ATAG https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

Internet Protocol Datagram construction
Each datagram has two components: a header and a payload. The IP header is tagged with the source IP address, the destination IP address, and other meta-data needed to route and deliver the datagram. The payload is the data that is transported. This method of nesting the data payload in a packet with a header is called encapsulation.

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a message-oriented transport layer protocol

DCCP provides a way to gain access to congestion control mechanisms without having to implement them at the application layer. It allows for flow-based semantics like in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), but does not provide reliable in-order delivery. Sequenced delivery within multiple streams as in the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is not available in DCCP.

Currently such applications have often either settled for TCP or used User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and implemented their own congestion control mechanisms, or have no congestion control at all.

While being useful for these applications, DCCP can also be positioned as a general congestion control mechanism for UDP-based applications, by adding, as needed, a mechanism for reliable and/or in-order delivery on the top of UDP/DCCP. In this context, DCCP allows the use of different, but generally TCP-friendly congestion control mechanisms.

A DCCP connection contains acknowledgment traffic as well as data traffic. Acknowledgments inform a sender whether its packets have arrived, and whether they were marked by Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN). Acknowledgements are transmitted as reliably as the congestion control mechanism in use requires, possibly completely reliably.

DCCP has the option for very long (48-bit) sequence numbers corresponding to a packet ID, rather than a byte ID as in TCP. The long length of the sequence numbers is intended to guard against "some blind attacks, such as the injection of DCCP-Resets into the connection."

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol DCCP implementations
As of June 2008, at least two DCCP implementations are actively maintained. The Linux kernel implementation was first available in Linux release The dccp-tp implementation is optimized for portability, but has had no changes since June 2008.

Datagram Congestion Control Protocol DCCP implementations
Recently, a new user-space implementation of DCCP has been under way. The purpose of this implementation is to provide a standardized, portable NAT-friendly framework for peer-to-peer communications with flexible congestion control, depending on application.

Datagram A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network in which the delivery, arrival time, and order of arrival are not guaranteed by the network service.

Datagram Origin of the term
The term datagram appeared first within the project CYCLADES, a packet switching network created in the early 1970s, and was coined by Louis Pouzin by combining the words data and telegram. CYCLADES was the first network to make the hosts responsible for the reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms.

Datagram Origin of the term
“The inspiration for datagrams had two sources. One was Donald Davies' studies. He had done some simulation of datagram networks, although he had not built any, and it looked technically viable. The second inspiration was I like things simple. I didn't see any real technical motivation to overlay two levels of end-to-end protocols. I thought one was enough.”

Datagram Definition A datagram or packet needs to be self-contained without reliance on earlier exchanges because there is no connection of fixed duration between the two communicating points as there is, for example, in most voice telephone conversations.

Datagram is opposite of Virtual circuit.[page needed]
Datagram Definition Datagram is opposite of Virtual circuit.[page needed]

Datagram Definition “A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be routed from the source to the destination computer without reliance on earlier exchanges between this source and destination computer and the transporting network.”

Datagram Definition Datagram service is often compared to a mail delivery service, the user only provides the destination address, but receives no guarantee of delivery, and no confirmation upon successful delivery.

Datagram Definition Datagram service routes datagrams without first creating a predetermined path. There is also no consideration given to the order in which it and other datagrams are sent or received. In fact, many datagrams in the same group can travel along different paths before reaching the same destination.

Datagram Structure of a datagram
Each datagram has two components, a header and a data payload. The header contains all the information sufficient for routing from the originating equipment to the destination without relying on prior exchanges between the equipment and the network. Headers may include source and destination addresses as well as a type field. The payload is the data to be transported. This process of nesting data payloads in a tagged header is called encapsulation.

Datagram Use in the Internet Protocol
Datagram service is a service provided by IP at the Internet layer. It is a connectionless, best effort, unreliable, message delivery service. Many higher level protocols including TCP (a connection-oriented service) depend on IP's Datagram service, laying additional functionality on top. UDP uses IP's Datagram service as well.

The term datagram is often considered synonymous to packet but there are some nuances. The term datagram is generally reserved for packets of an unreliable service that does not notify the user if delivery fails, while the term packet applies to any message formatted as a packet. For example, Internet Protocol (IP) provides an unreliable service and UDP over IP is also unreliable. That is why IP and UDP packets are generally called datagrams.

If a datagram fragments, then its fragments may be referred to as packets, but not as datagrams. TCP refers to its fragments as TCP segments, not packets, presumably to distinguish them from unreliable fragments.

Circuit switching Compared to datagram packet switching
Circuit switching contrasts with packet switching which divides the data to be transmitted into small units, called packets, transmitted through the network independently. Packet switching shares available network bandwidth between multiple communication sessions.

Multiplexing multiple telecommunications connections over the same physical conductor has been possible for a long time, but nonetheless each channel on the multiplexed link was either dedicated to one call at a time, or it was idle between calls.

In circuit switching, and virtual circuit switching, a route and bandwidth is reserved from source to destination. Circuit switching can be relatively inefficient because capacity is guaranteed on connections which are set up but are not in continuous use, but rather momentarily. However, the connection is immediately available while established.

Datagram packet switching networks do not require a circuit to be established and allow many pairs of nodes to communicate concurrently over the same channel.

AppleTalk - Datagram Delivery Protocol
DDP was the lowest-level data-link-independent transport protocol. It provided a datagram service with no guarantees of delivery. All application-level protocols, including the infrastructure protocols NBP, RTMP and ZIP, were built on top of DDP. AppleTalk's DDP corresponds closely to the Network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model.

Datagram Transport Layer Security - Definition
RFC 6347 for use with User Datagram Protocol (UDP),

RFC 5238 for use with Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),

RFC 6083 for use with Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) encapsulation,

RFC 5764 for use with Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) latterly called DTLS-SRTP in a draft with Secure Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (SRTCP).

Datagram Transport Layer Security - Libraries
Comparison of TLS implementations#Protocol Support

a) DTLS 1.0 support on Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 with update KB

Datagram Transport Layer Security - Applications
Cisco AnyConnect VPN Client that uses TLS and DTLS. Also the compatible open-source OpenConnect client.

Both Google Chrome and Firefox support DTLS-SRTP for WebRTC.

Datagram Transport Layer Security - Vulnerabilities
In February 2013 two researchers from the University of London discovered an attack which allowed them to recover plaintext from a DTLS connection when Cipher Block Chaining mode encryption was used.

NetBIOS - Datagram distribution service
Datagram mode is connectionless; the application is responsible for error detection and recovery. In NBT, the datagram service runs on UDP port 138.

Datagram Delivery Protocol
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) is a member of the AppleTalk networking protocol suite. Its main responsibility is for socket-to-socket delivery of datagrams over an AppleTalk network.

Datagram Delivery Protocol
Note: All application-level protocols, including the infrastructure protocols NBP, RTMP and ZIP were built on top of DDP.

Ethernet - Layer 2 – Datagrams
In IEEE datagrams are called "frames". A frame begins with preamble and start frame delimiter, followed by an Ethernet header featuring source and destination MAC addresses. The middle section of the frame consists of payload data including any headers for other protocols (e.g., Internet Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check, which is used to detect corruption of data in transit.

Web Accessibility Initiative - Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)
Developed by the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines Working Group, the ATAG 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 3 February The ATAG is a set of guidelines for developers of any kind of authoring tool for Web content: simple HTML editors, tools that export content for use on the Web (for example, word processors that can save as HTML), tools that produce multimedia, content management systems, etcetera.

are accessible to authors regardless of disability,
Web Accessibility Initiative - Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) are accessible to authors regardless of disability,

produce accessible content by default,
Web Accessibility Initiative - Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) produce accessible content by default,

support and encourage authors to create accessible content.
Web Accessibility Initiative - Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) support and encourage authors to create accessible content.

Web Accessibility Initiative - Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)
The ATAG working group is currently working on a second version of the guidelines. A Last Call Working Draft was published in November but subsequent versions were published as normal working drafts. Implementation Techniques for ATAG 2.0 are also available as a working draft.

IEEE 802.11 - Layer 2 – Datagrams
The datagrams are called "frames". Current standards define "frame" types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links.

Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections. Each frame consists of a MAC header, payload and frame check sequence (FCS). Some frames may not have the payload. The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame. The frame control field is further subdivided into the following sub-fields:

Protocol Version: two bits representing the protocol version. Currently used protocol version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use.

Type: two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE

Sub Type: Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames. Type and Sub type together to identify the exact frame.

ToDS and FromDS: Each is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system. Control and management frames set these values to zero. All the data frames will have one of these bits set. However communication within an IBSS network always set these bits to zero.

More Fragments: The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission. Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set.

Retry: Sometimes frames require retransmission, and for this there is a Retry bit which is set to one when a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames.

Power Management: This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will never set the power saver bit.

More Data: The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system. The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available and addresses all stations connected.

Order: This bit is only set when the "strict ordering" delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty.

The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field. This field can take one of three forms: Duration, Contention-Free Period (CFP), and Association ID (AID).

An frame can have up to four address fields. Each field can carry a MAC address. Address 1 is the receiver, Address 2 is the transmitter, Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver.

The Sequence Control field is a two-byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames. The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number and the last 12 bits are the sequence number.

An optional two-byte Quality of Service control field which was added with e.

The Frame Body field is variable in size, from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation and contains information from higher layers.

The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is the last four bytes in the standard frame. Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames. As frames are about to be sent the FCS is calculated and appended. When a station receives a frame it can calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received. If they match, it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission.

NetBIOS Frames protocol - Datagram distribution service
Datagram mode is "connectionless". A datagram is sent with a "Datagram" packet if it is being sent to a particular NetBIOS/NetBEUI name, or a "Datagram Broadcast" packet if it is being sent to all NetBIOS/NetBEUI names on the network.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode - Layer 2 – Datagrams
In the ISO-OSI reference model data link layer (layer 2), the basic transfer units, datagrams, are generically called frames. In ATM these frames are of a fixed (53 octets or bytes) length and specifically called "cells".

User Datagram Protocol
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite (the set of network protocols used for the Internet). With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768.

UDP uses a simple transmission model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes any unreliability of the underlying network protocol to the user's program. As this is normally IP over unreliable media, there is no guarantee of delivery, ordering or duplicate protection. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram.

UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and correction is either not necessary or performed in the application, avoiding the overhead of such processing at the network interface level

A number of UDP's attributes make it especially suited for certain applications.

It is transaction-oriented, suitable for simple query-response protocols such as the Domain Name System or the Network Time Protocol.

It provides datagrams, suitable for modeling other protocols such as in IP tunneling or Remote Procedure Call and the Network File System.

It is simple, suitable for bootstrapping or other purposes without a full protocol stack, such as the DHCP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol.

It is stateless, suitable for very large numbers of clients, such as in streaming media applications for example IPTV

The lack of retransmission delays makes it suitable for real-time applications such as Voice over IP, online games, and many protocols built on top of the Real Time Streaming Protocol.

Works well in unidirectional communication, suitable for broadcast information such as in many kinds of service discovery and shared information such as broadcast time or Routing Information Protocol

User Datagram Protocol - Service ports
Applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. An application binds a socket to its endpoint of data transmission, which is a combination of an IP address and a service port. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and Port 0 is reserved, but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response.

User Datagram Protocol - Service ports
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority has divided port numbers into three ranges

User Datagram Protocol - Packet structure
UDP is a minimal message-oriented Transport Layer protocol that is documented in IETF RFC 768.

UDP provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP protocol layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent. For this reason, UDP is sometimes referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol.

UDP provides application multiplexing (via port numbers) and integrity verification (via checksum) of the header and payload. If transmission reliability is desired, it must be implemented in the user's application.

0 0 Source port Destination port

The UDP header consists of 4 fields, each of which is 2 bytes (16 bits). The use of the fields "Checksum" and "Source port" is optional in IPv4 (pink background in table). In IPv6 only the source port is optional .

This field identifies the sender's port when meaningful and should be assumed to be the port to reply to if needed. If not used, then it should be zero. If the source host is the client, the port number is likely to be an ephemeral port number. If the source host is the server, the port number is likely to be a well-known port number.

This field identifies the receiver's port and is required. Similar to source port number, if the client is the destination host then the port number will likely be an ephemeral port number and if the destination host is the server then the port number will likely be a well-known port number.

A field that specifies the length in bytes of the UDP header and UDP data. The minimum length is 8 bytes since that's the length of the header. The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes (8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data) for a UDP datagram. The practical limit for the data length which is imposed by the underlying IPv4 protocol is 65,507 bytes (65,535 − 8 byte UDP header − 20 byte IP header).

In IPv6 Jumbograms it is possible to have UDP packets of size greater than 65,535 bytes. RFC 2675 specifies that the length field is set to zero if the length of the UDP header plus UDP data is greater than 65,535.

The checksum field is used for error-checking of the header and data. If no checksum is generated by the transmitter, the field uses the value all-zeros. This field is not optional for IPv6.

