1. Spatial allocation of diffuse emissions sources
Comparison of spatial allocation of diffuse emissions sources of the E-PRTR with high resolution national emission inventories, example The Netherlands
Wim van der Maas, 11 October 2011 the GMES and emission inventories workshop

2. Content Spatial allocation of national emissions
Importance of emission allocation in NL
Comparison with the E-PRTR allocation
Recent improvements in NL
Other relations with GMES
HFC23 article, a wake-up call?
Conclusions
The GMES and emission inventories workshop, 11 Oct 2011

3. From proud to humble to realistic
Three questions:
Is the quality of our spatial allocation sufficient given its importance for air quality modeling?
Do we agree on a smaller EMEP grid?
Does the emission inventory community need GMES?
From proud to humble to realistic
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

4. Allocation of National emissions in the Netherlands:
A PRTR since 1974
GIS (Geographical Information System) integrated from 1990
Allocation of diffuse emission to air, soil and water as a routine task
Developed EDGAR IN 1994
Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research
National allocation on 500*500m2 for air quality modelling
Lots of political attention
Recently also used to calculate deposition maps in relation to Nitrogen deposition on ‘Natura2000’ sites
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

5. Why is the spatial allocation of emissions so important to us?
The Netherlands had problems to meet the Air Quality Standards on NOx and PM10
And needed tooling to predict the air quality locally
From the 1990’s air quality modeling is based on the PRTR
Calibrated by an air quality measurement network
This model and the background emission maps are part of an air quality law
This law is used to allow (or not) infrastructural projects
Lots of attention from the (local) governments, NGO’s and the general public
Recent development: N-deposition on local ‘Natura2000’ area’s
And again the spatial allocated emission are crucial in the process
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

6. No new roads, industrial activity etc.
when in the future the air quality standards (or deposition limits) are not met
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

7. Spatial distribution Each source category has a spatial distribution
34 concepts how to allocate, a few hundred different allocation maps
e.g. intensity of road use for each type of vehicle or
domestic heating: a map for each type of housing
Always the national totals are spatially allocated
Point sources, line sources and area sources
We keep the allocation data in its original form
From this to the other geographical layer:
5*5km2 municipalities, provinces, water boards, river basins etc.
1*1km2, 500*500m2 for internal use – e.g. air quality modelling
e.g. Percentage of a road in a municipality
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

8. Road intensity
Intensity of road use by passenger cars on national roads
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

9. NACE categorization
After positioning the individual reporting facilities (typical 80% of the emissions)
The remaining emissions are allocated by the number of employees and NACE code
Each facility with its coordinates ( companies)
Here for NACE 15.8 food production
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

10. Model data NH3&N2O from manure Run off Transport of containerships
Deposition (wet & dry)
N-deposition 1*1 km
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

11. Land use coverage (25*25m2)
Renewed every 4 year (LGN 6 uses 2008 data)
Top 10 vector maps
Multi-temporal satellite data Landsat
Aerial photographs: Two sets of true-color aerial photographs with 0,5 meter resolution
Agricultural statistics
Validation on the ground for type of crop (85% match)
Use of farm grassland
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

12. Lessons learned on Spatial distribution (allocation)
Now a routine task, but still intensive (1 fte)
Yearly Data Acquisition Plan, most statistical data for free
Additional budget for yearly improvements
Never good enough
Local policy initiatives are not always reflected
Local initiatives for monitoring versus consistency
Protocol to follow if a local authority want data into the national system.
Some recent improvements:
AIS transponder data for shipping
Road traffic model, covering all road, also the urban ones
Energy use per household
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

13. E-PRTR allocation compared (1*1 km2)
Univ. of Stuttgart (Jochen Theloke) created EU wide maps of the emission per sector for the EC
Using national totals reported for other obligations and E-PRTR point source emissions
And EU-wide available proxies for the allocation of diffuse sources
For some sectors we compared both datasets
And – a little bit naughty – we started with residential combustion
But the same counts for agriculture (agricultural detailed census versus land use (Corine)) and traffic.
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

14. Residential combustion, 1*1 km, NOx emission
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

15. Residential combustion, 1*1 km, CO emission
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

16. Differences 80% of the grids differ more than 20% on CO emission
Both use national energy statistics
Both allocate the same national emission
Allocation based on population density
NOx from residential combustion dominated by natural gas
CO dominated by wood combustion (open fire places)
NL uses as proxy the type of house (free standing)
Open fire place only used in the evening on special occasions
E-PRTR uses as proxy the availability of wood (forest nearby)
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

17. Urban traffic NOx concentration: new methodology
NL used to use population density as a proxy
Underestimation of e.g. distribution centers
Overestimation of residential area’s and the inner cities
Invested in a very detailed model, including traffic-counting by the municipalities of 50% of the total amount of urban traffic
Results are – for this moment - disappointing:
For Amsterdam a slightly better correlation with the measurements
But not significant
For Rotterdam some measurement stations are even worse correlated
For this year we keep using the old methodology, to avoid complications with the local authorities
Who took measurements based on the old methodology ……
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

18. Evidence for under-reporting HFC-23
Wake-up call from the presented article
NL reported:
With an uncertainty of 50%
Article states 26 – 46 Mg in period July 2008 –July 2010
Discussion between the Ministry, the Competent Authority (Province) and the American owner of the facility
To be continued …
Year
Mg (Gg CO2 eq.)
2008
18 (212)
2009
13 (154)
2010
33 (391)
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

19. Conclusions
Is the quality of our spatial allocation sufficient given its importance for air quality modeling?
High resolution emission inventories are better but not good enough
Given the role in air quality policies in NL
The uncertainties are high and difficult to communicate
Uncertainties in the national total in NL  NOx ±15%
Many diffuse sources (traffic, agriculture) are key sources
Spatial uncertainties due to the proxies used
(Temporal and stack height)
Do we agree on a smaller EMEP grid?
Only if it goes together with information about spatial uncertainties
We don’t want to give false expectations
Does the emission inventory community need GMES?
We need all the help we can get
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop

20. Thank you for the attention
Wim van der Maas October The GMES and emission inventories workshop