Three Worlds Meet Native Americans and Africans develop complex societies and cultures. Europeans explore and conquer parts of the New World and launch.

Three Worlds Meet Native Americans and Africans develop complex societies and cultures. Europeans explore and conquer parts of the New World and launch a massive slave trade. Henry the Navigator, and Prince of Portugal. Art (about 1464). NEXT

Three Worlds Meet SECTION 1 Peopling the Americas SECTION 2
North American Societies Around 1492 West African Societies Around 1492 European Societies Around 1492 SECTION 5 Transatlantic Encounters NEXT

Peopling the Americas Section 1
In ancient times, migrating peoples settle the Americas, where their descendants develop complex societies. NEXT

Peopling the Americas Ancient Peoples Come to the Americas
1 SECTION Peopling the Americas Ancient Peoples Come to the Americas The First Americans • 22,000 years ago hunters cross from Asia to Alaska over Beringia Map Hunting and Gathering • Inhabitants hunt large animals until climate warms • 12,000 to 10,000 years ago hunt small game, gather nuts and berries Agriculture Develops • Planting of crops begins in central Mexico 10,000 to 5,000 years ago • Some cultures remain nomadic—moving in search of food and water NEXT

Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas
1 SECTION Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas Early Cultures of the Americas • About 3,000 years ago, inhabitants begin forming large communities Map Empires of Middle and South America • The Olmec flourish 1200 to 400 B.C. along Gulf of Mexico • A.D. 250 to 900, Maya culture thrives in Guatemala and Yucatán • Aztec begin building civilization in the Valley of Mexico in 1200s • Inca establish empire around A.D.1200 in western South America • Cultures have cities or ceremonial centers; some have writing Continued . . . NEXT

Ancient Desert Farmers
1 SECTION continued Complex Societies Flourish in the Americas Ancient Desert Farmers • About 3,000 years ago, groups begin growing crops in Southwest • Groups establish civilizations, 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400 - Hohokam settle in river valleys - Anasazi live in mesa tops, cliff sides, canyons Image Mound Builders • In East, Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian establish trading societies • Adena, Hopewell build huge burial and animal-shaped mounds • Mississippian people build giant pyramidal mounds NEXT

North American Societies Around 1492
Section 2 North American Societies Around 1492 The varied landscapes of North America encourage the diversity of Native American cultures. NEXT

North American Societies Around 1492
SECTION North American Societies Around 1492 Native Americans Live in Diverse Societies California • Kashaya Pomo hunt waterfowl along northwest coast • Yurok, Hupa gather acorns in forests, fish in mountain streams Northwest Coast • Large communities live along streams, seashore, and in forests • Kwakiutl, Nootka, Haida gather shellfish, hunt whales, otters, seals • Place totems, symbols of ancestral spirits, on masks, boats, poles • Potlatches—families give away possessions in special ceremonies Image Continued . . . NEXT

2 SECTION continued Native Americans Live in Diverse Societies Southwest • By 1300, Pueblo settle near waterways, build multistory houses • Hopi, Acoma live near cliffs, develop irrigation systems • Grow corn, beans, squash; build kivas, underground ceremonial rooms Image Eastern Woodlands • Tribes like Iroquois build villages in forests; farm, hunt, gather • People develop woodworking tools, craft objects from wood • Northeast rely on animals for food, clothing; Southeast, on farming NEXT

Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns
2 SECTION Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns Trading Networks • Trade one of biggest factors in bringing tribes into contact • Groups specialize in processing or making different products • Traders on transcontinental network trade items from far-off places Land Use • Native Americans consider land the source of life, not to be sold • Disturb it only for important reasons, like food gathering, farming Map Continued . . . NEXT

Religious Beliefs Social Organization 2
SECTION continued Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns Religious Beliefs • People believe nature is filled with spirits; ancestors guide people • Some cultures believe in one supreme being Social Organization • Bonds of kinship, ties among relatives, ensure customs are passed on • Division of labor—tasks by gender, age, status— creates social order • Groups organized by families; some in clans with common ancestor NEXT

West African Societies Around 1492
Section 3 West African Societies Around 1492 West Africa in the 1400s is home to a variety of peoples and cultures. NEXT

West African Societies Around 1492
3 SECTION West African Societies Around 1492 West Africa Connects with the Wider World The Sahara Highway • Trading network connects West Africa to North Africa, Europe, Asia • Traders bring Islam; by 1200s court religion of Mali, later Songhai Map The Portuguese Arrive • By 1470s, Portuguese have coastal outpost near Akan goldfields • Direct trade creates closer relations with Europe • Portuguese begin European trade in West African slaves • First slaves work on plantation—large farm with single crop NEXT