User Datagram Protocol - Checksum computation
Checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two octets.

In other words, all 16-bit words are summed using one's complement arithmetic. The sum is then one's complemented to yield the value of the UDP checksum field.

If the checksum calculation results in the value zero (all 16 bits 0) it should be sent as the one's complement (all 1s).

The difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is in the data used to compute the checksum.

User Datagram Protocol - IPv4 Pseudo Header
When UDP runs over IPv4, the checksum is computed using a "pseudo header" that contains some of the same information from the real IPv4 header. The pseudo header is not the real IPv4 header used to send an IP packet, it is used only for the checksum calculation.

96 Source Port Destination Port

The source and destination addresses are those in the IPv4 header. The protocol is that for UDP (see List of IP protocol numbers): 17 (0x11). The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data.

UDP checksum computation is optional for IPv4. If a checksum is not used it should be set to the value zero.

When UDP runs over IPv6, the checksum is mandatory. The method used to compute it is changed as documented in RFC 2460:

Any transport or other upper-layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over IPv6 to include the 128-bit IPv6 addresses.

When computing the checksum, again a pseudo header is used that mimics the real IPv6 header:

Source Port Destination Port

The source address is the one in the IPv6 header

User Datagram Protocol - Reliability and congestion control solutions
Lacking reliability, UDP applications must generally be willing to accept some loss, errors or duplication. Some applications such as TFTP may add rudimentary reliability mechanisms into the application layer as needed.

Most often, UDP applications do not employ reliability mechanisms and may even be hindered by them. Streaming media, real-time multiplayer games and voice over IP (VoIP) are examples of applications that often use UDP. In these particular applications, loss of packets is not usually a fatal problem. If an application requires a high degree of reliability, a protocol such as the Transmission Control Protocol may be used instead.

The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is being designed as a partial solution to this potential problem by adding end host TCP-friendly congestion control behavior to high-rate UDP streams such as streaming media.

User Datagram Protocol - Applications
Numerous key Internet applications use UDP, including: the Domain Name System (DNS), where queries must be fast and only consist of a single request followed by a single reply packet, the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

User Datagram Protocol - Applications
Voice and video traffic is generally transmitted using UDP

User Datagram Protocol - Comparison of UDP and TCP
Transmission Control Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol, which means that it requires handshaking to set up end-to-end communications. Once a connection is set up user data may be sent bi-directionally over the connection.

Reliable – TCP manages message acknowledgment, retransmission and timeout. Multiple attempts to deliver the message are made. If it gets lost along the way, the server will re-request the lost part. In TCP, there's either no missing data, or, in case of multiple timeouts, the connection is dropped.

Ordered – if two messages are sent over a connection in sequence, the first message will reach the receiving application first. When data segments arrive in the wrong order, TCP buffers delay the out-of-order data until all data can be properly re-ordered and delivered to the application.

Heavyweight – TCP requires three packets to set up a socket connection, before any user data can be sent. TCP handles reliability and congestion control.

Streaming – Data is read as a byte stream, no distinguishing indications are transmitted to signal message (segment) boundaries.

UDP is a simpler message-based connectionless protocol

Unreliable – When a message is sent, it cannot be known if it will reach its destination; it could get lost along the way. There is no concept of acknowledgment, retransmission, or timeout.

Datagrams – Packets are sent individually and are checked for integrity only if they arrive. Packets have definite boundaries which are honored upon receipt, meaning a read operation at the receiver socket will yield an entire message as it was originally sent.

No congestion control – UDP itself does not avoid congestion, and it's possible for high bandwidth applications to trigger congestion collapse, unless they implement congestion control measures at the application level.

IP fragmentation attacks - IP fragment too many datagrams
The Too Many Datagrams exploit is identified by an excessive number of incomplete fragmented datagrams detected on the network. This is usually either a denial of service attack or an attempt to bypass security measures. An example of "Too Many Datagrams", "Incomplete Datagram" and "Fragment Too Small" is the Rose Attack.

IP fragmentation attacks - IP fragment incomplete datagram
This exploit occurs when a datagram can not be fully reassembled due to missing data. This can indicate a denial of service attack or an attempt to defeat packet filter security policies.

Layer 2 – Datagrams The datagrams are called frames. Current standards define frame types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'Protocol Version:' two bits representing the protocol version. Currently used protocol version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'Type:' two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'Sub Type:' Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames. Type and Sub type together to identify the exact frame.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'ToDS and FromDS:' Each is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system. Control and management frames set these values to zero. All the data frames will have one of these bits set. However communication within an IBSS network always set these bits to zero.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'More Fragments:' The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission. Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'Retry:' Sometimes frames require retransmission, and for this there is a Retry bit which is set to one when a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'Power Management:' This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will never set the power saver bit.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'More Data:' The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system. The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available and addresses all stations connected.

Layer 2 – Datagrams *'Order:' This bit is only set when the strict ordering delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty.

Layer 2 – Datagrams * The Sequence Control field is a two-byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames. The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number and the last 12 bits are the sequence number.

Layer 2 – Datagrams * An optional two-byte Quality of Service control field which was added with e.

Layer 2 – Datagrams * The Frame Body field is variable in size, from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation and contains information from higher layers.

Layer 2 – Datagrams * The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is the last four bytes in the standard frame. Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames. As frames are about to be sent the FCS is calculated and appended. When a station receives a frame it can calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received. If they match, it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission.

Fastenal - Client companies and selling stratagems
Companies that purchase from Fastenal are either large[ Supply Chain Diversity: A Message From the Fastenal Supplier Diversity Team] Fastenal Official Site or small, but most overseas customers may be comparatively mid-sized.

Fastenal - Client companies and selling stratagems
Manufacturers[ UPDATE 1-Fastenal Q2 profit beats Street] reuters.com, Tue Jul 13, :35am EDT and government agencies buy from Fastenal.

Capilene - Patagonia Initiatives
Recently, Patagonia launched a worldwide recycling initiative called the Common Threads Recycling Program and has a site devoted to the explanation of their recycling process called The Footprint Chronicles.

Very Simple Control Protocol - VSCP event datagram structure
Events that are broadcast contain a number of fields together forming one VSCP datagram. Exactly how these fields are mapped onto the physical layer is specified for a number of physical layer protocols such as CAN, Ethernet, TCP, For others it is not yet

defined but it is in general not difficult to map these fields onto a physical layer protocol. There are 2 levels of the VSCP protocol called LEVEL I LEVEL II. They are both basically the same protocol but differ in size of the different fields.

Level I is intended to run on nodes with more constrained resources and fields are defined a bit more conservative. Level I is in fact a subset of level II and with an appropriate gateway events can transverse between a Level I II network.

Level II is intended to be run on nodes that have little resource constraints and can easily cope with larger message sizes.

Hair follicle - Catagen phase
The catagen phase is a short transition stage that occurs at the end of the anagen phase. It signals the end of the active growth of a hair. This phase lasts for about 2–3 weeks while the hair converts to a club hair.

Hair follicle - Catagen phase
A club hair is formed during the catagen phase when the part of the hair follicle in contact with the lower portion of the hair becomes attached to the hair shaft. This process cuts the hair off from its blood supply and from the cells that produce new hair. When a club hair is completely formed, about a 2 week process, the hair follicle enters the telogen phase.

Cattle raiding - Patagonia
Most cattle raids ended after the military campaigns of the Conquest of the Desert, and the following partition of Patagonia by Chile and Argentina established by the 1881 Border Treaty.

NetBIOS over TCP/IP - Datagram distribution service
Datagram mode is connectionless; NetBIOS datagrams are sent over UDP. A datagram is sent with a Direct Unique or Direct Group packet if it's being sent to a particular NetBIOS name, or a Broadcast packet if it's being sent to all NetBIOS names on the network.

Web accessibility - Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)
* ATAG contains 28 checkpoints that provide guidance on:

** producing accessible output that meets standards and guidelines

** promoting the content author for accessibility-related information

** making the authoring tool itself accessible to people with disabilities

*Multicast File Transfer Protocol
List of file transfer protocols - Primarily used with User Datagram Protocol|UDP *Multicast File Transfer Protocol

*Multipurpose Transaction Protocol
List of file transfer protocols - Primarily used with User Datagram Protocol|UDP *Multipurpose Transaction Protocol

Buddhist philosophy - Tathagatagarbha
The Tathagatagarbha|tathāgathagarbha sutras, in a departure from mainstream Buddhist language, insist that the potential for awakening is inherent to every sentient being. They marked a shift from a largely apophatic (negative) philosophical trend within Buddhism to a decidedly more cataphatic (positive) modus.

Prior to the period of these scriptures, Mahāyāna metaphysics had been dominated by teachings on emptiness in the form of Madhyamaka philosophy. The language used by this approach is primarily negative, and the tathāgatagarbha genre of sutras can be seen as an attempt to state orthodox Buddhist teachings of dependent origination using positive language instead, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism.

In these sutras the perfection of the wisdom of not-self is stated to be the true self; the ultimate goal of the path is then characterized using a range of positive language that had been used previously in Indian philosophy by essentialist philosophers, but which was now transmuted into a new Buddhist vocabulary to describe a being who has successfully completed the Buddhist path.Sallie B

The word self (atman) is used in a way idiosyncratic to these sutras; the true self is described as the perfection of the wisdom of anatta|not-self in the Buddha-Nature Treatise, for example. Language that had previously been used by essentialist non-Buddhist philosophers was now adopted, with new definitions, by Buddhists to promote orthodox teachings.

King, The Doctrine of Buddha Nature is Impeccably Buddhist, )Heng-Ching Shih, The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha' – A Positive Expression Of 'Sunyata.'

The Tathagatagarbha|tathāgathagarbha, the Theravada|Theravāda doctrine of bhavanga|bhavaṅga, and the Yogachara|Yogācāra store consciousness were all identified at some point with the luminous mind of the Nikāyas.

In the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the Buddha insists that while pondering upon Dharma is vital, one must then relinquish fixation on words and letters, as these are utterly divorced from liberation and the Buddha-nature.

Stratagus Licensed under the GPL|GNU GPL,[ Stratagus's copyfile] at [ Debian Packages] it is written in C (programming language)|C with the configuration language being Lua (programming language)|Lua

Stratagus - History On June 15, 1998 Lutz Sammer released the first public version of a free Warcraft II clone for Linux he had written, named ALE Clone

Stratagus - History Now Stratagus, Wargus and Stargus are developed by [ Stratagus team on Launchpad].

Stratagus - History Playable Stratagus-based games are: fantasy Aleona's Tales,[ Aleona's Tales (Stratagus game) – Free Gamer medieval Battle for Mandicor,[ Battle for Mandicor – Filewatcher] Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness port Wargus, futuristic Battle of Survival,[ Bos Wars] – Softpedia historically-inspired Commander Stalin,[ Commander Stalin] – Softpedia[ Commander Stalin], Tux Blog: Linux Software Games Reviews

Stratagus - Programming
The Stratagus engine is a 2D engine based on a set of pictures in a .png file to show animation. This style was commonly used in the time that Warcraft and other Real-time strategy|RTS had come out.

Basing on Lua as their primary scripting language, virtually all the abilities in the engine have been made available so that a user of Stratagus does not have to make changes in the original source unless they wish to add new features not presently supported by the engine.

Stratagus and Wargus have been ported to run on Pocket PC, Symbian and Android (operating system)|Android devices. Wargus has also been ported to the GP2X and Open Pandora Linux handhelds.

Argentina (wine) - Patagonia
The southern Patagonia region includes the fruit producing regions of Río Negro and Neuquén which has a considerably cooler climate than the major regions to the north which provides a long, drawn-out growing season in the chalky soils of the area

Prehistoric art - Argentina, Chile, and Patagonia
112 Artistic finds are scarce; in some parts of Patagonia ceramics were never made, only being introduced by contact with Europeans.#Lavallee|Lavallée, p

Edmonton Public Schools - Stratagies Program [4-9]
This program is for children who have diagnosed learning disabilities and a high cognitive ability. It focuses on assisting students who need extra help.

Atagabalin 'Atagabalin' ('PD-0200,390') is a drug developed by Pfizer and related to gabapentin, which similarly binds to the α2δ calcium channels (CACNA2D1|1 and CACNA2D2|2). It is under development as a treatment for insomnia.

Patagonia Lake State Park
convert|2.5|mi|km|adj=mid|-longconvert|250|acre|ha|adj=onconvert|7|mi|km south of Patagonia, Arizona.

Army of the Mughal Empire - Stratagems, losses
'Reports of Battles' - Somewhat in the same way that after a battle a modern general sends off a despatch to his superiors, a Moghul commander prepared and submitted a report to the emperor

'Stratagems of War' - Deceit and stratagem did not play a leading part in Moghul warfare.

