A View from the Bridge Plot Reminder.

A View from the Bridge Plot Reminder

Act 1 Alfieri talks directly to the audience, introduces the main themes of the play and describes Eddie. We then meet Beatrice and Catherine: Catherine comes across as a little girl and Eddie is overprotective of her. He is concerned when she says she has a job but, after lots of cajoling, he allows her to go to work. The main event in this section is the news of the arrival of Beatrice’s cousins who have entered America illegally: they will arrive later that night, earlier than expected. Later on, Marco and Rodolpho arrive. They are very thankful for being allowed to stay and discuss the difficulties in Italy. Eddie immediately begins to distrust Rodolpho and speaks more and more only to Marco.

After some time, it is clear that Catherine and Rodolpho are an item; and Eddie is not pleased! He tells Beatrice of his dislike and suspicions. Beatrice asks him to let them be, and confronts Eddie about their troubles: they no longer have a physical relationship. Eddie argues with Catherine about Rodolpho, saying his intentions aren’t honourable: he believes Rodolpho is using Catherine, a naïve, young girl, to get a passport – if Rodolpho marries an American citizen, he can become an American, living and working without the threat of deportation. Catherine speaks to Beatrice and it becomes clear that Beatrice believes Eddie is jealous and possibly has developed sexual feelings for Catherine or has feelings of ‘too much love’. Beatrice instructs Catherine to change the way she acts around Eddie and encourages her to marry Rodolpho.

Eddie goes to see Alfieri
Eddie goes to see Alfieri. Alfieri explains that Rodolpho is doing nothing illegal apart from being in America illegally. He also picks up on Eddie’s love for Catherine and tries to talk to him about it. Later, Eddie confronts Marco about Rodolpho’s behaviour and how Catherine’s changed. Marco apologises and promises that Rodolpho will change, telling Rodolpho to confirm this. Eddie invites the brothers to a boxing match: they seem happy. Eddie offers to teach Rodolpho to box and ‘accidentally’ hits him quite hard. Marco and the women see trouble. Marco challenges Eddie to lift a chair, holding it at the bottom of the leg: he can’t. Marco manages it and, as Miller writes, holds it “like a weapon over Eddie’s head.” (Remember, those stage directions are important.)

Act 2 Alfieri talks directly to the audience, a reminder of the opening of the play. He tells us that Catherine and Rodolpho are, for the first time, alone. Catherine asks Rodolpho about Italy and raises Eddie’s fears about him only wanting a passport. Rodolpho becomes angry and says they will never live in Italy because he could not provide for them there. They make up and go into the bedroom. Moments later, Eddie, drunk, comes in. Catherine rushes out and is quickly followed by Rodolpho. Eddie knows, or thinks he knows, what they’ve been up to. He is enraged! In the midst of the argument, Eddie grabs Catherine and kisses her. Rodolpho tries to fight him but he pins his arms and kisses Rodolpho, too. Eddie tells Rodolpho to leave but tells Catherine that she can’t go with him.

Eddie again visits Alfieri to see if there is some legal way he can stop the marriage. Alfieri reiterates that there is nothing illegal with Rodolpho’s actions apart from the way he entered the country. Eddie leaves unsatisfied. He goes to the phone box, which was mentioned in the opening stage directions but hasn’t been used yet. He asks for the number for the Immigration Bureau and tells them of Marco and Rodolpho. Eddie and Beatrice argue properly. He says he no longer has respect in the house and, because they’re Beatrice’s cousins, it’s her fault. She calms him down and they discuss Catherine: she is leaving with Rodolpho. Catherine and Eddie talk and, it seems, they may make up. However, Catherine tells Eddie that the brothers are in another apartment in the same house AND there are two other illegal immigrants hiding with them. Eddie panics, begins blaming the other men for what is about to happen.

As expected, the Immigration Bureau arrive and search the house, taking Rodolpho, Marco and the other two men away. Everyone blames Eddie immediately. In the detention centre, Alfieri says that he will post bail for Marco so that he can work for a few weeks and attend Rodolpho and Catherine’s wedding, but only if he promises not to go after Eddie. He promises. Catherine, Eddie and Beatrice are arguing. It is the day of her wedding and Eddie refuses to go AND he won’t allow Beatrice to go. Rodolpho bursts in and warns that Marco is coming for revenge. They all beg Eddie to leave but he won’t. In the final moments, Eddie demands his name (his honour) from Marco who accused him in front of the neighbourhood. They fight and Eddie draws a knife but Marco turns it on him. Eddie dies in the street. Alfieri ends the action by talking to the audience, reminding us of his opening monologue.

Considering the title and themes
A View from the Bridge Considering the title and themes

Structure/Form

‘I kept wanting to call the police but nothing had happened’ (p. 48)
The View and the Bridge The character watching the action is Alfieri. He is the bridge between the American and Italian communities. He is detached from the action; he is powerless to change events: ‘I kept wanting to call the police but nothing had happened’ (p. 48) The Brooklyn Bridge highlights the importance of the setting and the characters as immigrants.

‘I could have finished the whole story that afternoon’ (p. 35)
The Genre of Tragedy Alfieri plays the role of a narrator. His role is similar to that of the chorus from Greek Tragedy plays. The Tragic Hero is Eddie. He is an every man. His tragic flaw is his inappropriate love for his niece, Catherine, and his desire to carry a positive reputation in the community. Alfieri can only watch the tragedy unfold – Fate always plays a part in the genre: ‘I could have finished the whole story that afternoon’ (p. 35)

Role of Alfieri in the tragedy
Miller uses Alfieri to : Introduce and explain themes Expand on characters Give background info about time and place Make sure that the audience is clear about Miller’s message

Theme - Community The Italian-American immigrant community looks after itself. The community has its own sense of Law and Justice – think about the story of Vinny Bolzano (pp ). The sense of community contributes to the tragic ending of the play. Find a quote

Theme – Honour (respect)
Honour is shown to be very important, especially to the male characters. It means far more to them than the law. To be honourable is to be respected. If you do anything dishonourable, you lose respect. Codes of honour bind families and the whole neighbourhood with a sense of community. Everyone should look out for one another, to betray someone is the most dishonourable action imaginable. Find a quote

Theme- Law and Justice It is important that you understand the distinction between the terms Justice and Law. Justice – what is morally right or fair Law – a rule enacted in a community and recognised as prohibiting certain actions and enforced by the imposition of penalties.

The Law and Justice Alfieri states that lawyers in ancient times, as well as he in modern times, were unable to prevent a "complaint" running a "bloody course" causes us to question the power and influence of the law. Alfieri believes that it is best to "settle for half": it is better to rely on written law as far as possible and accept it even when you are only 'half' satisfied. Both Eddie and Marco allow their personal feelings to affect their idea of justice. They are not strong enough to take an objective view. We see that Alfieri is right, people are not strong enough to execute true justice, their desires and feeling always take a part. Find a quote

Theme - Masculinity

What is Eddie’s view of Masculinity?
In what ways does Marco represent this view? In what ways does Rodolpho go against this view?

Theme - Love Love of a family
Type of Love Characters Love of a family Beatrice, Eddie and Catherine are first seen as a loving family. Marco loves his family deeply. He has come to America to help them. He misses them a lot. In the wider sense, Beatrice loves her family in Sicily enough to support her cousins. Family ties are very important. Father - daughter love Eddie and Catherine, although uncle and niece, have become more like a father and daughter. Eddie made a lot of sacrifices to provide Catherine with the best education he could. Brotherly love Marco and Rodolpho have a strong bond - great enough for Marco to lay down his life for his brother's cause. Romantic / married love Eddie and Beatrice's marriage is obviously not as strong as it used to be: Beatrice asks, "When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie?" They have not slept together for months. Catherine and Rodolpho quickly fall deeply in love. Eddie's love for Catherine has become sexual, even though he refuses to admit it. This is the cause of the friction in his own marriage and the dispute with Rodolpho and Marco. Love of a place Rodolpho and Marco love their homeland. Rodolpho also loves America. Catherine says, "he's crazy for New York."

