1. Constructive & Deconstructive Processes

2. Changes Caused By Wind
1. What is weathering? -process of wearing away rocks by natural means; rain & wind

3. 2. What is a sand dune and where are they found
2. What is a sand dune and where are they found? -a sand hill that is made and shaped by wind; beaches, deserts, and on lake shores

4. Constructive Processes
3. What is erosion? -moving sediment by wind, water, or ice 4. How can water cause a river’s banks to change? -Rapidly flowing water erodes the river’s banks and makes the river wider;

5. 5. Describe deposition. The process by which sediment drops out of water. 6. What is a delta? How does it form? A delta is an area of new land at the mouth of a river. It forms by deposits of sand at the mouth of the river.

6. 7. Describe a sinkhole. A sinkhole is a large hole caused by underground erosion due to the weight of material above; usually found where limestone is common (Florida) 8. What is a landslide? Gravity making the soil, mud, and rocks move quickly down a slope or land.

7. 9. How do plants affect Earth’s landforms
9. How do plants affect Earth’s landforms? When a seeds germinates on a rocky slope, it sends roots into tiny cracks or hole in the rock. The roots grow and becomes large enough to break the rock into smaller pieces.

8. 10. What is a barrier island
10. What is a barrier island? - a long, narrow island that forms along the coast that has several sandy barrier islands formed by deposition by waves. 11. Explain floodplains. -rivers that deposit sediment outside their banks will create floodplains.

9. 12. Explain longshore currents.
- a current that moves parallel to the shore; waves wash sediment onto the shore; Some of that sediment remains
to form a beach.

10. 13. Explain what a glacier is and how it can be constructive
13. Explain what a glacier is and how it can be constructive. - a huge sheet of slowly moving ice that is thousands of feet thick; as they move over land, they scrape away soil and rock under them; when they melt, they leave soil and rock behind forming drumlins and moraines.

11. 14. Explain the difference between a moraine and a drumlin.
- a moraine is a ridge of sediment and rock left behind when a glacier melts; a drumlin is a long oval shaped mound of soil and rock formed from glacial deposits.
Glacial moraine Glacial drumlin

12. Earthquakes
15. Describe plates. - are blocks of crust and upper mantle rock that is fit together like puzzle pieces; plates float on the softer rock of the mantle; they can form valleys, mountains, or volcanoes.

13. 16. Explain a fault. - a crack/ break in the rock of Earth’s crust; some faults occur in the middle of plates, but most are found near the edges of plates. (San Andreas Fault) 17. What is an epicenter? - point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus

14. 19. Who studies earthquakes? - a person who studies
18. What is a focus?
- the place within the crust where energy is release during an
earthquake
19. Who studies earthquakes?
- a person who studies
earthquakes is a seismologist; these scientists use a Richter scale to measure the magnitude or, amount of energy released.

15. Volcanoes
20. What is a volcano? - a mountain that forms from magma reaching Earth’s surface; they can create and destroy landforms; lava is hot, melted rock that pours from volcanoes; flows down the volcano and reaches the cool ocean, it becomes solid rock.

16. 21. What causes a chain of volcanoes to form
21. What causes a chain of volcanoes to form? -the movement of a plate over a hot spot

17. Mountains
22. How do mountains form? - where plates come together, part of the crust is forced up; when pressure is applied to the edges of a plate, rock in the middle of the plate may be forced up;

18. Deconstructive Processes
23. Explain mechanical weathering. - breaks rock into smaller pieces without it changing chemically; can happen in many ways 24. Explain chemical weathering. - changes rock into one or more new substances; animals can and make new substances

19. 25. Describe erosion by water
25. Describe erosion by water. - rivers remove rock and soil from their channels; overtime, they carve out river valleys which can create V-Shaped valleys (deep canyons)

20. 26. Describe erosion by glaciers.
- glaciers erode rock and soil as they scrape over Earth’s surface; sometimes glaciers form in narrow valleys; as the move, they widen and deepen these valleys; the valley then has a U- shape; these glaciers can also scoop out holes than can fill with water and become lakes

21. 27. Describe erosion by wind
27. Describe erosion by wind. - wind erodes sand by blowing it away; it smashes sand against rock surfaces; this polishes and wears away rock; this is greatest in desert pavement.

22. 28. Describe erosion by ocean waves
28. Describe erosion by ocean waves. -waves can remove sand to and from beaches; this is a problem for many coastlines. 29. What are some results of ocean waves? - sea stacks are pillars of stone in the sea that form from headlands; a headland is a point of land that just out into the ocean

23. -sea arch are formed by waves knocking away softer rock; as the rock continues to wear away, the top of the arch collapses and forms a sea stack;

24. Controlling Constructive & Destructive Processes
30. Describe some ways that control the effects of erosion. A. dam – a structure built across a river to control its flow.

25. B. groin – a structure built at right angles to the beach; it traps sand that moves along the shore with longshore currents; can make erosion worse downstream C. Seawall – a structure built parallel to the shore; it absorbs the pounding of waves protecting coast behind it

26. D. beach nourishment – beaches that erosion has eaten away are reclaimed; sands from ocean or nearby rivers placed on the beach to rebuild E. contour plowing – a method in which farmers plow across the sides of hills instead of down their slopes

27. F. terracing- is a method in which farmers plant crops on terraces built on hillsides; both methods prevent soil from washing downhill G. Storm drain management- a system of drains that prevents flooding during heavy rainstorms