This may be so, still they were not unknown. Some men sed to join enemy force. In battle they desert enemy line and attack them. Ambush was not an uncommon stratagem. Matchlockmen were hidden in high crops, or on the edge of a ravine, at a spot where the opposite leaders would most probably pass. At the proper moment a volley would be discharged, and occasionally with deadly effect. An ambush was not infrequently supplemented by pretended flight, so arranged as

to draw the pursuers on and bring them under fire.

Some times they place a large body of army with enemies uniforms and symbols to cheat enemies.

If enemy think that it was his allied force. Then he entered into the enemy plan. They may killed or made prisoner. When a leader took to flight on his elephant, it was not unusual for him to change places with the driver in order to escape molestation in case of pursuit and capture. Night surprises were also a form of stratagem not infrequently employed.

'Statistics of Losses' - To obtain any idea of the numbers of killed or wounded is exceedingly difficult, historians either omitting to mention them, or if they do so, contradicting each other irreconcilably

strict arithmetical treatment. Incidentally, we learn from passing allusions the severity of the losses in a battle, or the number of the slain in some special group of those who were present. The battles in India were much less bloody than in Europe.

'Slain and wounded' - Plundering of the slain and wounded seems to have been universal. The camp followers were those chiefly concerned, but the fighting men were not above lending a hand. It was a legitimate source of income. The dead bodies left on a field of battle do not seem to have been usually buried, they were left to lie as they fell. But sometimes their being collected in great pits, which were styled ganj-i-shahid, or martyr store-houses. The

wounded seem to have been left mostly to their fate. There was no organization for their succour, nor any attempt to heal their wounds. This was left to their relations or friends.

ATM Adaptation Layer 5 - Datagram encapsulation and IP MTU size
At the receiving end, AAL5 reassembles the cells, checks the CRC to verify that no bits were lost or corrupted, extracts the datagram, and passes it to the IP layer.

ATM Adaptation Layer 5 - Datagram encapsulation and IP MTU size
AAL5 uses a 16-bit length field, making it possible to send 65,535 (2^16-1) octets in a single packet. However, RFC 2225 specifies a default MTU of 9180 octets per datagram, so, unless the hosts on both ends of the virtual circuit negotiate a larger MTU, IP datagrams larger than 9180 octets will be fragmented.

God in Buddhism - Tathagatagarbha, Dharmakaya and God
Mahayana Buddhism, unlike Theravada Buddhism|Theravada, talks of the mind using terms such as Tathagatagarbha|the womb of the Thus-come One (tathagatagarbha). The affirmation of emptiness by positive terminology is radically different from the early Buddhist doctrines of Anatta and refusal to personify or objectify any Supreme Reality.

In his monograph on the tathagatagarbha doctrine as formulated in the only ancient Indian commentarial analysis of the doctrine extant - the Uttaratantra - Professor C

According to the Tathagatagarbha sutras, the Buddha taught the existence of this spiritual essence called the tathagatagarbha or Buddha-nature, which is present in all beings and phenomena. Dr. B. Alan Wallace writes of this doctrine:

Dr. Wallace further writes on how the primal Buddha, Samantabhadra, who in some scriptures is viewed as one with the tathagatagarbha, forms the very radiating foundation of both samsara and nirvana. Noting a progression within Buddhism from doctrines of a mind-stream (bhavanga) to that of the absolutised tathagatagarbha, Wallace comments that it may be too simple in the light of such doctrinal elements to define Buddhism unconditionally as non-theistic:

Catagenesis (biology)
'Catagenesis' is an archaic term from evolutionary biology referring to evolutionary directions that were considered wiktionary:retrogressive|retrogressive. It was a term used in contrast to anagenesis, which in present usage denotes the evolution of a single population into a new form without branching lines of descent. Cladogenesis is the term used for branching lines of descent; i.e., when the evolutionary origin of a new form is not accompanied by the disappearance of the ancestral form.

Reality in Buddhism - Reality in the Tathagatagarbha Sutras
The language used by this approach is primarily negative, and the Tathagatagarbha genre of sutras can be seen as an attempt to state orthodox Buddhist teachings of dependent origination using positive language instead, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism

This sphere also bears the name Tathagatagarbha (Buddha matrix)

What is the Real (tattva)? Knowledge of the true attributes of Nirvana; the Tathagata, the Dharma, the Sangha, and the attributes of space ... is the Real. What is knowledge of the attributes of Nirvana? The attributes of Nirvana are eightfold. What are these eight? Cessation [of ignorance and suffering]; loveliness/ wholesomeness; Truth; Reality; Eternity, Bliss, the Self [atman], and complete Purity: that is Nirvana.

He further comments: ... that which is endowed with the Eternal, Bliss, the Self, and Purity is stated to be the meaning of 'Real Truth' ... Moreover, the Real is the Tathagata [i.e., the Buddha]; the Tathagata is the Real ... The Tathagata is not conditioned and not tainted, but utterly blissful: this is the Real ....

Thus, in such doctrines, a very positive goal is envisioned, which is said to lie beyond the grasp of the five senses and the ordinary, restless mind, and only attainable through direct meditative perception and when all inner pollutants (twisted modes of view, and all moral contaminants) are purged, and the inherently deathless, spotless, radiantly shining mind of Buddha stands revealed

Anatta - Tathagatagarbha Sutras
The Tathagatagarbha Sutras declare the existence of atman, which in these scriptures is equated with buddha-nature

The Ratnagotravibhaga, a related text, points out that the teaching of the tathagatagarbha is intended to win sentient beings over to abandoning affection for one's self - one of the five defects caused by non-Buddhist teaching. Youru Wang notes similar language in the Lankavatara Sutra, then writes:

According to some scholars, the tathagatagarbha/Buddha nature discussed in these sutras does not represent a substantial self (atman); rather, it is a positive language and expression of sunyata (emptiness) and represents the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices.Heng-Ching Shih,[ The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha' -- A Positive Expression Of 'Sunyata'] Other scholars do in fact detect leanings towards monism in these tathagatagarbha references.Jamie Hubbard, Absolute Delusion, Perfect Buddhahood, University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 2001, pp

Buddha-nature - Tathāgatagarbha Sutras - the essence or potentiality of Buddhahood
The Ratnagotravibhāga (text)|Uttaratantra gives a synthesis of tathagatagarbha-thought, and gives an overview of authoritative tathagatagarbha sutras.

Buddha-nature - Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
It states that one is already or primordially awakened.Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra pp. 152

Buddha-nature - Tathagatagarbha and Alayavijnana
According to Kalupahana, the Madhyamaka of Nagarjuna, but also the Yogacara of Vasubandhu are a later reaction to the emergence of absolutist tendencies. Nagarjuna's work is founded on the prajnaparamita-sutras, which reach back to the anatman doctrine.

Buddha-nature - Tathagatagarbha and Buddha-dhatu
The Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra linked the concept of tathagatagarbha with the buddhadhatu. Kosho Yamamoto points out that the Nirvana Sutra contains a series of equations:

The Buddha is presented as (an) eternal Being, transcending normal human limitations:

The Buddha-nature is always present, in all times and in all beings

Human hair growth - Catagen phase
The catagen phase, also known as the transitional phase, allows the follicle to, in a sense, renew itself

Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha Class Sutras
The Tathagatagarbha doctrine was very influential in East Asian Buddhism, and the idea in one form or another can be found in most of its schools.

Buddhist texts - Tathagatagarbha Class Sutras
The well-known Lankavatara Sutra, composed sometime around the 4th century, is sometimes included in thevijnapti-matra group associated with the Yogacara teachings, however D.T

Datagram Transport Layer Security
The datagram semantics of the underlying transport are preserved by the DTLS protocol — the application will not suffer from the delays associated with stream protocols, but will have to deal with packet reordering, loss of datagram and data larger than a datagram network packet size.

* RFC 6347 for use with User Datagram Protocol (UDP),

* RFC 5238 for use with Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),

* RFC 6083 for use with Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) encapsulation,

* RFC 5764 for use with Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) subsequently called 'DTLS-SRTP' in a draft with Secure Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (SRTCP).

cnote2 | group=protocolsupportsecuretransport | a | DTLS 1.0 are available on iOS 5.0 and later, and OS X 10.8 and later.

* Cisco Cisco Systems#Software|AnyConnect VPN Client uses TLS and DTLS, as does the AnyConnect-compatible open-source OpenConnect client

* Web browsers: Google Chrome, Opera (web browser)|Opera and Firefox support DTLS-SRTP for WebRTC

Datagram Transport Layer Security - Vulnerabilities
In February 2013 two researchers from Royal Holloway, University of London discovered an attack[ Plaintext-Recovery Attacks Against Datagram TLS] which allowed them to recover plaintext from a DTLS connection when Cipher Block Chaining mode encryption was used.

Mahayana sutras - Tathāgatagarbha class sutras
The Buddha in these sutras insists that the doctrine of the Tathāgatagarbha is ultimate and definitive (nītārtha)—not in need of interpretation—and that it takes the Dharma to the next and final, clarifying step of the teachings on shunyata|emptiness (śūnyatā).

Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
At the time the local indigenous Mapuche population of Araucanía and Patagonia were engaged in a desperate armed struggle to retain their independence in the face of hostile military and economic encroachment by the governments of Chile and Argentina, who coveted the Mapuche lands for economical and political reasons

Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia - History
While visiting the region in 1860, Orélie-Antoine came to sympathise with the Mapuche cause, and a group of loncos (Mapuche tribal leaders) in turn elected him to the position of King —possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf. Orélie-Antoine then set about establishing a government in his capital of Perquenco, created a blue, white and green flag, and had coins minted for the nation under the name of Nouvelle France.

The supposed founding of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia led to the approval of the Occupation of Araucanía by Chilean forces

A French champagne salesman, Gustave Laviarde, impressed by the story, decided to assume the vacant throne as Aquiles I.Minnis, Natalie: Chile Insight. Langenscheidt Publishing, 2002, ISBN , p. 41. He was appointed heir to the throne by Orélie-Antoine.Nicholas Shakespeare, The Men who would be King, 1983.

The first Araucanian king's present-day successor, Philippe Boiry|Prince Philippe, lived in France until his death in 2014

Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia - Pretenders to the throne
*King Orelie-Antoine de Tounens|Orelie-Antoine I (1860–78)Piccirilli, R: Diccionario histórico argentino, p Ediciones Historicas, 1953.

*King Achilles I (1878–1902)Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía, Archivo Nacional (Chile): Revista chilena de historia y geografía, p Impr. Universitaria, 1931.

*King Antoine II (1902–3)Braun Menéndez, A: Pequeña historia patagónica, p Emecé Editores, 1959.

*Jean-Michel Parasiliti di Para|Prince Antoine IV (2014- ) elected unanamously by the council of Kingdom on january 9, 2014http:// Official website of the Kingdomhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d'Araucanie_et_de_Patagonie, Original article on french Wikipediahttp://royaute-news-archives.eklablog.com/actualites-du-royaume-d-araucanie-a , Royalty Newshttp://royaute-news-archives.eklablog.com/antoine-iv-nouveau-prince-d-araucanie-a , Royalty News

Entopic graphomania - Heatage
'Heatage' is an automatic technique developed and used by David Hare (artist)|David Hare in which an exposed but unfixed negative (photography)|photographic negative is heated from below, causing the emulsion (and the resulting image, when developed) to distort in a random fashion.

Advanced Resource Connector - Nordic DataGrid Facility and NeIC
ARC is the basis of the computing infrastructure of the Nordic Data Grid Facility (NDGF). In NDGF actively contributed to ARC development, and since 2010 provides ARC deployment expertise within European Grid Infrastructure|EGI. Since 2012, NDGF became a part of the Nordic e-Infrastructure Collaboration.[ NeIC Web site]

Patagonian weasel The 'Patagonian weasel' (Lyncodon patagonicus) is a small mustelid that is the only member of the genus Lyncodon. Its geographic range is the Pampas of western Argentina and sections of Chile. An early mention of the animal is in the Journal of Syms Covington, who sailed with Charles Darwin on his epic voyage aboard the HMS Beagle.

Patagonian weasel - Description
The Patagonian weasel has a head and body length of Millimetre|mm ( inches), with a 60–90mm ( in) tail. Its fur is whitish with black and dark brown tones mixed in. It has small ears, short legs and a bushy tail. The animal has not been thoroughly studied in the wild, and knowledge of its behavioral patterns is unsure. It reportedly has been kept as a working pet by local ranchers to destroy rodents.

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Patagonian toothfish 'Dissostichus eleginoides', the 'Patagonian toothfish', is a species of cod icefish found in cold waters () between depths of and in the southern Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic, Pacific Ocean|Pacific and Indian Ocean|Indian Oceans and Southern Ocean on seamounts and Continental shelf|continental shelves around most sub-Antarctic islands.

Patagonian toothfish A close relative, the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni), is found farther south around the edges of the Antarctic shelf; and a Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fishery is active in the Ross Sea.

Patagonian toothfish Several commercial fisheries exist for Patagonian toothfish which are detailed below.

