1. Home Water Treatment Conventional & new low cost options Henk Holtslag
Urs Heierli

2. Why HWT?
Diarrhoea kills more young children than AIDS + malaria + measles (UNICEF 2009)
Water from piped systems often not safe
(Re)contamination between source & use
High benefits; 60 x investment (WHO 2008)
Only way to reach all % of unserved live in in rural areas. (UNICEF 2008)
Safe water seems most effective to reduce poverty (UN university 2008)

3. Proposition Water quality problems of the MDG
target group can be solved with a
one-time investment of $2 / capita

4. The problem 1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp 2 Distance > 500 meter
880 mln. without access to a safe water source
and many more drink unsafe water
1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp
2 Distance > 500 meter
3 Quality
- Turbidity, (40% of 880?)
- Pathogens, Viruses
- Arsenic, Pesticides, ..

5. More water? Harvest rainwater with;
Aquifer recharge
- Sand, contour dams
- Vegetation, Vertiver
- Tube recharge, $5/50m3
Rooftop harvesting
- Wire cement
tanks, $20/m3
- Plastic lined tank

6. Reduce distance? Repair existing pumps Upgrade hand dug wells
- 50% of piston pumps broken
Upgrade hand dug wells
- with a recharge, cover, low cost
hand pump, filter
Increase manual drilling
- Jetting, Augering
- Rota sludge, Baptist. $200-$500
- Mac Perfor $400 – $1000 /bore

7. Lessons learned for sustainability
Repairability
Simple, affordable, available
Adapt technology to the people
Not the other way around
Profit for all involved, private sector
Profit based sustainability, supply chain
3 Cs for marketing: Cost, ..
Simple is not easy

8. Low cost HWT options Disinfection Filters
- Boiling, chlorine, Sodis, UV, PUR,..
- New; Watasol, Twinoxide, Silverdyne,
Plation, Silver tube
Filters
- Candle or drip filters, Bisosand, Potfilters
- New; Pureit, Swach,Life straw, Siphon filter

9. Data on next slides Users = estimated number of users by 2009
Price = retailprice in shops
Cost = cost / person / year
(based on 3 liters of
drinkingwater/ person/ day)
+ = Advantages
- = Disadvantages

10. Boiling Number of users; 400 mln.? Cost/pp/year; 1 kg wood/liter
+ Advantages
- Easy
- Very effective
- Disadvantages
- High cost; if people have to buy wood
- Time; to cool down
- Taste; flat taste
- Danger; accidents with hot water
- Indoor pollution (20- ? % of cooking is for water)
- Deforestation, CO2 emission

11. SODIS Bacteria eliminated in 6 hours Users: 1 – 2 mln. Cost: $0 - $..+
- Low cost
- Second use of bottles
- Bottles available in many places -
- Requires much social marketing
(most stop 3 months after training)
- Not a market product
(Nobody earns money)

12. Chlorine Users; 10 - 20 ? Mln. Price: $ 0.5 - $ 2 Cost; $ 0.3 - $ 1 +
- Eliminates Bacteria & Viruses
- Low monthly investment -
- Taste, smell
- Health effects in long term?
- Requires routine
- Liquid has short shelf life

13. Local Chlorine production
WATASOL
Users; over 0.5 Million
Price; $0.3 - $ 1.0
Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5 +
- Extremely low costs
- Local business development
- Re-use of bottles
- Can be used as disinfectant -
- Requires much training

14. Disinfectant/Flocculant
Users; 1 mln.?
Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.)
Cost; $5 - $10 +
- 2 functions
- Small
- Easy transport in emergencies
- Low investment/day -
- High cost/year
- Not easy in use

15. Twinoxide Users; 0,2 mln. Price ; $1 Cost; $2- $4 + - No taste & smell
- No health effects
- “Prevents” malaria -
- Only used in India
- Shelf life three months

16. Silverdyne Users; 9 mln. Price; $3 - $4 Cost; $1 - $3 +
- Very effective
- No taste & smell
- No environmental effects
- Ten years shelf life
- Long lasting effect in storage -
- Not widely known

17. Plation Safe storage Users; 0.5 ? mln. Price; $20/unit/20ltr
Cost; $4 - $6 +
- Extremely simple
- Functions one year -
- High costs

18. Silver tube, Clay bar Silver impregnated ceramic
Users; 1000
Price; $1 - $5
Cost; $0.2 - $1 +
- Simple
- Low cost
- Local production -
- More tests needed

19. Biosand filter Users; 1-2 mln. Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2 +
- 120 liters/day
- Local production -
- Big, heavy to transport
- Not an off-the-shelf product
less attractive for shops
- Needs additional disinfection

20. Candle Filters (drip filters)
Users; ? Mln.
Price; $15 - $100
Cost; $ 2 - $10 +
- Includes storage
- Easy to use
- Widely used in Asia & S. America -
- Low filter capacity
- Most cheap models not reliable
- High transport costs
- Cost in Africa > $30

21. Candle filters Stefani (Brazil) Cost in Mozambique $30 - $100
Production 5 million
candles/year

22. Pot filters Users; 1.5 – 2 mln. Price; $12 – $22 Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3 +
- Local production
- Easy to use -
- Big, fragile (transport)
- Less attractive for shops

23. Pureit As safe as boiled water
Users; 1-2 mln.
Price; $35
Cost; $4 - $5 +
- Attractive
- Very effective, EPA std. -
- Expensive for poor families
- Only in India

24. Swach Users; New? Price; $20? Cost; $2 - $3 + - Attractive (Gadget)
- Effective -
- Only available in India
- Expensive for poor families

25. LifeStraw-Family Users; 2 - 4? Mln. Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ? +
- Attractive (Gadget)
- Very effective, EPA std. -
- High filling point, 2ltr. cap.
- After ltr. complete
new filter needed
- Expensive for poor families

26. Siphon filter Users; 0.3mln. Price; $8 - $12 Cost; $1- $1.5 +
- Small, easy transport
ltr / element
ltr / day
- Reduction bact. 99,99% -
- Not widely known

27. No option is ‘the’ solution
SODIS UV
Combined Chemical (PUR)
Chemicals
Filtering
Boiling
Pesticides
Parasites
Bacteria
Viruses
Heavy Metals
Turbidity

30. HWTs can solve most water quality problems
Clear water from shallow wells + disinfection = safe water +

31. Water with Arsenicum, Pesticides, … ?
Rainwater storage + filter = safe water

32. Challenges Increase awareness Use lessons learned
- Inform policymakers of benefit of HWT,
50% of hospital beds > waterborne diseases
- Inform NGOs and users about new options.
Use lessons learned
- Experiences with Life Straw, PUR, etc.
No free products. All should pay to
get sustainable supply chains
- Higieene awareness essential
- Poor families need payment options

33. Information “Marketing Safe Water Systems”
Compares treatment options
Explains what went wrong with upscaling
Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs
A must read!!!
Author: Urs Heierli

34. www.AKVO.org Wikipedia for water and sanitation

35. More opportunities than ever
Because of;
- Effective low cost solutions. ca $2/cap.
(1 time investment)
- Lesson learned in the Ps of marketing
(Product, place, price, people)
- Internet for awareness, monitoring
- Political will
- Funds for water & sanitation

36. 300 in 6 initiative. 300 million people safer water in 6 years Costs
300 in 6 initiative million people safer water in 6 years Costs? Ca $600 million
Possible with:
Lessons learned
8 New products
Internet for information
New social marketing (CLTS)
Good results – more funding

37. Safer water for all, yes we can