Characterisation - Eddie
APPEARS - Wilful, energetic, authoritative, Master in his house with secure family relationships. Proud of Catherine as a woman. Warm and humorous. BUT IS - Quarrelsome and dogmatic. His relationship with Beatrice is precarious. Thinks of Catherine as a baby. Wants to keep her home. Keeps her away from other men. His jokes have a sharp edge to them.

Sympathy for Eddie Discuss – Is it possible to sympathise with Eddie.
Come up with at least 4 reasons for each side of the argument The reasons must reference the play (either quote or reference to event) Make 2 columns on your Characterisation of Eddie page – yes and no – to record your information.

Characterisation Eddie
Key characterisation quotations

With your hair that way, you look like a madonna
With your hair that way, you look like a madonna. You’re the madonna type. (p11) I guess I never figured one thing… that you would grow up. (p15) He’s only bowin’ to his passport… That’s a hit-and-run guy,.. You marry him and the next time you see him it’ll be for divorce. (p28) He puts his hands on her like a goddam thief… He’s stealing from me! (p35) He reaches out suddenly,.. as she strives to free herself he kisses her on the mouth…Rodolpho flies at him in attack. Eddie pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him. I want to report something. Illegal immigrants. (p50) I want my name! (p62)

Characterisation Eddie – section 1
Start – page 23

Protagonist – multi faceted character who changes throughout
Longshoreman whose job it is to load and unload boats in the shipyards of Brooklyn Catherine is his vulnerability Strong family man, with a sense of humour. May never admit that manliness consists of knowing one’s boundaries and protecting one’s territory, but that is clearly what he feels. Other men are regarded as hostile invaders if they enter his world.

“Don’t worry about it B, there’s nothing to it
“Don’t worry about it B, there’s nothing to it. Couple of hours they’ll be here” Matter of fact about the cousins landing- suggesting a regular occurrence “Listen they’ll think it’s a millionaire’s house compared to where they live.” Carbones are hard up but their way of life is better than in Italy “It’s an honour B, I mean it…The man would be honoured to lend me a place to sleep.” honourable man – despite not having much more than open to share gains

“I supported you for this long I support you a little more
“I supported you for this long I support you a little more. Please, do me a favour, will ya? I want you to be with different kind of people.” Over protective towards Catherine- repeats same arguments about her mixing with other men. Soon this becomes obsessive and unnatural. B knows he is too possessive and protective and thinks that he should be able to see that she is able to look after herself “Well, I don’t understand when it ends”. “with a sense of her childhood, her babyhood, and the years…He is affected by her, but smiles his emotion away.” suggestion of reluctance to let her go shows how vulnerable he is.

“ strangely and quickly resentful you lived in a house all your life, what do you know about it? You never worked in your life.” Resentful of Beatrice (shows tension) but wants Catherine to stay at home too so he can control her

“First Beatrice smiles, then Catherine, for a powerful emotion is on him, a childish one and a knowing fear, and the tears show in his eyes…sadly smiling, yet somehow proud of her Well … I hope you have good luck. I wish you the best. You know that, kid.” Something pathetic about him here. 1 of the few quiet moments where Eddie is reflective Eddie’s jealousy of Rodolpho shows how emotionally unstable he is.1st sign “he is coming more and more to address Marco only - hostile/uncomfortable

EDDIE... Eddie’s jealousy of Rodolfo shows how emotionally unstable he is.1st sign “he is coming more and more to address Marco only - hostile/uncomfortable Doesn’t use his name “Hey, kid – hey, wait a minute –” “Eddie has risen with iron control, even a smile. He moves to Catherine” protective – Eddies behaviour/ hostility shoes how petty he can be “ What’s the high heels for, Garbo?”

Section ends with foreshadowing of problems to come:
“Eddie is downstage, watching as she pours a spoonful of sugar into his cup, his face puffed with trouble, and the room dies.”

Task Using SEAL examine how Eddie is presented as a multi-faceted character in the first section of the play. Examine how Miller introduces the idea of trouble to come in the first section of the play.

Page 23 – page 37

EDDIE... His character has changed as the audience see him waiting for Rodolpho and Catherine to return from the cinema He is angry as he waits – we see him unsettled and lacking self confidence openly for the first time. He is beginning to show how dangerously obsessive he can be

EDDIE... In his discussion with Beatrice he is quick to deny he is jealous “Beatrice (smiling) Ah go on, you’re just jealous. Eddie: Of him? Boy you don’t think much of me.” But this quote shows R &C issue is eating him up “You mean it’s all right with you? That’s gonna be her husband”

EDDIE... Even though Beatrice points positives about Rodolpho Eddie refuses to see the good in him. Become obsessed – cannot talk about anything else “He’s like a weird” nasty and cruel. Different from what he was like when they first arrived about it being an honour to have them. A changing character “Wacky hair” his hostility has hardened

EDDIE... “He moves from her, halts. She realises there is a campaign solidified in him … Beatrice: Listen, you ain’t gonna start nothin’ here.” Foreshadowing – he is emotionally unstable – provides clues that there is trouble to come.

EDDIE... Has become so totally consumed with Catherine that he has ignored Beatrice and her needs. “Beatrice: No. But I got other worries. Eddie: Yeah. (He is already weakening)” (weakening) suggests he feels ashamed but he keeps his distance and avoids showing his emotions openly “Eddie: (He can’t speak then) I can’t. I can’t talk about it.” Also he knows he can’t change to please Beatrice. The obsession has intruded and he has had no experience of such strong feelings/deep emotions. “Beatrice: When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie?” Beatrice questions Eddies’s manliness –he is a simple man and is uncomfortable with this being threatened – by Beatrice and Rodolpho

Conversation with workmates also makes Eddie edgy.
They appear to like Rodolpho but Eddie takes it that they are laughing at him and not with him. Nicknames can also be a term of endearment (such as he calls Catherine Kate) – but he sees it as negative By being positive about Marco highlights obvious dislike of Rodolpho Men laugh when Rodolpho appears – Eddie again takes it as negative and riles him further.

EDDIE... Rodolpho is opposite to Eddie who doesn’t want anything to change. Rodolpho wants his life to improve “Rodolpho: Eddie, why can’t we go once to Broadway.” “Eddie: I don’t see you no more. I come home you’re runnin’ around someplace – “ he wants the past – refusing to accept reality

EDDIE... “Eddie: That’s right. He marries you he’s got the right to be an American citizen. That’s what’s goin’ on here…The guy is lookin’ for his break, that’s all he’s lookin’ for.” openly slanders Rodolpho and doubts that Rodolpho motives are honourable “He turns, striving to retain his dignity, but nethertheless in guilt walks out of the house” another example of how Eddie struggles to communicate

EDDIE... Alfieri describes Eddie “His eyes were like tunnels; my first thought was that he had committed a crime” Eddie cannot see properly, he is blinkered by his feeling towards Catherine and he can now only go forwards into darkness/abyss Going to Alfieri illustrate Eddie’s desperation – looking for a legal way of getting rid of Rodolopho.

EDDIE... “Eddie: The guy ain’t right, Mr Alfieri … He’s a blond guy. Like … platinum.” refuses to accept anything other than his own uncomplicated measure of masculinity “Eddie: He sings, see …but sometimes he hits a note, see … you wouldn’t be lookin’ for him you be lookin’ for her.”

