1. America on The World Stage Unit 4

2. Notes #1
Explain the significance of the following years as turning points: 1898 (Spanish American War), (World War I) (US2D)
Explain why significant events, policies, and individuals such as the Spanish-American War, U.S. expansionism, Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Theodore Roosevelt, Sanford B. Dole, and missionaries moved the U.S. into the position of a world power (US4A)
Analyze the impact of physical and human geographic factors on the Panama Canal (US12A)
Evaluate American expansionism, including acquisitions such as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico (US4B)

3. Expansion and Imperialism
Unit 4 Notes #4
Expansion and Imperialism
Between 1876 and 1915 Spain, Germany, England and the US began to seize control of areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America
This imperialism (seizing other nations) was driven by a need for raw materials to support new industry and a desire for national superiority and recognition.
Supporters of expansion claimed that the US had a duty to spread its political systems and Christian religion throughout the world.
Americans were not alone in pursuing a policy of imperialism, which meant either acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries. Many nations in Europe, led by Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, as well as Japan, were involved in gaining possessions and influence in weaker countries, especially in Africa and the Pacific Ocean.
Some in the US believed that the nation had to compete with the imperialistic nations for new territory or it would grow weak and fail to survive. In the US, advocates of American expansion included missionaries, politicians, naval strategists, and journalists.

4. Alfred Thayer Mahan and Henry Cabot Lodge
Alfred Thayer Mahan was an admiral and naval historian whose theories on the relationship of sea power and world commerce were published in The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890).
Henry Cabot Lodge supported American expansion as a way to increase national pride, spread civilization, and thereby gain world power.  
Drawing upon the theories of Mahan, Cabot Lodge favored an American-controlled canal through Central America and a strong navy to protect American ships.

5. Spanish-American War -1898
For hundreds of years Spain had controlled the island of Cuba and many Americans compared Cuba’s struggle to the American colonists against the British.
After an American ship the USS Maine was destroyed in Cuba—possibly by the Spanish—the United States declared war on Spain. (258 sailors were killed)
After difficult fighting in Cuba, American Rough Riders (led by Teddy Roosevelt) and naval ships defeated the Spanish forces, gaining control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines
The Spanish American War marked the end of Spain’s colonial empire and the emergence of the US as a world power

6. Yellow Journalism
The events in Cuba raised humanitarian concerns in the United States.
They were reported by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
Newspapers sensationalized the new, depicting Spaniards as murderous brutes in order to sell more newspapers.
This technique became known as “yellow journalism”
This gave American inaccurate pictures of the events in Cuba

7. Hawaii
American settlers built sugar and pineapple plantations on Hawaii
Missionaries were sent to “convert” natives
In the 1890s, Queen Liliuokalani tried but failed to overtake the Islands
Sandford B. Dole led the provisional government and tried to work out plans to annex the islands
Dole served as president and governor of Hawaii ( ) and eventually developed the pineapple company

8. The Panama Canal
WWI Notes #4
Growing US interest in the Caribbean fueled a need to link the Caribbean sea and the Pacific Ocean by digging a canal through Panama.
In 1901 The US aided Panama in a revolution against Columbia and in 1904 the US began to build the canal.
Harsh working conditions and an outbreak of yellow fever slowed work.
On August 15, 1914 the SS Ancon completed the first passage through the Panama Canal
The two main purposes of the canal were a shorter route for our cargo ships and quicker access for our naval ships.
Yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. Yellow fever is a very rare cause of illness in U.S. travelers. Illness ranges in severity from a self-limited febrile illness to severe liver disease with bleeding.

9. Notes #2
Evaluate American expansionism, including acquisitions such as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico (US4B)
Identify and explain reasons for changes in political boundaries such as those resulting from statehood and international conflicts (US12B)
Explain how foreign policies affected economic issues such as the Open Door Policy and Dollar Diplomacy(US15D)
Evaluate the pros and cons of U.S. participation in international organizations and treaties (US19E)

10. Rise of a World Power
After the Spanish American War, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico became U.S. territories
Owning Hawaii also increased American trade and U.S. could now place naval stations in Hawaii to protect world trade

11. America and China
China had participated in active trade with the U.S. for years, but Secretary of State John Hay wanted more business and investors there.
In 1899, Hay announced the “Open Door” Policy, giving equal trading rights to all foreign nations in China.
In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion threatened foreign lives, U.S. participated in crushing the rebellion and began a military partnership with China

12. WWI Notes #4
America and Japan
U.S. opened a secluded Japan to Western trade in 1853 with Commodore Matthew Perry
Japanese imperialism defeated China in 1894 and Russia in 1905 (Russo-Japanese War)
President Roosevelt negotiated peace between Japan and Russia with the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) – he won the Nobel Peace Prize