Three African Kingdoms Flourish
3 SECTION Three African Kingdoms Flourish Songhai • In mid-1400s, Songhai controls Sahara trade; gains wealth, power • Sunni Ali rules 1464–1492, conquers largest empire in area’s history • Askia Muhammad is master organizer, devout Muslim, scholar • Timbuktu again becomes great center of Islamic learning • Songhai control savanna (dry grasslands) but not forest area • Other kingdoms thrive in coastal rain forest Continued . . . NEXT

3 SECTION continued Three African Kingdoms Flourish Benin • Forest kingdoms trade with Songhai, North Africa, Portugal • Benin dominates large area around Niger Delta • Oba, or ruler, controls trade, district chiefs, metal work Image Kongo • Kongo—many small kingdoms in rain forest, lower Zaire (Congo) River • Manikongo, or ruler, oversees empire of over 4 million people • Kongo system of government very similar to that of European nations NEXT

West African Culture Family and Government Religion 3
SECTION West African Culture Family and Government • Lineage—common descent—decides loyalty, inheritance, marriage • Oldest relative controls family, represents family in group councils • Group shares language, history, often territory; has one chief Religion • All things have spirits; ancestor spirits visit elders in dreams • Most cultures believe in single creator; spirits do his work • Christian, Muslim rule of not worshipping spirits source of conflict Continued . . . NEXT

Livelihood Use of Slave Labor 3
SECTION continued West African Culture Livelihood • Make living from farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining, trading • Land owned by family or village; individuals farm plots Use of Slave Labor • Slaves are lowest social group; slavery not inherited or permanent • Slaves freed through adoption by owners, marriage, other means NEXT

European Societies Around 1492
Section 4 European Societies Around 1492 Political, economic, and intellectual developments in western Europe in the 1400s lead to the Age of Exploration. NEXT

European Societies Around 1492
SECTION European Societies Around 1492 The European Social Order The Social Hierarchy • Communities are organized according to social hierarchy or rank • Monarchs, nobles have wealth, power; at top of hierarchy • Artisans, merchants have social mobility • Majority are peasants, at bottom of hierarchy The Family in Society • Life centers on nuclear family—parents and their children • Men do field work, herd; women do child care, house work, field work NEXT

Christianity Shapes the European Outlook
4 SECTION Christianity Shapes the European Outlook Religion • Roman Catholic Church dominates; pope, bishops make decisions • Parish priests interpret scriptures, administer sacraments Crusading Christianity • Crusades—Christian military expeditions to take Holy Land, 1096–1270 • Isabella, Ferdinand end reconquista or reconquest of Spain,1492 Image Decline in Church Authority • Reformation—disputes over church practices, authority in the 1500s • Europe divided between Catholicism and Protestantism NEXT

Changes Come to Europe European Situation in 1400s
SECTION Changes Come to Europe European Situation in 1400s • Recovery from natural disasters, plague, war; millions die The Growth of Commerce and Population • Italian city-states profit from trade with Asia, Middle East • Population rebounds: stimulates commerce, growth of towns • Urban middle class gains political power Image Continued . . . NEXT

4 SECTION continued Changes Come to Europe The Rise of Nations • Monarchs collect new taxes, raise armies, maintain bureaucracies • Merchants accept taxes in exchange for protection, expanded trade • Major European powers emerge: Portugal, Spain, France, England The Renaissance • Renaissance starts in Italy—interest in world, human achievement • Investigate physical world; study arts, classics NEXT

Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion
4 SECTION Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion Overland Travel to Asia • Expense, danger of journeys lead to search for alternative route Sailing Technology • Navigating instruments, new sailing technology promote exploration Interactive Portugal Takes the Lead • Prince Henry of Portugal called “Henry the Navigator” - founds sailing school - sends Portuguese ships to explore west coast of Africa • Traders sail around Africa via Indian Ocean; increase profit Map NEXT

Transatlantic Encounters
Section 5 Transatlantic Encounters Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. NEXT

Transatlantic Encounters
5 SECTION Transatlantic Encounters Columbus Crosses the Atlantic First Encounters • In 1492, Christopher Columbus attempts to reach Asia by sailing west • Meets Taino—natives of Caribbean; renames their island San Salvador Gold, Land, and Religion • Columbus searches for gold, claims lands for Spain, plants crosses • Explores small islands and coastlines of Cuba, Hispaniola Image Continued . . . NEXT

5 SECTION continued Columbus Crosses the Atlantic Spanish Footholds • Columbus leads 3 more voyages; takes soldiers, priests, colonists • Spanish and others first occupy Caribbean island, then mainland NEXT

The Impact on Native Americans
5 SECTION The Impact on Native Americans Methods of Colonization • Colonization—establishing and controlling distant settlements • Europeans force locals to work, dominate with sophisticated weapons Resistance and Conquest • In the 1490s, Spanish put down rebellions on different islands Disease Ravages the Native Americans • Native Americans have no natural immunity to European diseases • Contagious diseases kill hundreds of thousands NEXT