EDDIE... Eddie does not regard Rodolpho as a real man. He has become really unreasonable and cannot see reason. Tries to verbalise emotions but can’t and so he gets more frustrated. Eddie speaks the truth as he sees it but his vision of the truth is twisted due to obsession Eddie’s frustration is embodied in “But I know… what they’re laughin’ at, and when I think of that guy layin’ his hands on her I could – “ He is desperate and cannot fully verbalise his emotions. He suggests that Catherine is rejecting a “real man” (him), who has struggled for her unlike this effeminate boy.

EDDIE... “Eddie: I’m – (He feels the threat of sobs, and with a helpless wave.) I’ll see you around” becoming a broken man clear sign that Eddie is emotionally unstable. His reaction is irrational. He cannot see Rodolpho’s qualities – blinded by fear of losing Catherine

Page 37 – end of Act 1

Page 38 Eddie speaks to Marco and is ignoring Rodolpho.
Page 39 He controls the atmosphere and repeatedly kills the relaxed mood “Rodolpho: Lemons are green. Eddie: resenting his instruction I know lemons are green, for Christ’s sake…”

“Eddie: I betcha there’s plenty surprises sometimes when those guys get back there, heh?...They count the kids and there’s a couple of extra when they left? antagonistic re Marco’s wife – showing his power over brothers- this is his house and what he says goes. Shows his complete lack of respect as he is treating Marco badly here.

He tells Rodolpho that he is breaking the code here by taking Catherine out. Always looking out for a chance to belittle/control Rodolopho “Eddie: I know, but in your town you wouldn’t just drag off a girl without permission, I mean…It ain’t much different here.” Eddie displays his narrow minded attitude (Rodolpho is not like him so is weird/odd/ to be outcast) “Eddie: It’s wonderful. He sings, he cooks, he could make dresses …”

He tries to belittle Rodolpho.
“Eddie: He’s lucky, believe me. That’s why the water front is no place for him. I mean like me – I can’t cook , I can’t sing, I can’t make dresses, so I’m on the waterfront.” There is an undertone in everything he says – he is basically saying here that Rodolpho is not a man like him.

“He has been unconsciously twisting the newspaper in a tight role… and it suddenly tears in two.”
implying his strength and power over Rodolpho. Also displays an undercurrent of violence. “Eddie: I’ll treat yiz. What do you say Danish? You wanna come along” warm but again undercurrent – assumes Rodolpho won’t want to go as it is too masculine for him.

Asks both if they can box – but chooses Rodolpho to fight with (sees him as the weaker and an enemy)
All done to show Catherine what a real man is? Trying to show her how weak R is and not a suitable match? Asserts himself over Rodolpho and manipulates him “He feints with his left hand and lands with his right. It mildly staggers Rodolpho” displayed controlled hostility – could probably knock out Rodolpho quite easily (and wants to ) but controls himself.

Eddie wins this challenge but ends the act as a diminished man as Marco displays the true meaning of strength in the lifting of the chair. The act ends with foreshadowing of violence “Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw … the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head – and he transforms what might appear like a glare of warning into a smile of triumph, and Eddie’s grin vanishes as he absorbs the look.”

Page 47 – 65

EDDIE... “Eddie sees him and his arm jerks slightly in shock”
The full horror of the situation strikes him – his worst nightmare has come true. “Catherine instantly turns and walks towards the bedroom, and Eddie grabs her arm” unrestrained anger which has been mounting since Rodolpho’s arrival. Eddie is relentless in his dislike for Rodolpho & his relationship with Catherine. Even though the audience is expecting a violent outburst what actually happens is sudden and sharp and displays open hostility. He oversteps the bounds of decency and is nothing better than a brute. “He reaches out suddenly, draws her to him, and as she strives to free herself he kisses her on the mouth.”

EDDIE... “Rodolpho flies at him in attack, Eddie pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him.” He leaves Rodolpho & Catherine in no doubt that they will be powerless if Eddie decides to act – he still has the power “Don’t make me do nuttin’, Catherine. Watch your step, submarine. By rights they oughta throw you back in the water.” By using the term submarine – he is putting Rodolpho in his place, reminding him of exactly who he is and how inferior he is to Eddie.

EDDIE... “Alfieri: What does your wife say?
Eddie: unwilling to pursue this Nobody’s talking much in the house.” not wanting to admit that Beatrice does not agree with him. Eddie has totally changed the atmosphere in the house “Eddie: Even a mouse, if you catch a teeny mouse and hold it in your hand, that mouse can give you the right kind of fight. He didn’t give me the right kind of fight, I know it, Mr Alfieri, the guy ain’t right.” Words of a desperate, blinkered man. He has become so obsessive about Rodolpho’s sexuality he is hardly talking sense.

“Eddie: I want to report something. Illegal immigrants. Two of them
“Eddie: I want to report something. Illegal immigrants. Two of them. That’s right. Four-forty-one Saxon Street, Brooklyn, yeah.” Commits act of betrayal – self interest is one of Eddie’s great motivating factors. Deeply aware of horrific nature of betraying an immigrant to authorities but when his comfortable relationship with Catherine is under threat he is quite prepared to break “local law”/Italian code Terrible irony of his actions. He had criticised Vinny for doing the same thing – breaking the local law

“Eddie: Don’t drop dead, just keep in mind who brought them in here, that’s all…I mean I got a couple of rights here. He moves, wanting to beat down her evident disaproval of him.” Blames Beatrice for his actions “Eddie: I want my respect, Beatrice…What I feel like doin’ in the bed and what I don’t fell like doin’. ..I don’t want no more coversations about that Beatrice. I do what I feel like doin’ or what I don’t feel like doin’ Eddie imagines Beatrice is calling his manliness into question and this disturbs him. He is demanding respect- having lost it from Catherine.

“Eddie: in a driving fright and anger How do you know they’re not trackin’ these guys? They’ll come up for them and find Marco and Rodolpho! Get them out of the house!...Eddie turns to Beatrice. She looks at him now and sees his terror.” Sees consequences of his betrayal other immigrants will be deported too. A private disagreement becomes public – his ‘justice’ for Rodolpho breaking his ‘laws’ will have direct impact on others who will also demand justice from him.

Lipari, the butcher, turns and starts up left with his arm around his wife…Lipari and his wife exit…Louis barely turns, then walks off and exits down right with Mike. impact upon his relationship with neighbours and wider community – he will never get support form them – from now on he is despised in the community. Highlighted by his last speech to which no one is listening “Eddie: Lipari! For Christ’s sake, I kept them, I give them the blankets off my bed!...Louis! Louis!...He’s gonna take that back. He’s gonna take that back or I’ll kill him! You hear me? I’ll kill him!”

Page 65 – end of play

EDDIE... Throughout this section he is never far from our thoughts because everything here is as a direct result of Eddie’s actions. In some ways, his absence is even more powerful because Miller forces us to imagine what Eddie’s reaction will be when he meets Marco and Rodolpho again. “Eddie: Didn’t you hear what I told you? You walk out that door to that wedding you ain’t comin’ back here, Beatrice.” trying to show power again and reclaim his role as the man as the house. Threats are all he has left.

EDDIE... “Eddie: …He’s gonna come here and apologize to me or nobody from this house is goin’ into that church today.” Unwilling to compromise – one of his major faults “Eddie: I want my respect.” Delusional- demands respect but has lost respect because of his actions. Eddie: Where? Where am I going? This is my house”. Creating inevitable confrontation because he cannot see any way of walking away from his betrayal. He has committed a crime which must have justice served.