13. America in the Caribbean
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) prevented Europeans from establishing new colonies in the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt acted as a police officer and it became known as the Roosevelt Corollary or “Big Stick Policy”
Taft encouraged investment abroad with “dollar diplomacy”
Wilson developed a policy of “watchful waiting” especially in Mexico with Pancho Villa. John J. Pershing was sent to apprehend him, but the U.S. would pull out at the start of WWI

14. Causes of World War I
Nationalism led to rivalries between France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
Economic Rivalries and Imperialism; Britain felt threatened by German factories and growing navy
The Alliance System; two alliances in Europe; Germany and Austria against Russia, Frank, and Great Britain
Powerful Militarism and Military Planning dominated European life

15. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
As tensions rose and war seemed likely, European countries began to take side through a series of treaties and alliances.
Germany and Austria Hungary, and Ottoman Empire (Turkey) formed the Central Powers and had over 7 million soldiers in their standing army in 1914.
Great Britain, France and Russia were the Allies (Triple Entente) and countered with some 10 million soldiers by 1914.
President Wilson urged Americans, especially European immigrants to remain neutral “The European war, he said is one “with which we have nothing to do, whose cause cannot touch us.”

16. WWI Notes #4
Causes of World War I
The event that sparked WWI came with the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and Germany backing Austria-Hungary in a war against Serbia.

17. Notes #3
Identify the causes of World War I and reasons for U.S. entry (US4C)
Analyze the impact of significant technological innovations in World War I such as machine guns, airplanes, tanks, poison gas, and trench warfare that resulted in the stalemate on the Western Front (US4E)
Understand the contributions of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by General John J. Pershing (US4D)
Explain how specific needs result in scientific discoveries and technological innovations in agriculture, the military, and medicine, including vaccines (US27B)
Analyze the causes and effects of changing demographic patterns resulting from migration within the United States including the Great Migration (US13A)
Identify the effects of population growth and distribution on the physical environment (US14A)

18. A New Kind of War
New and improved weapons made it easier to defend positions rather than to attack (machine gun, poison gas, submarines, and airplanes)
Trenches extended hundreds of miles along eastern France and Germany’s “Western Front”
Soldiers faced attacks with poison gas, tanks, airplanes, and submarines (U-boats)
German U-boats were used to attack large merchant vessels

19. Trench Warfare
In trench warfare battle were fought over a series of trenches that stretched hundreds of miles but were only a few hundred yards apart.
Attacks took place across the area between the trenches, referred to as “no man’s land”.
Dead soldiers often lay unburied for days and unsanitary conditions bred disease and sickness.
Head lice, trench foot, and rats were common problems
In the trenches.
In trenches near Verdun more than 500,000 soldiers were killed in an eleven month period

20. US Enters the War Reasons for American involvement include:
Closer ties with the allies – American ancestry is from Britain
German Actions and Allied Propaganda
Zimmerman Telegram: a secret message from German Foreign Minister promising to return US territories to Mexico if they helped Germany
Freedom of the Seas was the main reason for US involvement

21. Freedom of the Seas
The British Blockade prevented food and arms from being shipped to Germany. Germany retaliated by sinking merchant ships.
The Lusitania was a British passenger ship in 1915, killing 1,000 passengers (128 Americans). It was unknown to passengers that it included munitions
Sussex Pledge said that German submarines would not sink anymore ocean liners without prior warning
Germany Announces Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

22. Preparing for War
In 1916 President Wilson began a US military preparedness program.
The number of US Soldiers in the regular army was increased from 90,000 to 175,000.
Congress passed the Selective Service Act and 2.8 million Americans were drafted in WWI.
Massive training camps were constructed and recruits spent most of their days learning military rules, drilling with their equipment, exercising and preparing for inspections.

23. Preparing the Nation for War
Once the US entered the war, President Wilson set up programs to finance the war and to redirect industry toward wartime production
The US government also launched a huge propaganda campaign to increase support for the war effort.
The government sold Liberty Bonds and raised taxes (16th Amend) to help fund the War. Posters, parades and rallies encouraged citizens to purchase the bonds.

24. Organizing the country’s resources
WWI Notes #4
Organizing the country’s resources
President Wilson chose Herbert Hoover to direct the country’s food supply by increasing production.
Citizens were encouraged to observe ‘meatless’ and ‘wheatless’ days to conserve food and ‘heatless’ days to conserve coal
To aide in the feeding of the soldiers and to help starving citizens in Europe, Americans planted ‘victory gardens’ to grow their own food.
The War Industries Board had the responsibility of allocating industrial material, prioritizing production and setting prices.