Patagonian toothfish - Name
This species is also sold under the trade names 'Chilean Seabass' in the USA and Canada; in Argentina, Peru and Uruguay; 'Legine australe' in France; 'Mero', in Japan and 'Bacalao de profundidad' in Chile.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted Chilean Seabass as an alternative market name for Patagonian toothfish, and in 2013 for Antarctic toothfish.

In the UK, the approved commercial designations for D. eleginoides and D. mawsoni are icefish and toothfish.The Fish Labelling (England) Regulations 2010, Statutory Instrument 2010 No. 420, 23 February 2010, [ PDF], came into force 6 April This has created some confusion as there is a genuine icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) caught in subantarctic waters, which does not resemble toothfish in any way.

Patagonian toothfish - Ecology
Patagonian toothfish spawn in deep water (around 1,000m) during the austral winter, producing pelagic eggs and larvae

Patagonian toothfish - Ecology
As most toothfish fisheries are managed in accordance with CCAMLR regulations and conservation measures, it should be noted that CCAMLR adopts an “ecosystem approach” which requires that all other living resources of the Southern Ocean are treated as an integrated system where effects on predator, prey and related species are considered, and decisions on sustainable harvesting levels are made on the basis of sound, internationally peer reviewed scientific advice.

Patagonian toothfish - Management
Commercial fishing of toothfish is managed by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources|Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) inside the CCAMLR Convention Area which spans the Antarctic continent and waters between 45°S and 60°S

In the legal toothfish fisheries managed by CCAMLR and countries with territorial waters, the most common method is fishing by longlines (where a long mainline is set in the water, with many baited hooks coming off that line)

* Seasonal fishery closures during the summer months due to increase in seabird abundance for chick rearing;

* No setting of hooks during the daytime;

* No fishing without having a bird-scaring line trailing out the back of the boat to keep birds away from the hooks;

* Bird Exclusion Devices (BED) or Brickle curtain to be used on 100% of hauls;

* Boats must use weighted longlines so that the baits and hooks sink before the birds can grab them;

* Limitations on release of offal overboard at the same time as the setting or hauling of lines (to avoid attracting seabirds when they may otherwise be vulnerable to the baits and hooks).

In 2011 the CCAMLR Scientific Committee Chair, David Agnew, was quoted as saying “levels of seabird mortality are negligible in most areas”, with the one region yet to achieve these near zero results, having reduced seabird interactions by over 98% from their peak levels, and have continued to improve each year.

Trawling generally catches toothfish in the smaller size range, which requires calculations to be made at the annual stock assessment meetings of CCAMLR to take these catches of smaller sized fish into account, and lowers the overall available catch of toothfish by trawl. CCAMLR has prohibited all trawl fishing in high seas waters and exploratory fisheries.

Patagonian toothfish - Compliance
To minimise the risk of long-term adverse effects on target species, by-catch species and marine ecosystems, CCAMLR uses a number of compliance systems to monitor fishing activities in the Convention Area. This includes:

* Automated satellite-linked Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS);

The Catch Documentation Scheme (CDS) for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) and Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) was one measure that ensured reductions in illegal fishing for toothfish and reduced the scope for trade in illegally caught fish

Patagonian toothfish - Legal fishing
Commercial fishing of Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish is managed by CCAMLR around most of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions, however a fishery that lies within a nation’s Exclusive Economic Zone|Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is managed by that nation, taking into account management recommendations and approaches by CCAMLR.

In 2004, the South Georgia toothfish fishery (CCAMLR Statistical Division 48.3) was the first toothfish fishery to be MSC certified, and was recertified in 2009 and 2014, as all MSC certified fisheries must be audited annually, and fully reassessed every five years

The Ross Sea fishery (CCAMLR Statistical Division 88.1 and 88.2) was the second toothfish fishery to be independently evaluated and certified by the MSC as sustainable and well managed (in 2010). This fishery catches mainly Antarctic toothfish, a close relative to the Patagonian toothfish.

The Heard Island and McDonald Islands fishery (CCAMLR Statistical Division ) was certified as a sustainable and well managed fishery by the MSC in March 2012 and is operated under Australian jurisdiction in a manner consistent with CCAMLR regulations. There are 3 vessels operated by 2 Australian companies (Austral Fisheries and Australian Longline). The CCAMLR determined TAC is 2,730t of toothfish for the 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons.

The Macquarie Island toothfish fishery is within the Australian EEZ, and is situated outside the CCAMLR Convention Area within FAO Statistical Area 81, though it is managed in a complementary way with the conservation measures adopted by CCAMLR. In May 2012, this was the fourth toothfish fishery to gain MSC certification. There are 2 Australian companies that are allocated to catch 455t of toothfish in 2012/13.

Combined, over 50% of all legally harvested toothfish is independently assessed and certified by the MSC as being from sustainable and well managed fisheries. Currently, several other toothfish fisheries are in the process of independent review for MSC certification.

France regulates Patagonian toothfish in the waters surrounding the French islands in the South Indian Ocean, with scientific oversight from the National Museum of Natural History (France)|National Museum of Natural History

The Falkland Islands, a self-governing British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory, also has a toothfish fishery and was awarded MSC certification in The Falklands do not fall in the CCAMLR Convention area, though regulations on fishing methods, science and management mirror CCAMLR requirements. The TAC is currently 1,200t and is caught by a sole longline vessel.

The Chilean toothfish fishery is separated into two separate fleets

Argentina has a toothfish fishery off its coastline that is managed by the Argentine Federal Fisheries Council under recommendations from the National Fisheries Research Institute. This season the Argentine TAC is 3,500t that is caught by 7 vessels from 4 companies.

The Prince Edward Islands|Prince Edward and Marion Islands toothfish fishery is managed and regulated by Branch Fisheries, part of the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa)|South African Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

The total allowable catch of toothfish worldwide is around 24,800t in 2012/13, with 80% of this coming from COLTO members, and 50% of the total catch (12,422 tonnes) now being independently certified as coming from sustainable and well managed fisheries by the Marine Stewardship Council (with two other fisheries totalling 4,700 tonnes under full MSC assessment).

It is estimated by CCAMLR that around 5% of the worldwide toothfish catch is taken by IUU operators, and that product does not have the current Catch Documentation System evidence trail associated with it, so cannot be sold legally into major markets including USA, EU, and Japan.

Patagonian toothfish - Illegal fishing
In the late 1990s to early 2000s, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) for toothfish nearly collapsed some fisheries in the Southern Ocean. Though, since 2005, thanks to CCAMLR Member nations, government patrol vessels, NGOs, media exposure and a trade and port state measures, IUU fishing has been all but eliminated from within countries' exclusive economic zones, though a relatively small portion of IUU fishing still occurs in high seas areas.

At the peak of IUU fishing, illegal catches were estimated to be 32,000 tonnes in 1997 with approximately 55 vessels believed to be active. By 2010, IUU catches had fallen to an estimated 1,615 tonnes, all taken in high seas areas, with just four IUU fishing vessels reported to be active. This is a decrease in IUU fishing by over 95% since the mid 1990s. CCAMLR estimates that 90% of IUU catches are now of Antarctic Toothfish, not Patagonian Toothfish.

CCAMLR annually reviews information on IUU fishing activities in the Convention Area and has established a Contracting Party and a Non-Contracting Party IUU Vessel List (CCAMLR Conservation Measure and Conservation Measure 10-07)

In the past, France sold some fishing rights to Japanese and other foreign fisheries, but because of IUU fishing, rights are now reserved for French fishers based at Réunion Island

TACs for legal operators in CCAMLR are set, taking into account the estimated IUU catches from past years, and any current IUU activity that may be occurring in the different fisheries

In addition to the Catch Documentation System mentioned above, USA regulations do not allow toothfish imports without valid Dissostichus Catch Documents; and dealer permit and pre-approval certificates issued in advance by NOAA

The EU has also imposed requirements against IUU fishing that include:

* Only marine fisheries products validated as legal by the relevant flag state or exporting state can be imported to or exported from the EU.

* A European black list having been drawn up covering both IUU vessels and states that turn a blind eye to illegal fishing activities.

* EU operators who fish illegally anywhere in the world, under any flag, face substantial penalties proportionate to the economic value of their catch, which deprive them of any profit.

Patagonian toothfish - Seafood chooser organizations
Chilean Sea Bass (Patagonian toothfish) is currently listed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium on its Seafood Watch list and pocket guides. In April 2013, Seafood Watch produced an updated report, indicating new ratings for some fisheries, which allocates approximately 78% of toothfish caught worldwide, which are as follows:

Best Choice - Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery (Australia), Macquarie Island Fishery (Australia), Falkland Islands Fishery

Good Alternative - South Georgia Fishery, Kerguelen Islands Fishery (France), Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish Fishery

Avoid - Prince Edward Marion Island Fishery (South Africa), Chile, Crozet Islands Fishery (France)

In 2010, Greenpeace|Greenpeace International added the Patagonian toothfish to its seafood red list. The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.[ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list]

In light of numerous recent MSC certifications for toothfish fisheries, some 'seafood chooser' organisations are currently reviewing their previous rankings on this species. For example, the Australian Marine Conservation Society website states:

CURRENTLY UNDER REVIEW: Toothfish (Patagonian Antarctic) Wild.

Due to improvements in Australian management of the Macquarie Island and Heard and MacDonald Island toothfish fisheries, AMCS is currently undertaking a review of the ranking for toothfish. There has been significant effort and progress to reduce the impact of the fishery on seabirds and the reduction of Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported fishing in the Australian fishing zone.

Patagonia ISBN Patagonia has two coasts; a western one towards the Pacific Ocean and an eastern one towards the Atlantic Ocean.

Patagonia It is now believed that the people he called the Patagons were Tehuelche people|Tehuelches, who tended to be taller than Europeans of the time.

Patagonia The Argentine politico-economic Patagonic Region includes the La Pampa Province|Province of La Pampa.[ Población y Economía], Argentina government website

Patagonia As the 1775 map shown here indicates, the Chilean Aysén Region|Aysén and Magallanes Region|Magallanes regions have long been regarded as part of Patagonia, including the west side of Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn. More recently the government has included Palena Province in Los Lagos Region as part of Chilean Patagonia, and sometimes other parts of Valdivia and Llanquihue have been included as well.Patagonia chilena: historia. Santiago, Chile: Patagonia Media, ISBN

Patagonia The Argentine researcher Miguel Doura observed that possibly the name, Patagonia derives from the ancient Greek region of modern Turkey call Paflagonia, possible home of the patagon personage in the chivalric romances Primaleon printed in 1512, ten years before Magellan arrived these southern lands

Patagonia - Physical geography
Argentine Patagonia is for the most part a region of steppelike plains, rising in a succession of 13 abrupt wiktionary:terrace|terraces about at a time, and covered with an enormous bed of Gravel|shingle almost bare of vegetation

Among the depressions by which the plateau is intersected transversely, the principal are the Gualichu, south of the Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro, the Maquinchao and Valcheta (through which previously flowed the waters of Nahuel Huapi Lake, which now feed the river Limay); the Senguerr (spelled Senguer on most Argentine maps and within the corresponding region), the Deseado River

This latter depression contains the richest and most fertile land of Patagonia

Patagonia - Geology The geological constitution is in accordance with the mountain|orographic physiognomy

Patagonia - Geology # Pyrotherium-Notostylops beds. Of terrestrial origin, containing remains of mammalia. Eocene and Oligocene.

Patagonia - Geology # Santa Cruz series. Containing remains of mammals. Middle and Upper Miocene.

Patagonia - Geology On May 21, 2014, YPF also announced the first oil and gas discovery in the D-129 shale formation of the Golfo San Jorge area in Chubut, and on August 14, 2014, the first shale oil discovery in yet another Cretaceous formation in the Neuquén basin, the Valanginian/Hauterivian Agrio formation; see and Other specimens of the interesting fauna of Patagonia, belonging to the Middle Cenozoic, are the gigantic wingless birds, exceeding in size any hitherto known, and the singular mammal Pyrotherium, also of very large dimensions

Patagonia - Geology In deposits of much later date, formed when the landscape of the country did not differ materially from that of the present time, there have been discovered remains of pampean mammals, such as Glyptodon and Macrauchenia

Patagonia - Geology Glaciers occupy the valleys of the main chain and some of the lateral ridges of the Andean Cordillera

Patagonia - Geology In Patagonia an immense ice-sheet extended to the east of the present Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic coast at the close of the Cenozoic era, while, during more recent glaciation, the terminal moraines have generally stopped, in the north and in the south, east of the summit of the Cordillera

Patagonia - Geology As they increase in quantity and size towards the south, they seem to indicate that the caps of shingle which now cover such a great part of the Patagonian territory recently extended farther to the east, over land which has now disappeared beneath the sea

Patagonia - Geology Near the present coast are deposits of volcanic ashes, and the ocean deposits on shore blocks of basaltic lava, which likely came from eruptions of submerged volcanoes now extinct

Patagonia - Political divisions
Both countries have organized their Patagonian territories into non-equivalent administrative subdivisions: Provinces of Argentina|Provinces and Departments of Argentina|departments in Argentina; and Regions of Chile|regions, Provinces of Chile|provinces and Communes of Chile|communes in Chile

The Patagonian Provinces of Argentina are Neuquén Province|Neuquén, Río Negro Province|Río Negro, Chubut Province|Chubut, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego. The southernmost part of Buenos Aires Province can also be considered part of Patagonia.