EDDIE... “Eddie: I got nothin’ against Marco? Which he called me a rat in front of the whole neighbourhood? Which he said I killed his children?” He didn’t have anything against Marco before this incident (which he caused) What Marco said about him was true – but in his obsession he was unable to see the effect it had on others. “Eddie: I want my name! …Marco’s got my name…he’s gonna give it back to me in front of this neighbourhood.” Through self delusion believes if Marco apologises he can be a man again and the community will forgive him. His name is all he has left and that is worthless in the community

EDDIE... He cannot handle Beatrice’s accusations about his feelings about Catherine. “Crying out in agony That’s what you think of me – that I would have such thoughts? His fists clench his head as though it will burst. All the positive qualities of Eddie have disappeared – he’s now a shell of a man. It is inconceivable that he could have a ‘normal’ life after this. Has lost respect from everyone – most notably Catherine- so has no choice but to face Marco in mortal combat

EDDIE... “Eddie raises the knife … You lied about me Marco. Now say it. Come on now, say it” uncompromising and without acceptance of guilt right up to the end. “Catherine: Eddie, I never meant to do nothing bad to you. Eddie: Then why…” Final words still feels he has been wronged by Catherine & therefore Rodolpho, Beatrice & Marco His final words in the play show that he does appreciate how B has stuck by him “My B “ is an apology? The words are tragic as shows the depth of their relationship but it has been destroyed by Eddie’s flaws.

Characterisation Catherine

Suppose I wanted to live in Italy. (p43)
He was good to me,.. You don’t know him; he was always the sweetest guy to me… I would – just feel ashamed if I made him sad. (p45) [Eddie]’s a rat! He belongs in the sewer! (p61) Eddie, I never meant to do nothing bad to you. (p64)

Catherine Relatively passive throughout. Initially devoted to Eddie
Depends upon Eddie's approval Naive about immigrants status Show a natural interest in immigrants Affection for Eddie is transferred to Rodolpho Now dependant on Rodolpho Needs Beatrice's support against Eddie Horrified by Eddie's feelings Furious at Eddie's betrayal of immigrants Apologises to Eddie at the end

Characterisation Catherine – section 1
Start – page 23

CATHERINE... She is introduced as a lively, attractive and warm character She is Eddie’s niece (Beatrice’s sister’s daughter), 17, pleasant and the most likeable figure in the play. She does come across as a bit childlike/naive even from the very beginning “she sits on her heels beside him” At first, relationship with Eddie & Catherine is warm and friendly but changes when he talks about Catherine’s skirt and the way she’s be walking around. “Eddie: I don’t like the looks they’re givin’ you in the candy store. And with them new high heels on the sidewalk – clack, clack, clack. The heads are turnin’ like windmills.

CATHERINE... Catherine tires to lighten the mood
“Catherine: trying to joke him out of his warning Eddie I wish there was one guy you couldn’t tell me things aabout! She is about to start her first job despite Eddie’s objections. Desperate to be independent & obviously well thought of at college “Beatrice: She’s crazy to start work. It’s not a little shop, it’s a big company. Some day she could be secretary. They picked her out of the whole class.” but the audience can see the control Eddie has over her

CATHERINE... “Eddie: With your hair that way you look like a madonna, you know that?” suggestion of being ‘worshipped’ by Eddie. Called Madonna (Mary, mother of Jesus –especially important figure in Catholic tradition – revered and worshipped) “She looks at him, then rushes and hugs him What’re you cryin’ about?” Shows her emotions, she can’t hid them, again childlike – 2nd time the audience have seen strong emotions in her Beatrice loves Catherine but finds her naive and advises her accordingly “Beatrice: Be the way you are, Katie, don’t listen to him.”

CATHERINE... “Catherine: The kid snitched? …What was he crazy?”
note her utter revulsion to Vinny’s crime “Eddie: Well … I hope you have good luck. I wish you the best. You know that, kid. Catherine: You sound like I’m goin’ a million miles! Eddie: I know. I guess I just never figured on one thing … That you would ever grow up.” Catherine is not aware of Eddie’s sense of loss (innocence) but tries to reassure him.

CATHERINE... “Catherine: Here! I’ll light it for you! (She strikes a match and holds it to his cigar. He puffs quietly) Don’t worry about me, Eddie, heh? A moment of intimacy between Catherine & Eddie. Shows her innocence and naivety. Loves uncle but unlike Beatrice can’t see how obsessive he is about her. She has an immediate attraction to Rodolfo – she notes he is different- “He’s practically blond! … You married too? … He’s a real blond.” She is fascinated with him and everything about him “Catherine: enthralled Leave him finish, it’s beautiful! He’s terrific! It’s terrific, Rodolpho” clear contrast with Eddie’s initial reaction to Rodolpho.

Page 23 – page 37

CATHERINE... “Catherine: Now she looks at him for the consequences, smiling but tense. He looks at her like a lost boy What’re you got against him? I don’t understand. He only blesses you. Senses danger but her naivety means she can do nothing to stop it. “Eddie: You gonna marry him? Catherine: I don’t know. We just been …goin’ around, that’s all.” Hasn’t even thought of marriage at this point – Eddie is further ahead than she is

CATHERINE... “Catherine: pained Oh, no, Eddie, I don’t think so…Eddie, he never said a word about his papers or …I don’t think he’s even thinking about it.” She fully believes that Rodolpho is genuine “Catherine: sobbing I don’t believe it and I wish to hell you’d stop it!” She breaks down again in face of Eddie’s verbal assault. She openly shows her emotions unlike Eddie and is deeply affected by what Eddie says. This shows the power Eddie has over her.

CATHERINE... “Catherine: No, you could tell me B” Gee, I’m all mixed up. See, I – He looks so sad now and it hurts me. When Beatrice discusses her behaviour around Eddie her naivety is so obvious . She doesn’t seem to appreciate the danger that her relationship with Eddie can cause. Beatrice has told her before – but after Eddie’s ‘chat’ with her she is beginning to see that the relationship is wrong. He scared her. After Beatrice’s chat with her we see a gradual change in Catherine while still acknowledging her fondness for Eddie.

CATHERINE... She is enthralled by the fact that Marco & Rodolpho have seen the world. In contrast to her own sheltered upbringing where she hasn’t even been to Staten Island (today 15 miles) Reads movie magazines – fantasy world out of her reach – but getting closer since arrival of Rodolpho (been to movies, bought records) Tries to engage with Eddie but in he responds and sounds stupid in comparison – the discussion about the oranges and lemons.

CATHERINE... “Eddie: Well Marco, till he came here she was never out on the street twelve o’clock at night.” That was because she has never had the opportunity – this is her first taste of freedom. “Catherine: (flushed with revolt) You wanna dance, Rodolpho” gaining strength – trying to show Eddie that she’s not a little girl anymore. With Rodolpho being there she has the strength to show Eddie her independence despites Eddie’s discomfort.

CATHERINE... “Catherine: We bought it the other day”
Note word “we” – suggesting Rodolpho and Catherine are an item as far as Catherine is concerned. Shows her love and growing commitment to Rodolpho “Catherine: With beginning alarm What are you doin’ … rushing to Rodolpho Eddie! see a real change in Catherine she is fearful for Rodolpho’s safety and shows that if necessary she will side with Rodolpho against Eddie (foreshadow of Act 2)

Discussion Task To what extent can Catherine be blamed for Eddie’s actions? Provide evidence to justify your response

Page 47 – 65

CATHERINE... “Catherine: Suppose I wanted to live in Italy … No I mean live there – you and me.” only way she can see of escaping from Eddie is to runaway and live in poverty. Perhaps she believes that if they stay in the US Eddie will always have control over her. In this tender loving scene we see the strength of her relationship with Rodolpho.is revealed. They are 2 serious young people who want to ensure that their life together is built on a firm foundation. “Catherine: I’m afraid of Eddie here” stating a truth- showing how much her relationship with Eddie has changed

CATHERINE... “Rodolpho: This is your question or his question?
Catherine: I would like to know Rodolpho. I mean it.” Wants to banish any doubts about Rodolpho reasons for being with her. but this doubt comes from E not her “Catherine: He was good to me Rodolpho … he was always the sweetest guy to me.” Catherine sees a positive side to Eddie who is capable of warmth and generosity which she appreciates but not for much longer. Look at use of past tense sensing he is now different from the person she is describing.