25. American Labor
As immigration slowed and hundreds of thousands of men were drafted, American industry was desperately short of labor.
Workers went on strike to demanded higher wages and better conditions and President Wilson established the National War Labor Board to arbitrate labor conflicts.
Support from women was also essential to increasing the supply of American workers.
African Americans and Hispanics moved North to take advantage of increased job opportunities, this was known as the Great Migration

26. Notes #4
Explain constitutional issues raised by federal government policy changes during times of significant events, including World War I (US14B)
Discuss the importance of congressional Medal of Honor recipients, including individuals of all races and genders such as Alvin York (US26F)
Analyze major issues such as isolationism and neutrality raised by U.S. involvement in World War I, Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, and the Treaty of Versailles (US4F)
Analyze significant events such as the Battle of Argonne Forest (US4G)
Describe the economic effects of international military conflicts, including the Spanish-American War and World War I (US15D)

27. Influencing Public Opinion
In 1917 President Wilson established the Committee of Public Information to try to sway Americans who were against the War.
The CPI created posters and pamphlets that often depicted Germans as evil monsters.
German-Americans were often accused of being spies and most reflections of German culture in the US became unpopular.
In response to antiwar groups, the Sedition Act outlawed the printing of anything disloyal to the country or in opposition to the war.

28. American Expeditionary Force
President Wilson ordered American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) to be sent to Europe – led by John J. Pershing
By 1918, the AEF has over a million men
President Wilson refused to allow African-Americans to serve but two served directly under French command

29. Troops Arrive in France
In June of 1917 the American Expeditionary Force reached France and included regular army, National Guardsmen and draftees
US troops were under the command of the Army’s most experienced officer John Pershing, who is credited with preparing the inexperienced army for battle and leading them as a field commander
On July 4, 1917 US troops marched through Paris, as huge crowds cheered for them.
Throughout the remainder of 1917 American soldiers built docks and railroads, strung up telephone lines and constructed camps.

30. Battle or Argonne Forest
1918, Argonne Forest is in Northeastern France near the Belgian border
“A region forgotten when level ground was being created”
Concrete walls, barbed wire, and deep pits fortified Germany for four years
The AEF (under Pershing) fought for a month and fought with 1.2 million Americans
3,400 soldiers were distinguished with the Medal of Honor

31. Alvin York ( )
In the Battle of Argonne Forest, he killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners
Awarded the Medal of Honor
He was also awarded the gift of a farm by his home state (New York) and a film of his life was made in 1940
He was a Christian pacifist and used the money earned from the movie to fund a Bible school

32. Allied Difficulties in 1917
WWI Notes #4
Allied Difficulties in 1917
In the summer of 1917 the Allies launched a major offensive without US soldiers and were unable to break German lines.
French and British soldiers began to mutiny along the western trenches.
After three long years of war, the Russian monarchy was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of The new leader V.I. Lenin pulled Russian troops out of the war. Di

33. Campaign to Victory
In March of 1918 the German army launched a huge offensive that pushed the Allies back 40 miles in 4 months, but the German Army was left tired and weak.
The allies then began an offensive, pushing the Germans out of France and into Belgium. American soldiers met German lines in the Battle of Argonne Forest, where the US soldiers won a bloody victory.
By September, German generals told German Kaiser that the war could not be won.
On November 11th, 1918 the German government signed an armistice, agreeing to end the war.

34. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Wilson met with peace scholars in late 1917 and began to work on a peace treaty.
Wilson’s 14 Points (his peace plan) included the need for people to govern themselves, freedom of the seas and establishing a League of Nations.
Although American citizens and Congress supported Wilson’s plan, Europeans saw it as the US trying to interfere with European affairs.
Wilson joined European leaders for a peace conference in Versailles where he pushed the creation of a League of Nations.

36. Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war.
German leaders were forced to take full blame for the war and incur cost totaling over $30,000,000,000 (billion).
The treaty also limited the size of the German military and stripped Germany of it’s colonies.
The treaty was never approved by the US Congress, slowing American participation in the League of Nations.
Dissatisfaction over the Treaty of Versailles is seen as a major cause of WWII.

37. League of Nations
Despite President Wilson’s grand vision, the United States Senate and American people didn’t want to join the League of Nations
By 1919, most Americans wants to avoid European entanglements and retreated to isolationism (separating themselves from other countries’ affairs)
America raised tariffs and restricted European immigration

38. Costs of the War – In Human Life
More than 8,500,000 people died in WWI, including 51,000 Americans. Over 20,000,000 were wounded.
In 1918, famine and a flu pandemic killed more than 20 million people worldwide.
Influenza (flu) remains a health threat even today and has proven it can be a killer!
The governments of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire had collapsed and revolutionaries tried to seize power in these countries.

39. Economic Effects
New territories acquired from the Spanish American War helped the U.S. expand its markets and encounter new resources
World War I fueled the economy and led to America becoming a world power
World War I led to increased industrialization in the U.S. agriculture production grew

40. Pros and Cons of Participation
Increased influence on international policy
Helped to protect American security
Were able to protect American interest abroad
Potential loss of American sovereignty particularly in matters of war
Potential loss of American security and safety of US soldiers