The two Chilean regions indisputedly located entirely within Patagonia are Aysén Region|Aysén and Magallanes Region|Magallanes. Palena Province, a part of the Los Lagos Region, is also located within Patagonia. By some definitions Chiloé Archipelago, the rest of the Los Lagos Region, and part of the Los Ríos Region are also part of Patagonia.

Patagonia - Climate For example at Puerto Montt, on the inlet behind Chiloé Island, the mean annual temperature is and the average extremes are , whereas at Bahía Blanca near the Atlantic coast and just outside the northern confines of Patagonia the annual temperature is and the range much greater, as temperatures above 35°C and below −5°C are recorded every year

Patagonia - Climate The Patagonian west coast, which belongs exclusively to Chile, has a cool oceanic climate, with summer maximum temperatures ranging from 14°C in the south to 19°C in the north (and nights between 5°C and 11°C) and very high precipitation, from 2,000 to more than 7,000mm in local micro-climates

Patagonia - Climate Immediately east from the coast are the Andes, cut by deep fjords in the south and by deep lakes in the north, and with varying temperatures according to the altitude

Patagonia - Climate Directly east of these areas, the weather becomes much harsher: precipitation drops to between 150 and 300mm, the mountains no longer protect the cities from the wind, and temperatures become more extreme

Patagonia - Climate The northern Atlantic coast has warm summers (28°C to 32°C, but with relatively cool nights at 15°C) and mild winters, with highs of about 12°C and lows about 2–3°C

Patagonia - Climate Tierra del Fuego is extremely wet in the west, relatively damp in the south, and dry in the north and east

Patagonia - Climate The depletion of the ozone layer over the South Pole has been reported as being responsible for blindness and skin cancer in sheep in Tierra del Fuego, and concerns for human health and ecosystems.[ Southern Chile warned of high radiation levels under ozone hole], CNN.com, 10 October 2000, accessed

Patagonia - Fauna Vizcachas (Lagidum spp.) and the Patagonian Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) are also characteristic of the steppe and the Pampas to the north.

Patagonia - Fauna The Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) is one of the characteristic objects of a Patagonian landscape; the presence of Austral Parakeets (Enicognathus ferrugineus) as far south as the shores of the strait attracted the attention of the earlier navigators; and Green-backed Firecrowns (Sephanoides sephaniodes), a species of hummingbird, may be seen flying amidst the falling snow

Patagonia - Fauna Signature marine fauna include the Southern right whale, the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), the Orca and elephant seals. The Valdes Peninsula|Valdés Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve.

Patagonia - Pre-Columbian Patagonia (10,000 BC – 1520 AD)
Human habitation of the region dates back thousands of years, with some early archaeological findings in the area dated to at least the 13th millennium BC, although later dates of around the 10th millennium BC are more securely recognized. There is evidence of human activity at Monte Verde in Llanquihue Province, Chile dated to around 12,500 BC. The glacial period ice-fields and subsequent large meltwater streams would have made settlement difficult at that time.

Burnham [ in Última Esperanza in southern Patagonia, and Tres Arroyos on Tierra del Fuego, that support this date

The Cueva de las Manos is a famous site in Santa Cruz, Argentina. A cave at the foot of a cliff, it has wall paintings, particularly the negative images of hundreds of hands, believed to date from around 8000 BC.

It is unclear whether the megafauna of Patagonia, including the ground sloth and horse, were extinct in the area before the arrival of humans, although this is now the more widely accepted account

In the Patagonian archipelagoes north of Taitao Peninsula lived the Chonos

Around 1000 BC, Mapuche-speaking agriculturalists penetrated the western Andes and from there across into the eastern plains and down to the far south

Patagonia - Early European exploration and Spanish conquest attempts (1520–1584)
It is possible that navigators such as Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci had reached the area (his own account of 1502 has it that they reached the latitude 52ºS), however Vespucci`s failure to accurately describe the main geographical features of the region such as the Río de la Plata casts some doubt on whether they really did so.

The first detailed European description of a part of the coast of Patagonia is possibly mentioned in a voyage around 1512 (expedition traditionally attributed to the captain Diogo Ribeiro, who after his death was replaced by Estevão de Frois, and guided by the experienced pilot and cosmographer João de Lisboa)

During this time he encountered the local inhabitants, likely to be Tehuelche people, described by his reporter, Antonio Pigafetta, as giants called Patagons.

Rodrigo de Isla, sent inland in 1535 from San Matías by Simón de Alcazaba Sotomayor (on whom western Patagonia had been conferred by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Carlos V of Spain), is presumed to have been the first European to have traversed the great Patagonian plain. If the men under his charge had not mutinied, he might have been able to cross the Andes to reach the Chilean side.

After the discovery of the route across Cape Horn the Spanish Empire lost interest in any further conquests in southern Patagonia, although it maintained its claim of a de jure sovereignty over the area.

In 1669, the district around Puerto Deseado, explored by John Davis (English explorer)|John Davis about the same period, was claimed by Sir John Narborough for King Charles II of England.

Patagonia - Patagonian giants: early European perceptions
The first European explorers of Patagonia observed that the indigenous people in the region were taller than the average Europeans of the time, prompting some of them to believe that Patagonians were giants.

The term is most likely derived from an actual character name, Patagón, a savage creature confronted by Primaleón of Greece, the hero in the homonymous Spanish chivalry novel (or Knight-errant|knight-errantry tale) by Francisco Vázquez.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development,

49 noting the similarity between Patagon and the Greek language|Greek word παταγος,[ translation of ΠΑΤΑΓΟΣ in English | Greek-English dictionary] which means a roaring or gnashing of teeth (in his chronicle, Pigafetta describes the Patagonians as roaring like bulls).

By 1611 the Patagonian god Setebos (Settaboth in Pigafetta) was familiar to the hearers of The Tempest.

The concept and general belief persisted for a further 250 years, and was to be sensationally re-ignited in 1767 when an official (but anonymous) account was published of Commodore (RN)|Commodore John Byron's recent voyage of global circumnavigation in HMS Dolphin (1751)|HMS Dolphin

However, the Patagonian giant frenzy was to die down substantially only a few years later, when some more sober and analytical accounts were published

Patagonia - Scientific exploration (1764–1842)
Thomas Falkner, a Jesuit who resided near forty years in those parts, published his Description of Patagonia (Hereford, 1774); Francisco Viedma founded El Carmen, nowadays Carmen de Patagones and Antonio settled the area of San Julian Bay, where he founded the colony of Floridablanca (Patagonia)|Floridablanca and advanced inland to the Andes (1782)

Patagonia - Scientific exploration (1764–1842)
The latter expedition is particularly noted for the participation of Charles Darwin who spent considerable time investigating various areas of Patagonia onshore, including long rides with gauchos in Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro, and who joined FitzRoy in a expedition taking ships boats up the course of the Santa Cruz River (Argentina)|Santa Cruz river.

Patagonia - Chilean and Argentine expansion (1843–1902)
In the early 19th century the araucanization of the natives of northern Patagonia intensified and a lot of Mapuches migrated to Patagonia to live as nomads raising cattle or pillaging the Argentine countryside

In the mid-19th century the newly independent nations of Argentina and Chile began an aggressive phase of expansion into the south, increasing confrontation with the indigenous populations.

In 1860, a French adventurer Orelie-Antoine de Tounens proclaimed himself king of The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia of the Mapuche.

In the 1860s sheep from the Falkland Islands were introduced to the lands around the Straits of Magellan, and throughout the 19th century the sheepfarming grew to be the most important economic sector in southern Patagonia.

Captain George Chaworth Musters in 1869 wandered in company with a band of Tehuelche people|Tehuelches through the whole length of the country from the strait to the Manzaneros in the north-west, and collected a great deal of information about the people and their mode of life.

Patagonia - The Conquest of the Desert and the 1881 treaty
Argentine authorities worried the strong connections araucanized tribes had with Chile that allegedly gave Chile certain influence over the pampas. Argentine authorities feared an eventual war with Chile over Patagonia where the natives would side with the Chileans and that it would therefore be fought in the vicinities of Buenos Aires.

The decision of planning and executing the Conquest of the Desert was probably triggered by the 1872 attack of Cufulcurá and his 6,000 followers on the cities of General Alvear, Mendoza|General Alvear, Veinticinco de Mayo, Buenos Aires|Veinticinco de Mayo and Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires Province|Nueve de Julio, where 300 Creole peoples|criollos were killed, and 200,000 heads of cattle taken.

In the 1870s the Conquest of the Desert was a controversial campaign by the Argentine government, executed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, to subdue or, some claim, to exterminate the native peoples of the South.

In 1885 a mining expeditionary party under the Romanian adventurer Julius Popper landed in southern Patagonia in search of gold, which they found after travelling southwards towards the lands of Tierra del Fuego. This further opened up some of the area to prospectors. European missionaries and settlers arrived through the 19th and 20th centuries, notably the Y Wladfa|Welsh settlement of the Chubut Valley.

During the first years of the 20th century, the border between the two nations in Patagonia was established by the mediation of the British crown. But it has undergone a lot of modifications since then, and there is still one place (50km long) where there is no border established (Southern Patagonia Icefield).

Until 1902, a large proportion of Patagonia's population were natives of Chiloé Archipelago (Chilotes) who worked as peons in large livestock farming estancias. As manual labour they had status below the gauchos and the Argentine, Chilean and European landowners and administrators.

Before and after 1902, when the boundaries were drawn, a lot of Chilotes were expelled from the Argentine side due to fear of what having a large Chilean population in Argentina could lead into in the future

Patagonia - Economy The area's principal economic activities have been mining, whaling, livestock (notably sheep throughout) agriculture (wheat and fruit production near the Andes towards the north), and oil after its discovery near Comodoro Rivadavia in 1907.Time Out Patagonia, Cathy Runciman (ed), Penguin Books, ISBN

Patagonia - Economy Portions of other lines were built to the south, but the only lines still in use are La Trochita in Esquel, the 'Train of the End of the World' in Ushuaia, both heritage lines,[ History of the Old Patagonian Express], La Trochita, accessed

Patagonia - Economy and a short run Tren Histórico de San Carlos de Bariloche|Bariloche to Perito Moreno.

Patagonia - Economy In the western forest covered Patagonian Andes and archipelagoes wood lodging has historically been an important part of the economy, and was driving force behind the colonization of the areas of Nahuel Huapi Lake|Nahuel Huapi and Lácar Lake|Lácar lakes in Argentina and Guaitecas Archipelago in Chile.

Patagonia - Livestock Nowadays about half of Argentina's 15 million sheep are in Patagonia, a percentage that is growing as sheep farming disappears in the Pampa (to the North)

Patagonia - Livestock Livestock also includes small numbers of cattle, and in lesser numbers pigs and horses. Sheep farming provides small but important jobs located in rural areas where there is little else.

Patagonia - Tourism In the second half of the 20th century, tourism became an ever more important part of Patagonia's economy

Patagonia - Tourism Buyers have included Sylvester Stallone, Ted Turner and Christopher Lambert, and most notably Luciano Benetton, Patagonia's largest landowner

Patagonia - Energy Due to its sparse rainfall in agricultural areas, Argentine Patagonia already has numerous dams for irrigation, some of which are also used for hydropower. Coal is mined in the Rio Turbio area and used for electrical generation. Patagonia's notorious winds have already made the area Argentina's main source of wind power, and there are plans for major increases in wind power generation.

Patagonia - Energy Patagonia has always been Argentina's main area, and Chile's only area, of conventional oil and gas production. Oil and gas have played an important role in the rise of Neuquén-Cipolleti as Patagonia's most populous urban area, and in the growth of Comodoro Rivadavia,Comodoro's coat of arms bears an oil derrick in the center. Punta Arenas, and Rio Grande as well. The development of the Neuquén basin's enormous unconventional oil and gas reserves through hydraulic fracturing has just begun.

Patagonia - Cuisine Since the mid-1990s there has been some success with winemaking in Argentine Patagonia, especially in Neuquén.

Patagonia - Foreign land buyer's issue
Benetton has faced criticism from Mapuche organizations, including Mapuche International Link, over its purchase of traditional Mapuche lands in Patagonia

Ethernet port - Layer 2 – Datagrams
In IEEE 802.3, a datagram is called a packet or frame

WAP Datagram Protocol 'Wireless Datagram Protocol' defines the movement of information from receiver to the sender and resembles the User Datagram Protocol in the Internet protocol suite.

