1. Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Respiratory Problems
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

2. The Itis’s SINUSITIS: -infection and inflammation of the sinuses.
-they swell and become blocked

3. Tonsillitis -inflammation of the tonsils due to infection
-often seen with strept bacteria

4. Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx from colds and upper respiratory infections
Causes hoarseness or loss of voice

5. Bronchitis Inflammation of the lining of the bronchiole tubes
Acute: follows colds or flu when bacteria from nose and throat invade the trachea and bronchi
Chronic: coughing and spitting up mucus lasts at least 3 months out of the year
Usually due to smoking

6. Pleurisy and Tuberculosis
A. Inflammation of the pleural membrane
B. Attacks alveoli that will cut off circulation causing death of the tissue. Poisons and bacteria spread throughout the body and can be fatal.

7. 1. Asphyxiation 2.Common Cold 3.Influenza “flu”
1. Suffocation due to obstruction of air passages: no oxygen, inability of blood to circulate
2. Caused by several viruses that break down’s the body’s immune system- no cure for the common cold. It runs its course
3. Contagious viral disease that begins in the respiratory tract causing fever, headache, vomiting and diarrhea

8. Pneumonia Build up of fluid in the bronchioles and alveoli
Bacterial: strikes suddenly: can cause death
Viral: “walking pneumonia”: follows a severe neglected cold: often goes undetected

9. Asthma
Difficulty breathing due to swelling of mucus membranes in the bronchioles and muscles spasms in walls of the tubes
Usually due to allergic reactions, dust, pollen or a cold, sore throat or bronchitis
Some attacks can be exercise induced

10. Medication for Asthma
Open up or dilate the bronchi and bronchioles to allow greater airflow
Puffers: Corticosteroids suppress the multiple inflammatory genes that are activated

11. Cystic Fibrosis
Normally, mucus is watery. It keeps the linings of certain organs moist and prevents them from drying out or getting infected. But in CF, an abnormal gene causes mucus to become thick and sticky.
The mucus builds up in your lungs and blocks the airways. This makes it easy for bacteria to grow and leads to repeated serious lung infections. Over time, these infections can cause serious damage to your lungs.

12. Causes of CF Mutation on Chromosome 7, deletion of 3 amino acids
Causes abnormal membrane protein to develop which does not allow the passage of chloride ions across the membrane

13. Treatment Patient specific depending on age and severity of disorder
percussion and postural drainage, to help loosen the mucus to unclog the lungs
pancreatic enzymes, taken with all meals, to aid digestion
nutritional supplements and vitamins to promote good nutritional status
inhalation of aerosol medications, to alleviate congestion and prevent and treat lung infection
exercise

14. SMOKING

15. Effects of Smoking
Known to cause:
Cancer
COPD
Asthma

16. Effects of Smoking 3 Problematic Substances:
Nicotine – addictive, stimulates reward pathway in the brain
Carbon Monoxide – hemoglobin has a greater tendency to bind to carbon monoxide than oxygen (200 times stronger bond)
Tar – accumulates in the alveoli = prevents gas exchange

19. Asthma
A chronic respiratory dieses characterized by inflammation and swelling of the bronchi and bronchioles that obstructs airflow

20. Asthma
Inflammation is a protective reaction designed to eliminate some foreign substances or infection
Swelling – more blood to the area
Production of mucus
Muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles contract
ALL this = reduced air flow

21. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
~90% of COPD caused by smoking
a chronic, progressive disease that involves both:
Obstructive Bronchitis
inflammation and mucus (similar to asthma)
Emphysema
Causes permanent damage to the alveoli, they loose elasticity and shape = decrease surface area for gas exchange

22. NO CURE – Damage to alveoli is permanent

23. Bronchitis
Bacterial or viral infections as well as reactions to environmental chemicals can cause a variety of ailments characterized by a narrowing of air passages.
It is characterized by an inflammation of the mucous lining of the bronchial tubes.
The excess production of mucus leads to inflammation and tissue swelling, a narrowing of the air passages, and decreased air movement through the bronchi.

24. Bronchitis
The condition becomes more serious in the bronchioles which are not supported by rings of cartilage that help keep them open.
Two conditions, bronchial asthma and emphysema, are associated with inflammation of the bronchioles.
In both conditions, greater effort is required to exhale than to inhale.
This occurs because lower pressure is produced in the lungs and bronchioles during inspiration.

25. Emphysema
Progressive, chronic disease seen in middle aged and older due to heavy smoking. Alveoli expand and burst or “pop” causing permanent damage that reduces the amount of O2 the body can take in.

26. Lung Cancer
More Canadian men and women die from lung cancer than from any other form of cancer.
There is uncontrolled growth of cells and the solid mass of cancer cells in the lungs greatly decreases the surface area for diffusion.
Tumours may actually block bronchioles, reducing airflow to the lungs and potentially causing the lungs to collapse.

28. Treatment Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy
Prevention: no smoking, avoid second-hand smoke, avoid carcinogens

29. Lung Cancer Most common cause of death from cancer.
Three quarter of lung cancer is from smoking
This causes a chronic, painful cough, bloody mucus, fatige and weightloss.

30. Respiratory Wrap Up
Do Not Smoke!
Did I mention…DO NOT SMOKE!!

31. Instead….
EXERCISE!!
EAT A BALANCED DIET!
SLEEP!
…you’ll feel GREAT!