, not improved

36 Nifty Fifties Teenagers and Rebellion
“Quiet Generation” Attracted to lifestyle of rock and roll, television, and movie stars Rise in juvenile delinquency Beat Generation/Beatniks Rejection of contemporary conformist and materialist lifestyle Spiritual liberation Free lifestyle and experimentation

37 Nifty Fifties Television and Movies
Ownership 9% in 1950 65% in 1955 87% in 1960 Impact Corporate sponsorships Sitcoms of the American middle class family Ozzie and Harriet Leave it to Beaver Father Knows Best Movies Epic, science fiction, and Cold War themes The Day the Earth Stood Still Rebel Without a Cause

38 Nifty Fifties Music Classic Pop Doo Wop Rock and Roll Billie Holiday
Crooners Frank Sinatra Dean Martin Doo Wop Vocal group harmony Rock and Roll Influenced by rhythm and blues, jazz, gospel, country, and pop Electric guitars Chuck Berry Elvis Presley

39 Nifty Fifties Literature
Post-Modernism Post-WWII reactionary movement The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger The Death of a Salesman and The Crucible by Arthur Miller To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Beat Generation Rejection of materialism, sexual liberation, drug experimentation, Eastern religions and philosophies On the Road by Jack Kerouac

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