WAP Datagram Protocol The Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP), a protocol in WAP architecture, covers the Transport Layer Protocols in the Internet model

Virtual Path Identifier - Layer 2 – Datagrams
In the ISO-OSI reference model data link layer (layer 2), the basic transfer units are generically called Frame (networking)|frames. In ATM these frames are of a fixed (53 Octet (computing)|octets or bytes) length and specifically called cells.

Argentina-Chile relations - Claims on Patagonia
He cleverly established the current Argentina-Chile border in Patagonia by dividing many disputed lakes into two equal parts

Patagonian Ice Sheet The 'Patagonian Ice Sheet' was a large elongated and narrow ice sheet that covered all of Chile south of approximately present-day Puerto Montt during the Last glacial period|Llanquihue glaciation. Some maps have the Patagonian Ice Sheet connected to the icecaps of the Altiplano by continuous glaciers all the way through the Andes.

Patagonian Ice Sheet With each successive glaciation it is known that the ice has stopped further and further to the west, with aridity always serving as the decisive factor halting glacier spread: it is believed that the east-west precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation gradients during glacial periods were even steeper than the extremely steep ones of present-day Patagonia.

Patagonian Ice Sheet Melting of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and deglacial perturbations of the nitrogen cycle in the eastern South Pacific

Floridablanca (Patagonia)
The Spanish settlement 'Nueva Colonia y Fuerte de Floridablanca' was established in San Julian Bay in 1780Senatore, María Ximena: Arqueología e historia en la colonia española de Floridablanca: Patagonia, Siglo XVIII

Floridablanca (Patagonia)
At present, this settlement is an archaeological site near Port San Julian, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.

Floridablanca (Patagonia) - History
A little village called Nueva Colonia y Fuerte de Floridablanca was founded in the frame of the colonisation of the Patagonian Atlantic coast developed by Charles III of Spain|Charles III King of Spain in the late 18th century

Floridablanca (Patagonia) - History
In Floridablanca the modern ideas of the Spanish Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment were put in place.Senatore, pp

Floridablanca (Patagonia) - Historical archaeology
Floridablanca has become the object of the research project Archaeology and History at the Spanish colony of Floridablanca (Patagonia, 18th century) headed by Dr. María Ximena Senatore from the Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas, CONICET and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.[ Historical Archaeology Research Project]

In Patagonia 'In Patagonia' is an English travel book by Bruce Chatwin, published in 1977.

In Patagonia - Preparations
In 1972, Chatwin was hired by the Sunday Times Magazine as an adviser on art and architecture.. His association with the magazine cultivated his narrative skills and he travelled on many international assignments, writing on such subjects as Algerian migrant workers and the Great Wall of China, and interviewing such people as André Malraux, in France, and Nadezhda Mandelstam, in the Soviet Union.

In Patagonia - Preparations
It was written just before The Old Patagonian Express by Paul Theroux.

The book is highly experimental in the way that it is structured
In Patagonia - Content The book is highly experimental in the way that it is structured

In Patagonia In Patagonia - Critics

In Patagonia - Critics Some reviewers compared it with classics of travel literature such as Travels by Sir John Mandeville, Eothen by Alexander Kinglake and The Road to Oxiana by Robert Byron.

In Patagonia - Critics After Chatwin had published the book and gained acclaim as a travel writer, however, residents in the region came forward to contradict the events depicted in the book.Introduction by Nicholas Shakespeare It was the first, but not the last, time in his career that conversations and characters that Chatwin reported were alleged to have been fictionalised.

Patagonian Expedition Race
Due to its challenging nature, it is also known as 'The Last Wild Race’,[ Patagonian Expediton: The last wild race], Amy Middleton, Australian Geographic, 4 February 2010 and has been described as 'The World’s toughest adventure race'[ Adventurers battle the elements in Patagonia race], Will Gray, Reuters, 25 Feb 2009 and the ‘Dakar Rally|Dakar’ of adventure racing.[ Novoa llama a sector público a deponer movilizaciones], ORBE, Emol, 30 November 2000

Patagonian Expedition Race - Description
The Patagonian Expedition Race takes place in February each year and involves a maximum of 20 four-person co-ed teams, limited to minimize the impact on the environment. Created by geologist Stjepan Pavicic, a pioneer of Chilean Patagonia, the first race was run in 2004 and since then athletes from 26 different nations have taken part. It is the only adventure race worldwide that has been granted an official partnership by an Olympic Committee.

Each edition takes place on a different course through the most remote and untouched regions of Chilean Patagonia. The terrain in this region is incredibly diverse and includes the mountains of Torres del Paine National Park|Torres del Paine and the Cordillera Darwin, the flat plains and rolling hills of Tierra del Fuego and Riesco Island|Isla Riesco, and the icy waterways of the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel.

The combination of rugged terrain, long distances and unpredictable climatic conditions creates a great challenge, with the rate of team completion averaging between 35 and 50 percent. There is usually only a summer edition (February), but in 2006 a winter edition was organized, which took place in June.

The 26 nations that have competed, up to and including the 2011 edition, are: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Columbia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Uruguay and USA.

The race is organized by NIGSA (Nómadas International Group S.A.), formerly known as, Nómadas Outdoor Services Ltda., an organization located in Punta Arenas, working for the goals of environmental protection and the advancement of eco-tourism in the region of Chilean Patagonia.

Patagonian Expedition Race - Goals of the Race
The mission of the race is to raise international awareness of the fragile environment of Chilean Patagonia. It promotes the area’s unique and pristine wilderness, as well as its rich cultural heritage as attractions for a viable sustainable tourism destination.

Stjepan Pavicic, Race Director, explains: From the beginning, we have focused on creating an experience that is not only a physical and mental challenge, but one that sends a real message: we must protect and preserve this remote and pristine region of Chilean Patagonia. Our event brings this message to the world.

For centuries, the extreme isolation of the southernmost region of South America has been a favorable characteristic for the preservation of its flora and fauna. However, in recent decades, devastation of extensive areas of these southern forests has occurred. The Patagonian Expedition Race focuses on working to avoid the exploitation of natural resources by non-sustainable industrial activities.

Eventually the new trails will allow international tourists access to this region's unique features, increasing eco-tourism in Chilean Patagonia.

Patagonian Expedition Race - Awards
The race produces an annual documentary showing the struggles and experiences of the teams participating in the Patagonian Expedition Race. The 2011 edition of the documentary called 'The Last Wild Race' received huge international media attention and was recognized seven times in the following global film events:

Winner BEST MOVIE: Vanka Regule, Croatia Film Festival 2011

Finalist: New Zealand Mountain Film Festival 2011

OFFICIAL SELECTION: Danish Adventure Film Festival 2011

Patagonian Expedition Race - History
Since the Patagonian Expedition Race was founded in 2004, courses have ranged from 320 miles (520km) to 680 miles (1112km), with completion targets from 9 to 14 days.

Patagonian Expedition Race - History
The popularity and awareness of the event has increased since its inception in 2004, with increasing features in many international magazines, newspapers, websites and TV broadcasts. The race secured its first title sponsor in 2009, with Switzerland-based company Wenger, the manufacturer of the Genuine Swiss Army Knife. At this point, the logo was altered to carry Wenger’s Swiss flag emblem and the name was changed to the Wenger Patagonian Expedition Race.

Patagonian Expedition Race - Editions
The 10th anniversary edition of the race presented the 19 international co-ed teams with 565km (351 miles) of challenging Patagonian nature; ranging from strength-sapping peat bogs to freezing cold glacial rivers

The ninth edition of the Wenger Patagonian Expedition Race took on a challenging route through the dramatic landscapes of Torres del Paine, Bernard O’Higgins and Pali Aike National Parks

This was the southernmost adventure race in history and was won by reigning champions Helly Hansen-Prunesco, making them the first team to retain the title

Avatar. We didn’t see any sign that humans had been through there, and we didn’t even see any other teams for days.” Past races, official website Helly Hansen-Prunesco’s winning time was five days, six hours and eight minutes, with Spain’s Air Europa Bimont 16hrs 38mins behind in second, and Germany’s Team Herbertz and Team Switzerland sharing third. Seven teams completed the course.

It certainly met my expectations, and the fact we managed to win it blew them away!”[ Red Hot in Chile], Will Gray, July 2009, Running Fitness (WGMedia) But the race became famous for the dramatic story of American team Calleva, who got stuck in the mountains after a trekking short-cut went wrong and had to survive for days on wild berries before two team members attempted a daring swim and free-climb to alert a rescue operation

2008: This edition of the race focused on Tierra del Fuego with more than 500km of competition across the remote Chilean island

2007: The longest race of its kind in history took the teams 1,112km through the southern region of Chilean Patagonia, from Torres del Paine National Park all the way to Puerto Williams on the Navarino Island

2006 Winter: The only winter race took place between 21–26 June 2006 and was contested mostly by Chilean and Argentine teams, with victory going to Chilean team Nike-GNC

2006: The third edition of the race, in February 2006, covered more than 700km and started on the South Atlantic Ocean in a region first explored by Ferdinand Magellan

2005: The second Patagonian Expedition Race was 662km long, beginning near the entrance to Torres del Paine National Park and ending at San Isidro Lighthouse on the shores of the Strait of Magellan

2004: The first ever race involved competitors from 10 different nations and was won by Xinix Water Purification, a team made up of three New Zealand racers and their American female captain Robyn Benincasa

Patagonian Expedition Race - List of Winners
2012: AdidasTERREX/Prunesco (UK/New-Zealand/Spain): Nick Gracie, Sarah Fairmaid, Stuart Lynch, Albert Rocca

2011: AdidasTERREX/Prunesco (UK): Bruce Duncan, Fiona Spotswood, Nick Gracie, Mark Humphrey

2010: Helly Hansen-Prunesco (UK): Nicola Macleod, Andrew Wilson, Mark

2009: Helly Hansen-Prunesco (UK): Nicola Macleod, Andrew Wilson, Mark

2008: Authentic Nutrition (France / USA): Bruno Rey, Teresa Ellen Dewitt,

2007: TSL – La Clusas (France): Jerome Bernard, Cathy Ardito, Frédéric

Charles, Laurent Ardito

2006: Buff (Spain / Germany): Chemari Bustillo, Javier Rodriguez, Juanjo

2005: La Clusaz Raid Aventure (France): Laurent Ardito, Cathy Ardito,

2004: Xinix Water Purification (New Zealand / USA): Robyn Benincasa, Neil

Patagonian Expedition Race - Sponsors
Peter Hug, Chief Executive Officer of Wenger, said, The Patagonian Expedition Race is a unique human challenge, conducted in an environment where preparedness is everything and precision multi-discipline tools for the job are vital – exactly the principles on which our company was founded over 100 years ago.

Patagonian Expedition Race - Sponsors
The race is also supported by the Government of Chile|Chilean Government, with the aim of promoting sustainable adventure travel in Chilean Patagonia. Many local businesses provide additional essential support for the logistics of the event.

Patagonian Expedition Race - Olympic Partnership
The Patagonian Expedition Race entered an official partnership agreement with the National Olympic Committee|Olympic Committee of Chile (Comité Olímpico de Chile, COCH) in October 2007

Patagonian giants The 'Patagones' or 'Patagonian giants' are a mythology|mythical race of people, who first began to appear in early European accounts of the then little-known region and coastline of Patagonia. They were supposed to have exceeded at least double normal human height, some accounts giving heights of or more. Tales of these improbable people would take a hold over European concepts of the region for some 250 years, until they were substantially debunked at the end of the 18th century.

Patagonian giants First mention of these people came from the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan and his crew, who claimed to have seen them while exploring the coastline of South America en route to their circumnavigation of the world in the 1520s. Antonio Pigafetta, one of the expedition's few survivors and the chronicler of Magellan's expedition, wrote in his account about their encounter with natives twice a normal person's height:

Patagonian giants :One day we suddenly saw a naked man of giant stature on the shore of the port, dancing, singing, and throwing dust on his head

Patagonian giants Nevertheless, the name Patagonia stuck, as did the notion that the local inhabitants were giants

Patagonian giants In 1579, Sir Francis Drake's ship chaplain, Francis Fletcher (clergyman)|Francis Fletcher, wrote about meeting very tall Patagonians.

Patagonian giants Also in the 1590s, William Adams, an Englishman aboard a Dutch ship rounding Tierra del Fuego reported a violent encounter between his ship's crew and unnaturally tall natives.

Patagonian giants In 1766, a rumour leaked out upon their return to United Kingdom|Britain that the crew of HMS Dolphin (1751)|HMS Dolphin, captained by Commodore (rank)|Commodore John Byron, had seen a tribe of natives in Patagonia when they passed by there on their circumnavigation of the globe. However, when a newly edited revised account of the voyage came out in 1773, the Patagonians were recorded as being 6ft 6 in (1.98 m); very tall, but by no means giants.

Patagonian giants The people encountered by Byron were in all likelihood the Tehuelche people|Tehuelches, indigenous to the region. Later writers consider the Patagonian giants to have been a hoax, or at least an exaggeration and mis-telling of earlier European accounts of the region.