Discussion Is Catherine naïve in her trusting of Rodolpho?
Use evidence to justify your response.

CATHERINE... “Catherine: Then why don’t she be a woman? If I was a wife I would make a man happy instead of goin’ at him all the time.” suggestion that Catherine & Rodolpho’s relationship is more fulfilling that Eddie & Beatrice’s. Shows a lack of understanding on Catherine’s part. “Catherine: I think I can’t stay here no more. I’m sorry Eddie’’ Eddie’s attitude and behaviour eventually forces Catherine to realise that she has to break away from him. “Catherine: Eddie! Let go, ya hear me! I’ll kill you!” Finally estranged from Eddie – totally supports Rodolpho and threatens Eddie

CATHERINE... “Catherine: I’m gonna get married, Eddie.”
her independence is established. Eddie no longer has any power over her. Factual about wedding Doesn’t worry whether Eddie is there or not. Short decisive responses Not willing to listen to any of Eddie’s arguments – it is too late for Eddie His previous actions make it easy for Catherine to ignore his pleas. Her former warmth and affection has changed to coldness and hostility. What a change from the start of the play.

“Catherine stands motionless, uncomprehending …she stands a moment staring at him in realised horror.” Catherine realises Eddie has over powered her again but she will now be sure it is for the last time. “Catherine: They work here, that’s all. They’re boarders upstairs, they work on the piers…fending him off Rodolpho” ‘New’ Catherine protects R verbally and physically

CATHERINE... “Catherine:To hell with Eddie. Nobody is gonna talk to him again if he lives to a hundred.” She condemns Eddie and has cut all ties with him. He has completely lost any power he had over her and she no longer seeks his approval. “Catherine: You got no right to tell nobody nothin! Nobody! The rest of your life, nobody!” She believes that Eddie has no more rights because of what he has done. We see Catherine’s inner feelings when she attacks Eddie openly for the first time. “Catherine: …This rat … He bites people when they sleep! He comes when nobody’s lookin’ and poisons decent people. In the garbage he belongs!

CATHERINE... She is abusive hostile – love turned to hate and loathing. Feels strong enough to say all of this to his face and in front of Beatrice. She has become totally disillusioned by Eddie. The verbal attack is uncompromising and strips away any possibility Eddie may become close to Catherine again. Catherine is totally lost to him and there is no way back. BUT still tries to save him when she realises the danger “Catherine: Eddie, go away please.” She pleads with him to leave before Marco arrives she doesn’t want him to come to any harm. Shows signs that, despite everything, she does still care for him. “Catherine: Eddie, I never meant to do nothing bad to you.” asks for forgiveness seems to have no idea it would end tragically – it didn’t for Vinny , he just disappeared, perhaps that is what she hoped for.

Characterisation Beatrice

When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie? (p24)
If you act like a baby and he be treatin’ you like a baby. Like when he comes home sometimes you throw yourself at him like when you was 12 years old. (p30) You want something else, Eddie, and you can never have her. (p62)

Characterisation Beatrice – section 1
Start – page 23

Eddie’s wife and Catherine’s Aunt
“Beatrice: I was gonna wash the walls - … I was gonna clean the walls, I was gonna wax the floors” Repetition suggests nervousness but is more worried about having enough food than breaking the law “I don’t even have nothin’ to eat for them” She is loving and caring throughout “Beatrice: You’re an angel! God’ll bless you…You’ll see, you’ll get a blessing for this!” A warm hearted person. Shows gratitude whenever anyone helps her or her family.

When Eddie is arguing with them about Catherine taking a job she voice of calm in a volatile situation “Beatrice: Work is the best practice anyway …Yeah, but she’ll be fine in the office, Eddie” Eddie’s & Beatrice’s relationship sometimes comfortable but other times displays real tension “Beatrice: Look, you gotta get used to it, she’s no baby no more. Tell her to take it…You hear me?(She is angering) I don’t understand you; she’s seventeen years old, you gonna keep her in the house all her life?”. Beatrice is voice of reason against Eddie’s unreasonableness & Catherine’s wide eyed innocence. She is Protective and maternal “Beatrice: (With sympathy but insistent force) Well I don’t understand when it ends…” suggests a strength of character – she persuades Eddie to let Catherine work Always thinking about the welfare of others She is often the mediator when Eddie’s aggressiveness creates hostile situations.

Page 23 – page 37

“Beatrice: (smiling) Ah, go on, you’re just jealous.”
“Beatrice: Why? He’s a nice fella, hard workin’, he’s a good-lookin’ fella.” Trying to make Eddie see sense by pointing out that Rodolpho is not a bad lad and suits Catherine “Beatrice: (smiling) Ah, go on, you’re just jealous.” Points out the truth that Eddie is jealous but this is quickly rejected by Eddie “Beatrice: (she goes to him with purpose now) Listen, you ain’t gonna start nothin’ here.” Speaks frankly and forcefully to Eddie in order to help Catherine.

“Beatrice: The girl is gonna be eighteen years old, it’s time already … What’re you gonna stand over till she’s forty? Eddie, I want you to cut it out now, you hear me? I don’t like it!” Warns Eddie that his relationship with Catherine is not within acceptable boundaries “Beatrice: Because you think you’re a baby. I told you fifty times already, you can’t act the way you act. You still walk around in front of him in your slip…It’s wonderful for a whole family to love each other, but you’re a grown woman and you’re in the same house with a grown man.” She is sensitive but is instinctive about the problems that lurk beneath the surface and is very aware of the dangers involved in Catherine & Eddie’s relationship

“Beatrice: Well then, be an uncle then…Well tell him, honey
“Beatrice: Well then, be an uncle then…Well tell him, honey. The movie ended late…Go ahead, dance, Rodolpho.” She is reason itself. She tries to make Eddie realise he is being too over protective of Catherine. She wants Catherine to show Eddie her independence too. She also encourages Catherine and Rodolpho in their growing relationship. “Beatrice: What’s he got to learn that for.” displays initial concern at boxing “Beatrice: (she senses only the comradeship in it now”) He’s teachin’ him; he’s very good!” But then sees it as friendly rivalry

Page 47 – 65

“Beatrice: What you done to him in front of her; you know what I’m talkin’ about. She goes around shakin’ all the time, she can’t go to sleep! That’s what you call responsible for her? … Nothin’ to have out with me, it’s all settled. Now we gonna be like it never happened, that’s all” Beatrice sees the changes in Eddie but, like Alfieri, is unable to do anything about it. “Beatrice: Katie? … Eddie, don’t go, wait a minute…Ask him, Katie. Come on, honey.” Once again she acts as the mediator. “Beatrice: weakened with fear Oh Jesus, Eddie …Oh my God, my God …her final thrust is to turn towards him instead of running from him My God, what did you do? Eddie loses Beatrice’s respect- she quickly realises the enormity of Eddie’s treachery. She realises that whatever her efforts she has been powerless to stop Eddie behaving in such a destructive way.

