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The Skeletal System Chapter 32.2 7-1
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Skeletal Organization
Axial Skeleton Head Neck Trunk Appendicular Upper Limbs Lower Limbs Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle 7-15
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Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones
Irregular Bones Sesamoid Bones 7-2
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Structure of the Skeletal System
Compact and spongy bone Compact bone outer layers of all bones dense and strong providing strength and protection Spongy bone found at the center of short or flat bones found at the end of long bones less dense.
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Compact and Spongy Bone
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Skeletal Organization
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Infantile Skull Fontanels – fibrous membranes 7-30
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Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges 7-45
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Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
7-54
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Lower Leg kneecap: anterior surface of knee flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon 7-56
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Ankle and Foot Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) Calcaneus
Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral Cuneiform Intermediate Cuneiform Medial Cuneiform Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) Proximal Middle Distal 7-59
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Ankle and Foot 7-60
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Bone Marrow Bone Marrow Red bone marrow
Red and white blood cells and platelets Yellow bone marrow consists of stored fat.
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Parts of a Long Bone 7-3
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Bone Formation and Remodeling
Osteoblast cells responsible for the growth and repair of bones. Bones constantly are being remodeled, which involves replacing old cells with new cells. Osteoclasts break down bone cells which are replaced by new bone tissue.
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Bone Fractures Simple fracture: when a bone breaks but does not come through the skin Compound fracture: the bone protrudes through the skin. Stress fracture: a thin crack in the bone. 7-62
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Bone Fractures Types of Fractures Green stick Fissured Comminuted
Transverse Oblique Spiral 7-62
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Structure of the Skeletal System
Fracture endorphins flood the system – “pain-killers” Injured area swells up Within 8 hours a blood clot forms between broken ends of bone. New bone begins to form Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
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Structure of the Skeletal System Callus Formation
About 3 weeks later a callus forms Formed by osteoblasts Made up of spongy bone Spongy bone is replaced with compact bone Remove the spongy bone - osteoclasts . Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The Skeletal System
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Structure of the Skeletal System
Remodeling Bones require different amounts of time to heal because: age nutrition severity of break Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The Skeletal System
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Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair
Deficiency of Vitamin A: retards bone development Deficiency of Vitamin C: results in fragile bones Deficiency of Vitamin D: rickets, osteomalacia Insufficient Growth Hormone: dwarfism Excessive Growth Hormone: gigantism, acromegaly Insufficient Thyroid Hormone: delays bone growth Sex Hormones: promote bone formation :stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates Physical Stress: stimulates bone growth 7-11
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Joints Joints occur where two or more bones meet.
The bones of joints are held together by ligaments
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Joints Activity
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Directions: There are images of six joints on the following two pages. For each joint, answer the following: 1. Where is the joint found in the body? 2. Is it an immovable, slightly movable, or movable joint? 3. If it is a movable joint, decide whether it is a gliding joint, pivot joint, hinge joint, or ball-and- socket joint. 4. Describe the function of this type of joint in the body.
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Knee Joint
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Disease of and Injuries to Joints
Osteoarthritis deterioration of the cartilage of the joints knee/hip but also neck/back Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The Skeletal System
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Disease of and Injuries to Joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis joints lose strength and function become inflamed and swollen (deformed) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The Skeletal System
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Disease of and Injuries to Joints
Bursitis Inflammation of bursae (fluid filled sac – cushions joint) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The Skeletal System
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Disease of and Injuries to Joints
Sprains Damage to the ligaments that hold the joint together Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The Skeletal System
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Bone Function Support Protection Body Movement Blood Cell Reservoir
Hold body up Supports bodyweight Supports muscles Protection Skull – brain Vertebrae – spine column Body Movement Interacts with muscles bones act as rigid bar of a lever Blood Cell Formation red and white blood cells Formation platelets Reservoir Stores: calcium phosphate magnesium sodium potassium (salts) 7-12
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Life-Span Changes Decrease in height at about age 30 Calcium levels fall Bones become brittle Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts Spongy bone weakens before compact bone Bone loss rapid in menopausal women Hip fractures common Vertebral compression fractures common
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Male and Female Pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips
Pubic arch angle greater More distance between ischial spine and ischial tuberosity Sacral curvature shorter and flatter Lighter bones 7-53
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