The Old Patagonian Express
Theroux then proceeds to Colombia and then over the Andes and finally reaches the cold, bare heart of Patagonia, the small town of Esquel

The Old Patagonian Express
The book has been praised for its depth and understanding about the people, the culture, giving a flavor of the various South American countries.

The Old Patagonian Express - Chapters of Book
# The Passenger Train to Tapachula, Chiapas|Tapachula

# The 7:30 to Guatemala City

# The Atlantic Railway: the 12:00 to Puerto Limón|Limon

# The Pacific Railway: the 10:00 to Puntarenas

# The Autoferro to Guayaquil

# The Train to Machu Picchu

# La Estrella del Norte ('The North Star') to Buenos Aires

# The Buenos Aires Subterranean

Argentine cuisine - Patagonia
Foods produced in the large southern region of Patagonia include fish and seafood from the sea and rivers, and the products of the sheep widely farmed there.

Marine species such as Salmon (food)|salmon, Lithodes santolla|spider crabs, Squid (food)|squid and other shellfish and molluscs may be caught in the Atlantic Ocean. There are trout in the rivers.

The many berries grown in the area include Cherry|cherries, Bilberry|bilberries, Strawberry|strawberries, Rosa rubiginosa|rosa mosqueta and elders, which are made into jams.

The Northern Europe|Northern and Central European settlements in this region have built up large-scale production of chocolate and its by-products. Viennese and German cuisine and pastries are also typically associated with this region.

Mutton and lamb, together with wild boar and venison tend to make up the region's meat-based dishes. Also typical of southern region are smoked products, including salmon, stag, wild boar, and pheasant.

Patagonia has been profound influenced by the tribes living there since long before Europeans arrived, in particular, the Mapuches and the Araucanos

Patagonian sheep farming boom
Besides altering the demographic and economic outlook of Southern Patagonia the sheep farming boom did also changed the steppe ecosystem.

Patagonian sheep farming boom
Sheep farming in Patagonia was carried out in a estancia system. Each of these estancias was administered from a casco central (a central complex of buildings) where administrators, Ranch foreman|foremen and workers lived.

Patagonian sheep farming boom - Development
In 1843 Chile established a colony in Brunswick Peninsula to assert sovereignty over the strategic Strait of Magellan. Early sheep herding activity in the Chilean colony was very modest. The first men to realize the potential for large-scale sheep herding in the lands around the Strait of Magellan were a group of British immigrants that settled in Punta Arenas in the 1870s.

Patagonian sheep farming boom - Development
The first successful attempt at sheep farming in the Straits of Magellan is credited to the Englishman Henry Reynard () who raised sheep in 1877 on Isabel Island (Chile)|Isabel Island

Patagonian sheep farming boom - Ecological impact
The sheep farming boom did not only altered the demographic and economic outlook of Southern Patagonia but did also changed the steppe ecosystem. Research suggests that sheep excrement might have caused eutrophication of lagoons like Potrok Aike, and sheep might also had caused considerable erosion. The Strait of Magellan and the Atlantic coast were covered by natural grasslands so no deforestation|clearing of forests occurred during the introduction of sheep.

Hakama - Kamishimo, kataginu, and naga-bakama
Hakama traditionally formed part of a complete outfit called a kamishimo (上下 or 裃). Worn by samurai and courtiers during the Edo period, the outfit included a formal kimono, hakama, and a sleeveless jacket with exaggerated shoulders called a kataginu (pictured).

Hakama - Kamishimo, kataginu, and naga-bakama
Samurai visiting the shōgun and other high-ranking daimyo at court were sometimes required to wear very long hakama called naga-bakama (long hakama)

'Carmen de Patagones' is the southernmost city in the .

Carmen de Patagones - Geography
It is located 937km southwest from the city of Buenos Aires, on the north bank of the Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro (Black River), near the Atlantic Ocean, and opposite Viedma, capital of the province of Río Negro Province|Río Negro. The city is the capital of the Patagones Partido, the only administrative division of Buenos Aires Province that lies within Patagonia.

Carmen de Patagones - History
The town was founded in 1779 by Francisco de Viedma, an explorer leading a Spanish Empire|Spanish expedition commissioned with colonizing Patagonia's shores.

In the 19th century, Carmen de Patagones had a fort, and after the May Revolution of 1810, it became a prison for royalists (Spaniards and pro-Spanish locals against the Argentine War of Independence|independence movement).

The Brazilian troops attempted to take Carmen de Patagones, but they were repelled by armed residents on 7 March 1827; this date is still commemorated with a festival in the city

The town and its twin city, Viedma, became the focus of attention in 1986, when President Raúl Alfonsín announced the w:es:Proyecto Patagonia|Patagonia Project, which envisaged the transfer of the nation's capital to a new federal district encompassing the two towns at the mouth of the Río Negro (Argentina)|Río Negro. Approved by the Argentine Congress|Congress in 1987, the plan was rescinded when Alfonsín's successor, President Carlos Menem, disbanded Entecap, the

Patagones is like an Italian city but in Argentina, is very beautiful in summer. There's also skater too.

Southern Patagonia Icefield
It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the Last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation.

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Geography
The Southern Patagonia Icefield extends from parallels 48°15′S to 51°30′S for approximately , and has an area of , of which roughly fall within Chile and within Argentina.

The glaciers going to the west flow into the fjords of the Patagonian channels of the Pacific Ocean; those going to the East flow into the Patagonian lakes Lake Viedma|Viedma and Lake Argentino|Argentino, and eventually, through the rivers de la Leona and Santa Cruz River (Argentina)|Santa Cruz, to the Atlantic Ocean.

An important part of the ice field is protected under different national parks, such as the Bernardo O'Higgins National Park|Bernardo O'Higgins and Torres del Paine National Park|Torres del Paine in Chile, and the aforementioned Los Glaciares National Park|Los Glaciares in Argentina.

There are two known volcanoes under the ice field; Lautaro Volcano|Lautaro and Viedma (volcano)|Viedma. Due to their inaccessibility they are among the least researched volcanoes in Chile and Argentina.

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Exploration
Thorough explorations include the expeditions of Federico Reichert (1913–1914), Alberto de Agostini (1931), and Harold William Tilman and Jorge Quinteros (mountaineer)|Jorge Quinteros (1955–1956); as well as Eric Shipton (1960–61). First full (North-South) crossing of the field was accomplished in by Pablo Besser, Mauricio Rojas, José Montt and Rodrigo Fica. Nevertheless some areas of the field remain largely unexplored

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Exploration
From the air, initial exploration was conducted in by Gunther Plüschow after whom a glacier is named. It was further studied in 1943 by aerial photographs made by the United States Air Force on request of the Chilean government.

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Borderline
Fifty kilometers of the Chile–Argentina border, between Mount Fitzroy and Cerro Murallon, remain undefined, on the ice field.

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Borderline
This Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Controversy
In 2006 the Argentine Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) edited a map without a note on the region, instead drawing Argentine claims to the official borderline

Southern Patagonia Icefield - Controversy
In January 2008, technicians of both countries began the final demarcation of the border.[ IGM press release: Trazado de Límites en los Hielos Continentales Patagónicos]

List of Neverwinter Nights characters - Matagar Bugo
Gorgomorz, however, is disgusted how Matagar Bugo is trying to command him, and kills the baron with magical fire attack.

Patagonia (disambiguation)
* Patagonia, a region of South America

Patagonia (disambiguation)
* Patagonia, Arizona, United States

Patagonia (disambiguation) - Companies
* Patagonia (clothing), an outdoor clothing and gear company

Patagonia (disambiguation) - Media and entertainment
* Patagonia Mail, the employer of the airmail pilot Fabien, in Antoine Saint-Exupéry's novel Night Flight (novel)|Night Flight

Patagonia (disambiguation) - Vessels
* ARA Patagonia|ARA Patagonia, an AOR supply ship of the Argentine Navy

Patagonia (disambiguation) - Other uses
* Patagonia (moth)|Patagonia (moth), a snout moth genus in tribe Phycitini

Patagonian Desert The central parts of the steppe are dominated by shrubby and herbaceous plant species albeit to the west, where precipitation is higher, bushes are replaced by grasses.The Physical Geography of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego

Patagonian Desert Inhabited by hunter-gatherers since Pre-Hispanic times the desert faced in the 19th century migration of Mapuches, Chilean people|Chileans, Argentine people|Argentines, Welsh people|Welsh and other European peoples transforming it from a Conquest of the Desert|conflictive borderland zone to an integral part of Argentina with cattle, sheep and horse husbandry being the primary land use.

Patagonian Desert - Geography and climate
The Andes, to the desert's west, are the primary reason for the Patagonian desert status as they inhibit the westerly flow of moisture from the southern Pacific from reaching inland

Different climates can be distinguished: the coast north of the 45th parallel is much milder because of the warm currents from Brazil, and the entire northern half of the region is significantly warmer in the summer, when sunny weather predominates. Daily temperatures in the summer reach 31°C in the Rio Colorado region, a general 26°C to 29°C in the northern coast, and 24°C to 28°C in the northern plain, with nights around 12°C to 15°C in the coast and between 7°C and 10°C in the steppe.

In the south, summer temperatures decrease from 22°C to only 16°C along the coast, and from 24°C to 17°C along the steppes, while nights go from 8°C to 11°C on the coast, and from 6°C to 10°C in the steppe.

During the winter, the proximity to the coast and the altitude are the main factors: while northern coastal areas have mild winters, from 2°C at night to about 11°C during the day, southern Santa Cruz ranges from -2°C to 5°C, and Tierra del Fuego, from -3°C to 3°C, for a mean of 0°C.

Inland, the northern areas range from 0°C to 10°C in low areas, and from -5°C to 5°C on the plateaus (again, mean around 0°C), while in the south, low areas range from -3°C to 4°C, and higher areas are clearly below 0°C. The coldest spots usually register temperatures between -20°C and -25°C during cold waves, and the official record is -33.9°C in Chubut province. However, some towns claim to have had records of around -35°C.

Summer frost is common everywhere except for the northern coast, and even sleet and light snow can fall during the warm season. Winds are constant and very strong, from the west in most cases.

A variety of glacial, fluvial, and volcanic deposits are also found in the region and have significantly affected the desert's climate over time, especially contributing to the gravel sediments covering parts of the Patagonian.

[ Observations and Measurements of Dust Transport from the Patagonia Desert into the South Atlantic Ocean in 2004 and 2005]

On the west the Patagonian grasslands portion of the Patagonian Desert are bounded by nothofagus forests of the Magellanic subpolar forests.World Wildlife Fund; C.Michael Hogan [ Magellanic subpolar forests. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC]

North Patagonian Massif) and the Deseado Massif.Late Cenozoic Quaternary Volcanism in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego

Patagonian Desert - Fauna and flora
The burrowing owl, lesser rhea, guanaco, tuco-tuco, Mara (mammal)|mara, armadillo|pygmy armadillo, Patagonian Weasel|Patagonian weasel, Cougar|puma, South American Gray Fox|Patagonian gray fox, desert iguana, Jumping Cow Spider, and various species of eagle and hawk are a few of the variety of animals living in the region.

Patagonian Desert - Fauna and flora
The flora of the region is quite common for its climate and includes several species of desert shrubs like Acantholippia and Benthamiella and tuft grasses like Stipa and Poa. Aquatic grasses and larger flora exist on the outskirts of the desert and around the ephemeral lakes that form from the Andes' runoff.World Wildlife Fund.

Patagonian Desert - Human land use
Mapuches came to practise horse husbandry in the northern part of the Patagonian steppe

From the mid-19th century onwards several Argentine and European settlements, some of them sporadic, appeared at the edges of the desert

In the few decades before and after 1900 the less dry parts of the Patagonian steppe experienced a sheep farming boom, transforming the region into one of the world's greatest exporters of ovine products.

The area is sparsely populated today and those that do live here survive mainly by the raising of livestock such as sheep and goats. Resource mining, especially of oil, gas, and coal in parts of the region, is another way humans interact with and influence the desert environment.

Francisco Moreno Museum of Patagonia
The 'Francisco P. Moreno Museum of Patagonia' is a List of natural history museums|natural history and cultural anthropology museum located in the Civic Center of Bariloche, Argentina.

Francisco Moreno Museum of Patagonia - Overview
The museum was inaugurated on March 17, 1940, as part of the unveiling of the Bariloche Civic Center, which was commissioned by the national government as part of an effort to promote the then-remote Río Negro Province ski resort town

The majority of its collections were requisitioned from the National parks of Argentina|National Parks Adeministration by the museum's first director, Enrique Artayeta. Named in honor of Argentine surveyor and academic Francisco Moreno, the institution was organized in the tradition of the La Plata Museum, whose 1888 establishment was owed in large measure to the renowned explorer.

Expanded and modernized during a 1992 restoration, the museum's collections are divided by a number of categorized halls:

*Natural Sciences: a collection of fossils and geology|geological findings.

*Prehistory: informative dioramas and stratigraphy displays, as well as relics from stone age cultures in the area.