“Beatrice: Then we all belong in the garbage. You, and me too
“Beatrice: Then we all belong in the garbage. You, and me too. Don’t say that. Whatever happened we all done it, and don’t you ever forget it, Catherine. Now go, go to your wedding, Katie, I’ll stay home. Go. God bless you, God bless your children.” Sticks with husband when no one else does. Suggestion that she will never betray him. “Beatrice: barring his way to the stairs” she is still trying to save Eddie

“Beatrice: You want somethin’ else, Eddie, and you can never have her
“Beatrice: You want somethin’ else, Eddie, and you can never have her!...The truth is not as bad as blood, Eddie! I’m tellin’ you the truth – tell her good-bye forever!” Reminds us that in this community any revenge act involves blood. She puts into the open the truth about Eddie’s feelings for Catherine. Realises that the only way to perhaps save this situation is for Eddie to admit this. but the truth is like an explosion that has rumbled on throughout the play or like an elephant in the room which no one dared to mention. It is too late now – nothing can save him now . He is so angry and is unwilling to face up to the truth. Suggests that the only option is for him to stand up to Marco’s challenge and this is what he faces head on with bluster and delusion.

“Eddie: My B.! He dies in her arms, and Beatrice covers him with her body.”
Despite all Eddie has done to destroy their lives Beatrice, as always, shows her unconditional love for him – something he never appreciates as his obsession over Catherine controls him. Perhaps he does with his final words?

Characterisation Rodolpho

I want to be an American. And then I want to go back to Italy when I am rich. (19)
I have respect for her, Eddie. (p38) You think I would carry on my back the rest of my life a woman I didn’t love just to be an American? (p45) I have made all our troubles. (p62)

Characterisation Rodolpho – section 1
Start – page 23

Marco’s younger brother/would be happy to become an American citizen/attractive with a lively sense of humour/loves life/irrepressible and this quality has a positive effect on most people he meets. Makes an immediate and very positive impact as soon as he enters. He comes across as different from the norm immediately because of his blond hair. He continually laughs during the first meeting – showing his warm, open side. “Rodolpho: There is one. We push that too. They laugh Everything in our town, you gotta push! Both Beatrice and Catherine enjoy his humour.

“Catherine: You could sing jazz?
Rodolpho: Oh I sing Napolidan, Jazz, bel canto – I sing ‘Paper Doll’, you like ‘Paper Doll.” Catherine: Oh, sure, I’m crazy for ‘Paper Doll’. Go ahead, sing it.” Given a flavour if his many talents. 1st real connection between him and Catherine “Rodolpho: Yes! Laughs, indicating Catherine Especially why they are so beautiful.” He is openly attracted to Catherine. “Eddie is downstage, watching as she pours a spoonful of sugar into his cup, his face puffed with trouble, and the room dies Eddie’s hostility towards Rodolpho is created early on – something clearly bubbling under the surface – audience is prepared for what happens later.

Page 23 – page 37

“Rodolpho: I would like to go to Broadway once, Eddie
“Rodolpho: I would like to go to Broadway once, Eddie. I would like to walk with her once where the theatres are and the opera. Since I was a boy I see pictures of those lights. He shows a sense of wonder and adventure- wants new experiences – opposite to Eddie who doesn’t want anything to change – he wants the past – refusing to accept reality.

Characterisation Rodolpho– section 3

“Rodolpho: I have respect for her Eddie. I do anything wrong?”
Shows real care for Catherine. Rodolpho hasn’t really done anything wrong except for showing Catherine a bigger world. “Marco: You come home early now, Rodolpho. Rodolpho: All right, sure. But I can’t stay in the house all the time, Eddie.” Marco gives Rodolpho a warning - He listens with a “but” highlighting the uncomfortable atmosphere in the house. He initially refuses to dance with Catherine – he senses the tension and does not wish to antagonise Eddie any more. Although after the boxing match, he asks Catherine – showing Eddie that he has achieved nothing. “Rodolpho: Dance, Catherine. Come… Rodolpho takes her in his arms”

Page 47 – 65

“Rodolpho: Catherine, if I ever brought you home with no money, no business, nothing, they would call the priest and the doctor and they would say Rodolpho is crazy.” Rodolpho comes across as an open and honest person in this discussion with Catherine. He shows a real care for her and their future. “Rodolpho: We wouldn’t live here. Once I am a citizen I could work anywhere and I would find better jobs and we would have a house, Catherine.” He shows hope and optimism for the future. Again it sounds convincing that he is serious about Catherine. “Rodolpho: This is your question or his question?” He realises that Eddie has created her uncertainty about his reasons for marrying her.

“Rodolpho: Catherine. If I take in my hands a little bird
“Rodolpho: Catherine. If I take in my hands a little bird. And she grows and wishes to fly. But I will not let her out of my hands because I love her so much, is that right for me to do? I don’t say you must hate him; but anyway you must go, mustn’t you? Catherine?” Aware that if Catherine does not break away from Eddie then she & Rodolpho will not have a life together. Warmth and protectiveness evident here. Dialogue is open and honest. He wants to liberate Catherine from Eddie. repetition of Catheinre shows intimacy. (Catherine?) Asking for her acceptance of their relationship & ending entanglement with Eddie. (teach me) Rodolpho is capable of inspiring trust and love. He is open, warm hearted character “Rodolpho: Don’t! He pulls on Eddie’s arm. Stop that! Have respect for her!... Eddie flies at him in attack.” further evidence of the depth of their love – Rodolpho stands up for Catherine

“Rodolpho: Marco – promise the man
“Rodolpho: Marco – promise the man. Please, I want you to watch the wedding.” Rodolpho urges Marco to agree with Alfieri and leave Eddie alone. “Rodolpho: It is my fault, Eddie. Everything. I wish to apologise. … I kiss your hand He reaches for Eddie’s hand, but Eddie snaps it away from him.” He becomes the peacemaker. Doesn’t need to say sorry but doesn’t want the disastrous outcome he foresees. Tries to kiss Eddie’s hand as a mark of respect unlike an insult when Eddie kisses him.

Characterisation Marco

You’ll be quiet, Rodolpho (p21)
Marco is fact to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head – and he transforms what might be a glare of warning into a smaile of triumph,.. (p42) He degraded my brother. My blood. He robbed my children,.. (p59)

Characterisation Marco – section 1
Start – page 23

Illegal immigrant/arrived from Sicily/married 3 children/eldest and feels responsible for Rodolfo/says less that other characters, but his actions are very significant and create big dramatic moments. He is hugely grateful to Carbones for letting him stay. Both he and Rodolpho receive a warm welcome. “Marco: What can I do? The older one is sick in his chest. My wife – she feeds them from her own mouth. I tell you the truth, if I stay there they will never grow up. They eat the sunshine.” Comes to America because he needs to support his wife and family “Marco: Yes. He’ll be quiet now. To Rodolpho You’ll be quiet.” He has quiet authority over Rodolpho and R seems happy to follow his instructions.

“Marco: No, Beatrice if he does wrong you must tell him
“Marco: No, Beatrice if he does wrong you must tell him. (To Eddie) What does he do wrong? … (To Rodolpho) You come home early now.” Seen the value of staying in US - listens to Eddie’s caution about Rodolpho going out and supports Eddie. He doesn’t want trouble.