*Aboriginal History: displays pertaining to the Mapuche, Selknam people|Selknam, Tehuelche people|Tehuelche and Yámana cultures, including implements used in astronomy.

*The Conquest of the Desert: illustrating the tools, arms, and methods used by Argentine governments from Juan Manuel de Rosas' to Julio Roca's in their 19th-century campaigns to displace native peoples, as well as those used by native caciques in their counteroffensives.

*San Carlos de Bariloche: exhibits relating to local history, from the town's establishment in 1885, to its promotion by Public Works Minister Ezequiel Ramos Mexía after 1905 and its later development.

*National Parks: documents, diagrams, and maps pertaining to the development of National parks in Argentina, among which Bariloche's Lake Nahuel Huapi was the first.

*Francisco Moreno: an exhibit honoring the museum's namesake, the noted surveyor and academic who donated Lake Nahuel Huapi and its surroundings in 1903 to create the nation's first national park.

The museum also includes a hall for temporary exhibits, an auditorium, workshop, library and archives, as well as facilities for museum curator|curators and researchers.

The Bariloche Civic Center, including the museum, was declared a List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina|National Historic Monument in 1987.

Argentine Patagonia 'Patagonia' is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes mountains as well as the Patagonian Desert|deserts, steppes and grasslands east of this southern portion of the Andes. Patagonia has two coasts; a western one towards the Pacific Ocean and an eastern one towards the Atlantic Ocean.

Argentine Patagonia Historia de la Región Magallánica ( ) - Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes (1977) - Presencia de Chile en la Patagonia Austral (1971)

Argentine Patagonia - Physical geography
Argentine Patagonia is for the most part a region of steppelike plains, rising in a succession of 13 abrupt wiktionary:terrace|terraces about at a time, and covered with an enormous bed of Gravel|shingle almost bare of vegetation.Patagonia: Natural History, Prehistory and Ethnography at the Uttermost End of the Earth, C

Argentine Patagonia - Geology
On May 21, 2014, YPF also announced the first oil and gas discovery in the D-129 shale formation of the Golfo San Jorge area in Chubut, and on August 14, 2014, the first shale oil discovery in yet another Cretaceous formation in the Neuquén basin, the Valanginian/Hauterivian Agrio formation; see and Other specimens of the interesting fauna of Patagonia, belonging to the Middle Cenozoic, are the gigantic wingless birds, exceeding in size any hitherto known, and the singular mammal Pyrotherium, also of very large dimensions

Argentine Patagonia - Climate
Tierra del Fuego is extremely wet in the west, relatively damp in the south, and dry in the north and east

Patagonian mara The 'Patagonian mara', 'Dolichotis patagonum', is a relatively large rodent in the Mara (mammal)|mara genus (Dolichotis). It is also known as the Patagonian cavy, Patagonian hare or dillaby. This herbivorous, somewhat Hare|rabbit-like animal is found in open and semi-open habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. It is monogamous, but often breeds in warrens that are shared by several pairs.

Patagonian mara - Ecology and activity
A., (2001) Dolichotis patagonu, Mammalian Species, 625:1-5 In northwestern Argentina the mara primarily inhabits lowland habitats like forest and creosote bush or larrea

Patagonian mara - Ecology and activity
(1995) Temporal activity of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum) in the Monte Desert, Argentina

Patagonian mara - Social behavior and reproduction
Most births in Patagonia occur between September and October which is before the summer dry season and after the winter rains

WEHNELT (1997) Juvenile development as part of the extraordinary social system of the Mara Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviidae) , Mammalia 61:3-15

(1984) Scent dispersing papillae and associated behaviour in the mara, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha)

Patagonian mara - Status
The Patagonian mara is considered to be a near threatened species. Historically, maras have ranged from north-central Argentina south almost to Tierra del Fuego.Rood. J. P. (1972) Ecological and behavioral comparisons of three genera of Argentine cavies, Animal Behavior Monographs 5:1-83. Nevertheless, maras have been greatly affected by hunting and habitat alteration and have been extirpated in some areas including Buenos Aires Province. The mara skins have been used for bedspreads and rugs.

Araucania and Patagonia - History
The first Araucanian king's present-day successor, Philippe Boiry|Prince Philippe, lived in France until his death in 2014

Araucania and Patagonia - History
As of August 2014, Prince Philippe's successor remains contested.

Climate of Argentina - Patagonia
The Patagonia is the most extensive region, with much colder weather accentuated in the southern part. The west is mostly constituted by a mountainous landscape scored by spectacular woods, lakes and glaciers; it has an arid plain in the centre, and long beaches with varied marine fauna to observe to the east. The south end of this region is the southernmost point in the world except for Antarctica.

The Lake District on the eastern Andean slopes has at low altitudes, pleasant, dry summers between 20°C and 24°C, where temperatures over 30°C are very rare, and cold nights between 4°C and 8°C, with frost not uncommon. Winds blow constantly from the west and there can be long stretches of sunny weather; however, after cool changes, temperatures might stay around 10°C even in the middle of the summer, and low-altitude snow is not unprecedented.

Fall is wet, with highs from 12°C to 15°C in April and 8°C to 11°C in May. Cold fronts can bring some early snowfall, and temperatures down to -8°C. Winter is also very rainy, but there is often sleet and snow as well, and large snowstorms with up to 30cm of snow can happen. Temperatures are usually between 3°C and 9°C during the day, and between -5°C and 3°C at night.

With clear skies temperatures often fall below -10°C and they can reach -20°C (with highs in the -5°C to -2°C) during extreme winters. Long stretches of subzero temperatures are very rare, but intense frost is very common. Spring is mild and dry though with cold nights and frequent frosts. Snow persists in the mountains until mid-summer at 2,000 m, and never melts above 2,500 m.

The central Patagonian plateau experiences marked contrasts: in the summer, temperatures climb to 28°C in the north and 22°C in the south, with extremes beyond 30°C; however, nights are cold with lows in the 5°C to 9°C range. Winters range between 2°C and 9°C during the day, and between -7°C and -3°C at night; however, when cold air masses move in from Antarctica, temperatures drop to incredibly low values. It is not uncommon to have large areas below -20°C, and some spots have reached -35°C.

Precipitation on the Patagonian plateau is very low and uniformly distributed: annual averages are typically around with high variability.

Extreme southerly areas in Tierra del Fuego are known for their storminess: in Ushuaia, at sea level, summer days average from 12°C to 16°C, and temperatures only reach 20°C a few times every year. Snow can happen anytime, but only becomes frequent in April; however, temperatures are not extreme in the winter because of the Ocean.

The average days are about 0°C to 5°C, nights from -5°C to 0°C, and it is very rare to see nighttime temperatures fall below -12°C on the coast (but they fall to -20°C inland, with heavy snowcover) Snow can fall in large quantities some years. The ice fields in Santa Cruz have an extreme climate, with up to 4,000mm falling as snow, subzero temperatures, winds over 150 kilometers per hour and constant cloud cover.

Dainin Katagiri Katagiri was important in helping bring Zen Buddhism from Japan to the United States during its formative years—especially to the American Midwest

Dainin Katagiri - Zen studies
During his years in San Francisco, Katagiri sometimes toyed with the idea of opening up his own Zen community nearby

Dainin Katagiri - USA During the 1970s and 1980s Katagiri sent over many of his Western students to train at Zuio-ji in Japan, where Narasaki Ikko roshi was abbot.Leighton, 28 In 1984, in the wake of the Zentatsu Richard Baker controversy resulting in Baker's resignation as abbot of San Francisco Zen Center, Katagiri came at the request of SFZC and served as abbot there on an interim basis until 1985 (returning to Minnesota afterward)

Dainin Katagiri - Personal life
Katagiri was married to Tomoe Katagiri, and the couple had two sons together (Yasuhiko and Ejyo). They married in 1960.

Dainin Katagiri - Acclaim
Soto priest and former student of Katagiri-Roshi, Zuiko Redding, has stated, My basic memory of Katagiri is of how he paid total attention to what was in front of him

Dainin Katagiri - Criticism
Following his death, it was rumored that Katagiri roshi had engaged in sexual relationships with some female students. These rumors have gained a higher profile since one of Katagiri's students, author Natalie Goldberg, wrote about her reaction to these claims.

Dainin Katagiri - Dharma heirs
*Norm Daitetsu Randolph

Huangbo Xiyun - Tathāgatagarbha
Since all is Buddha-mind, all actions reflect the Buddha, are actions of a Buddha. Huángbò’s teaching on this reflected the Indian concept of the tathāgatagarbha, the idea that within all beings is the nature of the Buddha. Therefore, Huángbò taught that seeking the Buddha was futile as the Buddha resided within:

Huángbò was adamant that any form of “seeking” was not only useless, but obstructed clarity:

Furthermore, he claimed that

Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra - Tathagatagarbha
The Buddha-nature is equated with the Tathagatagarbha, in every sentient being. the possibility to attain Buddha-hood. According to Sally King, the term tathāgatagarbha may be understood in two ways:

# embryonic tathāgata, the incipient Buddha, the cause of the Tathāgata,

# womb of the tathāgata, the fruit of Tathāgata.

The Chinese translated the term tathāgata in its meaning as womb, c.q. fruit. It was translated as ru-lai-zag, tathagata (ru-lai) storehouse (zag). According to Mark Blum, Dharmaksema translates tathagatagarbha as rulai mizang or simply mizang, the tathagata's hidden treasury, mi meaning hidden, secret.

The Buddha-nature is always present, in all times and in all beings

Touchatag On June 27, 2012 the Touchatag team has announced the shutdown of the project. inviting users to use [ IOTOPE] a similar open source Internet Of Things service which itself has no apparent activity since November 2012.

Touchatag - Service Application developers could use the correlation API to use the ACS functionalities to create contactless applications. For businesses, this ACS was extended with an RFID/NFC tag and reader catalogue, and applications like loyalty, interactive advertising and couponing.

Touchatag - Hardware The reader provided was an ACR122U Tag Reader, from Advanced Card Systems. The tags shipped with the reader were MiFare Ultralight tags.

Touchatag - Official clients
Touchatag hardware was supported by its makers on Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X platforms, and required registration on the website to work. An unsupported application was also available for Linux platforms. Like the Mac OS X application, the Linux application used PCSC-Lite for hardware access.

Touchatag - Unofficial clients
* [ TagEventor] (no apparent activity since 2011) is an open-source client from the [ Autelic] (dead link) association that works on Linux platforms, and does not use the web service from touchatag. It uses the PCSC-Lite daemon and can be run in foreground or daemon mode to make tag events available to user-space applications.

Touchatag - Programming libraries
* [ touchatag-processing] is a [ Processing] library from [ Augusto Esteves] that allows users to connect and read from multiple touchatag readers on the Windows platform. This library works with simply the reader's drivers, so there's no need to install any official or unofficial clients.

Dibatag The 'dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei)', or Clarke's gazelle, is an antelope found in the sandy grasslands of Ethiopia and Somalia. Not a true gazelle, it is similarly marked, with a long, furry, black tail which is raised in flight. This gave rise to its name, which means erect tail in Somali language|Somali.

Dibatag The dibatag is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable to extinction due to hunting and human disturbance (including war). Only a few thousand individuals are left, with no captive population.

Cataglyphis 'Cataglyphis', or 'desert ants', is a genus of ant in the subfamily Formicinae. Its most famous species is C. bicolor, the Sahara Desert ant, which runs on hot sand to find insects that died of heat exhaustion, and can sustain body temperatures of up to 50°C.

Cataglyphis - Description
Species of this genus are generally morphology (biology)|morphologically and physiology|physiologically adaptation|adapted to dry and hot habitats.Petrov 1986

Navigational Behaviour

The main source for the following is David Attenborough's book The Trials Of Life (1990), pp.120ff.The researcher in the field was Professor Rudiger Wehner of the University of Zurich. Many animals can create and hold a mental map of their territory in their heads. But how can this be done when there are no landmarks and the ground is constantly shifting?

But this is when, for not much more than an hour, it’s safe for Cataglyphis to come out of their underground nests and forage

On its outward journey, it zig-zags right and left. Every time it changes direction, it lifts its head and wheels around. It’s taken a bearing on the sun. In addition, it has to remember how far it went on each straight run. When it’s time to head for home, it has to sum all this data and come out with the precise direction needed. Some outward journeys take an ant a quarter of an hour, with sun-sightings every few seconds.

Wehner followed individual ants using an apparatus which blocked direct sight of the sun whilst giving a false impression of where the sun was by using a mirror. When these ants headed for home, they dashed off to a point in the desert displaced by just the amount that the mirror had shifted the sun’s position.

Cataglyphis - Distribution
At least five different species of Cataglyphis occur in the Sahara desert, which may be considered the center of distribution for this genus.Bernard 1968 Some species reach into southern Russia, southern Spain,Mangan and Webb 2012 the European part of Turkey, the Aral-Caspian Sea|Caspian area near Tijanchan, Yugoslavia and Hungary.

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