Sees Eddie’s boxing as hostile without saying so
Sees Eddie’s boxing as hostile without saying so. Challenges Eddie to a trial of strength which M wins. “Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head – and he transforms what might appear like a glare of warning into a smile of triumph.” To show Eddie he is mentally stronger – masculinity is not all about physical strength. Marco’s sense of fair play forces him to act in defence of Rodolpho without actually threatening Eddie (as he did to Rodolpho) . He makes it clear that Eddie will be in trouble if he hurts Rodolpho. Earlier in this scene Marco supports Eddie now he warns him. Shows that when it really matters Marco will always be the stronger of the 2 men. He will be loyal to Rodolpho and if Eddie shows further aggression towards either of the brothers Marco will be a force to be reckoned with. “Marco is face to face with Eddie” echoes of the end of the play Never seen this aspect of Marco’s character and ends the act with tension and intrigue – a key moment in the play

Page 47 – 65

“Marco spits into Eddie’s face”
Significant point – ultimate insult is to spit in his face – a sign of disrespect. More momentous because he does it in front of neighbours – links to the idea of community. “Marco: That one! I accuse that one! … That one! He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children!” Marco denounces Eddie in front of the whole community – Eddie is ruined from this point forward as he could never get that respect back.

“Marco: In my country he would be dead now. He would not live this long.”
refers to own country where local law is upheld outside of courts and formal law and justice. “Marco: Then what is done with such a man? … The law? All the law is not in a book.” looking for laws that don’t legally exist like Eddie did (more links between the 2 characters to come) “Marco: Maybe he wants to apologize to me.” “Eddie: He’s gonna come here and apologize to me.” Both seeking justice in their own ways. Both feel they have been wronged by the other but realise that they have no recourse in law. Antagonists being brought closer together – makes tragedy more tragic. “Marco: lowers his eyes. It almost seems he is ashamed. is it that he can’t get justice or That he has to accept defeat?

During the confrontation both Eddie & Marco are uncompromising – calm but once riled uncontainable.
“Marco strikes Eddie beside his neck Marco: Animal! You go on your knees to me! Eddie goes down with the blow and Marco starts to raise a foot to stomp him.” Brutally direct when he feels an injustice has been done to him (or Rodolpho. Speaks to Eddie 5 times at the end but each comment filled with venom and intensity. Did he intend to kill him ? Shows no remorse

Narrator Characterisation Alfieri

… in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten. (p4) … sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course. (p4) His eyes were like tunnels… I soon saw it was only a passion that had moved into his body, like a stranger. (p31) You have no recourse in the law. (p33) There is only one legal question here… The manner in which they entered the country. (p34) We all love somebody,.. But sometimes there’s too much… and it goes where it mustn’t… sometimes… there is too much love for the niece. (p34) I could see every step coming, step after step, like a dark figure walking down a hall toward a certain door. (p35) I was so powerless to stop it. (p35) Most of the time now we settle for half a I like it better. (p64)

Narrator Characterisation Alfieri– section 1
Start – page 23

Narrator and character/lawyer/removed from other characters/more than anybody else he can see the coming tragedy/main function is to help the audience make sense of what is happening on stage. He knows what is about to happen before those on stage – he is telling us a story of what has already happened Attempts to place the events of the drama in context and explain to the audience that conflict such as these occur throughout Italian history. Talks directly to the audience – so breaking down the fourth wall – breaks down the illusion of the theatre Voice of reason and sanity Talks in an easy conversational style It is his view from the bridge that is seen - symbolism

He reveals to the audience at the beginning the main conflict/theme within the play – Law versus Justice. Law is treated with suspicion but justice is important- but sometimes only achieved by breaking the law Sicilians live by their own laws and not those set down by Government and they have a 3000 year old belief in rough justice His role is to verse the action and attempt to remain objective throughout. Is of Italian extraction and is therefore in a position to empathise with the other characters “Al Capone” – Born Brooklyn 1899 violent gang leader in Brooklyn in 1920’s; became head of the mafia in Chigago/“Carthaginan” 1st mill BC huge city Carthage; story goes they created “brutal” peace by simply killing all the enemy/Frankie Yale another 1920’s gang leader- shot by Capone’s men: examples of how justice was enforced by the unjust (criminals).

“Alfieri: And now we are quite civilized, quite American
“Alfieri: And now we are quite civilized, quite American. Now we settle for half, and I like it better.” However, now he suggests that the society does not seek total justice - it is a better way to live (settle for half – repeated throughout the play) and when they did seek justice in the 1920’s it was an uncomfortable way to live. “Alfieri: But this is Red Hook, not Sicily. This is the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge. This is the gullet of New York swallowing the tonnage of the world.” He explains that the setting lacks in comparison with those over the bridge in Manhattan and refers to Brooklyn’s importance for immigrants. “Alfieri: …and sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course.” foreshadows the tragedy in this play. “Alfieri: He was a good man as he had to be in a life that was hard and even. He worked on the piers when there was work, he brought home his pay, and he lived…the cousins came.” (p15) Introduces fact that life changes for Eddie due to arrival of cousins – sets up the image of Eddie as a good man – this is important if the audience are to feel any sympathy for him.

Page 23 – page 37

“Alfieri: Who can ever know what will be discovered
“Alfieri: Who can ever know what will be discovered? Eddie Carbone had never expected to have a destiny…Now as the weeks passed, there was a future, there was a trouble that would not go away.” Explains there is trouble – and we see that it is Eddie who is troubled. Creates the sense of Eddie no longer being in control of his fate – his path is mapped out because of his fatal flaw (his love for Catherine) – links to Greek Tragedy.

“Alfieri: His eyes were like tunnels … but soon I saw it was only a passion that had moved into his body, like a stranger.” The audience sees him as a character for the 1st time when Eddie goes to visit him. Alfieri again foreshadows the idea that Eddie has no control over his actions because of his flaw. “Alfieri: Because there’s nothing illegal about a girl falling in love with an immigrant.” rational and unemotional in contrast to Eddie “Alfieri: We all love somebody, the wife, the kids – every man’s got somebody that he loves, heh? But sometimes … there’s too much … and it goes where it mustn’t… Yet these things have to end Eddie, that’s all… Let her go. That’s my advice. You did your job, now it’s her life; wish her luck, and let her go.” Alfieri’s reasoned arguments v. Eddie’s irrationality Alfieri is aware of the dangerous nature of Catherine & Eddie’s relationship like Beatrice – gives Eddie a clear warning – reinforces idea that law cannot help Eddie.

“Alfieri: I knew, I knew then and there – I could have finished the whole story that afternoon.”
Returns to role of narrator. Reinforces to the audience the inevitable nature of the tragedy. Everything is now fated to happen and no-one can stop it.

Page 47 – 65

From now on to the end of the play function is equally divided between narrator and character
“Alfieri: But I will never forget how dark the room became when he looked at me; his eyes were like tunnels. I kept wanting to call the police, but nothing had happened.” Feels powerless Sees terrible changes in Eddie and his emptiness of spirit “Alfieri: Morally and legally you have no rights, you cannot stop it; she is a free agent … You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie! Even those who understand will turn against you, even the ones who feel the same will despise you!” as a character communicates as lawyer but also as a family friend may give advice Suggests that Eddie must accept the situation as it is and let nature take its course – if not everyone will hate him. Realises what he is about to do - inevitable tragedy is about to occur Alfieri can interpret what is happening and how it is going to end – feels utterly frustrated because he cannot prevent the inevitable tragedy.

“Alfieri: To promise not to kill is not dishonourable
Marco: Then what is done with such a man? Alfieri: Nothing. If he obeys the law, he lives. That’s all … I know, Marco.” Feel sympathy for Alfieri. Helpless in the force of Marco’s argument because he empathises with him (from same background) Alfieri displays sadness and frustration “Alfieri: This is not God, Marco. You hear? Only God makes justice.” He tells Marco what he told Eddie, but again it falls on deaf ears. “Alfieri: And yet, it is better to settle for half, it must be!” Suggests it is better to settle for less than the whole truth. But not totally convinced it is the right way to live – means constant compromising which makes everyone feel hard done by.

“Alfieri: …even now as I know how wrong he was, and his death useless, I tremble, for I confess that something perversely pure calls to me from his memory – not purely good, but purely himself, for he allowed himself to be wholly know and for that I think I will love him..” however, the contradictory nature of his feelings for Eddie means that he doesn’t condemn him. In some ways he admires him – but worries about what that says about himself. He believes Eddie allowed people to see him as he was – completely and without compromise Eddie paid the price for total justice – it is a price that most people are not prepared to pay – therefore they settle for half (compromise). Alfieri as narrator is urging the audience to have the same contradictory feelings towards Eddie.

Setting – Play as a whole

The play is set in Red Hook in Brooklyn during the 1950s
The play is set in Red Hook in Brooklyn during the 1950s. Red Hook is a slum area inhabited by the Carbones and their neighbours. Alfieri, the lawyer who narrates the play, views the drama from the Brooklyn Bridge. Most of the action takes place in the Carbones’ living room and dining room but some scenes are located in the street outside their house. It is important that we see the Carbones as part of the wider community, especially towards the end of the play when their private tragedy becomes part of the public stage.

Setting – section 1 Start – page 23

Very first scene is outside Eddie’s apartment and helps give a feeling for the wider community.
This is also where the final action of the play takes place- private tragedy is acted out before the whole neighbourhood. Rest of action takes place in Carbone’s home. “Clean, sparse and homely” – live simply and are simple people; don’t expect much from life.

Setting – section 5 Page 65 – end of play

“Marco appears outside, walking towards the door … people appear outside…He goes up the stairs and emerges from the apartment…(Eddie) gradually comes to address the people.” The final action is taken outside – a private disagreement becomes a public trial. Links into the theme of community.

Language/Structure Play as a whole

Miller intended the play to be a modern version of a Greek tragedy (in which a central character is led by fate towards a destiny that cannot be escaped). A Greek Tragedy contains a number of features that can be seen in this play: •Tragedy – traces the life & downfall of an individual & shows in this downfall both the range & limitations of human life. •Chorus – in tragedies of ancient Greece the chorus, a group of characters who represent ordinary people in their attitudes to the action, witness, & comment on the action. Alfieri describes the situation of the play as it occurs & often reacts to the action. Yet, like the chorus of the Greek theatre he is powerless to affect events.

It is a well structured play
It is a well structured play. Though Miller originally intended the play to be in one act (like Greek Tragedies) the play has 2 acts within which there are a number of easily defined divisions (with the ‘interruption of the action by the narrator, Alfieri). Action revolves around Eddie Carbone, who controls the drama. When he is calm and friendly, the atmosphere reflects this: tense and hostile the atmosphere is uncomfortable. There are a number of flashpoints in the 2 acts which echo one another; e.g. the controlled hostility at the end of Act 1 is developed into unpleasant hostility at the beginning of Act 2. The final explosive violence at the end of the drama is justified when we consider what has gone on before.

Language/Structure– section 1
Start – page 23

Miller allows the audience to decide who is right and who is wrong.
Irony (a means of writing in which what is meant is the opposite to what the words express). Beatrice (with Eddie’s prompting) tells the story of Vinny Bolanzo to show he believes that no one should betray illegal immigrants , yet he does betray them for his own selfish ends. Alfieri – speaks an educated, controlled dialogue. Wry sense of humour at the beginning of Act 1, when he refers to himself as an object of superstition. He goes on to link this case with other similar cases in times gone by. Using colourful locations he gives the scene an importance and relevance that indicates the events are timeless and no respecters of boundaries.

Other characters speak in a powerful colloquial dialect
Eddie – aggressive uneducated - sharp dialogue in contrast to Alfieri Limited language skills but with raw power evident in what he says. Speaks in short uncomplicated sentences which do not allow him to develop his thoughts. Quite often does not complete words or sentences, and he also runs words together. Even so he does occasionally express himself in a colourful way “Walkin’ wavy” & “turnin’ like windmills” Rodolpho – intelligent, attractive conversations Marco – heavy serious tones Catherine- lively searching words Beatrice – quiet , serious language

Page 23 – page 37

“Beatrice: When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie? …
Eddie: I don’t know, B. I don’t want to talk about it….He can’t speak, then I can’t. I can’t talk about it.” Dialogue shows lack of communication between characters. Eddie refuses to respond to Beatrice’s probing – he does not want to recognise what he feels for Catherine and his lack of love for Beatrice. Speaks in short bursts in order to prevent further scrutiny

“Alfieri: I knew, I knew then and there – I could have finished the whole story that afternoon.”
Miller creating a real sense of foreboding - Alfieri has given advice but knows that he is helpless to change the situation Alfieri is preparing the audience for the tragedy to come. Remember at the start of the play he said that the same thing has happened over and over again (I could have finished…) “Alfieri: And I sat here many afternoons asking myself why, being an intelligent man, I was so powerless to stop it.” Alfieri looks as an onlooker who can interpret what is happening and how it is going to end. Feels utterly frustrated because he cannot prevent the inevitable tragedy. Like a Greek chorus – comments on events but unable to change them.

Boxing/chair lifting scene - Trial of strength (Eddie v Rodolpho & Marco v Eddie) is full of tension and emotion – to end first act with. All shown through the reactions of the other characters (C fearful for R’s safety/ B considers it friendly rivalry/ M wary of E now knows for sure of his hostility for R – sets up a challenge of his own to support R) Chair scene shows power and economy of Miller’s language use. Marco does not need to tell Eddie that he is the stronger man. His actions and brief invite to Eddie are sufficient to create a very intense moment which speaks volumes about the change of atmosphere and the change in the way the characters relate to each other. Marco is not longer going to look at Eddie with respect.

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Turning point “Alfieri: On the twenty-third of that December a case of Scotch whisky slipped from a net while being unloaded – as a case of Scotch whisky is inclined to do on the twenty –third of December on Pier Fort-one.” Alfieri’s wry sense of humour also shows a detachment form the events taking place which allows him to take an objective view of the whole proceedings. “Rodolpho: All my answers are in my eyes, Catherine. But you don’t look in my eyes lately.” Rodolpho’s conversation is soft, comforting and embracing “He is unsteady, drunk. He mounts the stairs. He enters the apartment, looks around, takes out a bottle from one pocket, puts it on the table. Then another bottle from another pocket, and a third from an inside pocket.” Miller is building tension skilfully as audience waits for Eddie’s reaction. The fact that Eddie comes home drunk adds even more tension. Miller has also injected some humour into Eddie’s actions – this further increase the tension for the audience as we know what is about to be discovered by Eddie.

“Beatrice: weakened with fear…pressing her palms against her face… her final thrust is to turn towards him instead of running from him.” stage directions create horror of the situation without the need for speech. Physical reactions are sufficient to create a sense of panic in the audience “Marco: That one! I accuse that one!” Key moment - Miller has been building up to this moment of betrayal since the beginning of the play where Alfieri spoke about justice and law. Vinny story foreshadowed what was to come. Eddie’s behaviour has changed and intensifies since the moment Rodolpho enters. From this point on it is all down hill for Eddie

Climax - Final explosive violence at the end of the drama is justified when we consider what has gone before – everything has been building to this moment when Eddie would have to face the up to the attack from Marco – Justice for what he did to the brothers. With Alfieri being left on stage in a “glow” suggests he is back to being the narrator again. Note the repetition from opening scene about settling for half. This creates a conclusion to the play that ties back to the beginning and also concludes on the theme of Law v Justice.

A View from the Bridge Plot Reminder.

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A View from the Bridge Plot Reminder.

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