The Slave Trade Begins A New Slave Labor Force African Losses 5
SECTION The Slave Trade Begins A New Slave Labor Force • As natives die of disease, Africans brought to work in colonies • Demand for workers grows, price of slaves rises • Slave trade becomes profitable; more Europeans join slave trade Image African Losses • African societies devastated: millions of people taken from Africa NEXT

The Impact on Europeans
5 SECTION The Impact on Europeans The Columbian Exchange • Thousands of Europeans voluntarily migrate to America • Columbian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals between hemispheres Chart National Rivalries • 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides Western Hemisphere: - lands west of imaginary line, most of Americas, belong to Spain - lands east of line, including Brazil, belong to Portugal • Treaty unenforceable; English, Dutch, French colonize Americas NEXT

A New Society is Born Three Cultures Affect One Another 5
SECTION A New Society is Born Three Cultures Affect One Another • Columbus returns to Spain (1504), disappointed did not find China • People transformed as unfamiliar customs come together • Impossible to impose European ways on others— blended society emerges NEXT

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The American Colonies Emerge
Spain establishes an American empire, devastating native populations. England forces the Dutch from North America and establishes thirteen colonies. Malinche, a slave fluent in Maya and Aztec, served as interpreter for the conqueror Hernando Cortés. NEXT

The American Colonies Emerge
SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Spain’s Empire in the Americas An English Settlement at Jamestown Puritan New England Settlement of the Middle Colonies NEXT

Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Section 1 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquer Central and portions of North America. NEXT

Spain’s Empire in the Americas
1 SECTION Spain’s Empire in the Americas The Spanish Claim a New Empire Cortés Subdues the Aztec • Conquistadors (conquerors)—Spanish explorers, seek gold, silver • 1519 Hernándo Cortés leads army into Americas, claims land for Spain • Aztec dominate region; Nahua people who resent Aztec join Cortés • Montezuma thinks Cortés a god; gives him share of Aztec gold • In 1520 Aztec rebel; in 1521 Spanish and their allies defeat Aztec • Cortés founds Mexico City, New Spain colony on Tenochtitlán ruins Map Continued . . . NEXT

Spanish Pattern of Conquest
1 SECTION continued The Spanish Claim a New Empire Spanish Pattern of Conquest • Spanish settlers mostly men, called peninsulares; marry native women • Mestizo—person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry • Landlords use encomienda—force natives to farm, ranch, mine • Priests object, encomienda abolished; Africans brought as slaves NEXT

The Conquistadors Push North
1 SECTION The Conquistadors Push North Other Countries Explore North America • England, France, Netherlands sponsor voyages in 1500s and 1600s Map Exploring Florida • Juan Ponce de León discovers and names La Florida (1513) • Pedro Menéndez de Avilés expels French, founds St. Augustine (1565) Settling the Southwest • In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado leads expedition to Southwest • Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico, Spain’s northern holdings • He helps found Santa Fe (1609–1610); several missions built in area Image NEXT

Resistance to the Spanish
1 SECTION Resistance to the Spanish Conflict in New Mexico • Priests convert many Native Americans, try to suppress their culture • In 1670s Spanish force natives to pay tribute, do labor for missions Image Popé’s Rebellion • Pueblo religious leader Popé heads uprising in New Mexico (1680) • Pueblo destroy Spanish churches, execute priests, force Spanish out • Spanish armies regain area 14 years later NEXT

An English Settlement at Jamestown Section 2
The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. NEXT

An English Settlement at Jamestown
2 SECTION An English Settlement at Jamestown English Settlers Struggle in North America The Business of Colonization • Joint-stock companies—investors fund colony, get profits • In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found Jamestown Map A Disastrous Start • Colonists seek gold, suffer from disease and hunger • John Smith forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people • (1609) 600 colonists arrive; Powhatan destroy farms; “starving time” Continued . . . NEXT

Jamestown Begins to Flourish
2 SECTION continued English Settlers Struggle in North America Jamestown Begins to Flourish • New arrivals revive and expand colony; grow tobacco “Brown Gold” and Indentured Servants • Tobacco becomes profitable; export 1.5 million pounds by late 1620s • Headright system—purchaser of passage gets 50 acres—lures settlers • Plantation owners use indentured servants— work 4–7 years for passage Continued . . . NEXT

The First African Laborers
2 SECTION continued English Settlers Struggle in North America The First African Laborers • First Africans arrive (1619); treated as indentured servants • Late 1600s, owners begin importing costly slaves because - indentured population decreases - colony becomes wealthy NEXT

The Settlers Clash with Native Americans
2 SECTION The Settlers Clash with Native Americans The English Pattern of Conquest • English do not live or intermarry with Native Americans The Settlers Battle Native Americans • Continued hostilities between Powhatan and English after starving time • 1614 marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary peace • Renewed fighting; king makes Virginia royal colony under his control NEXT

Economic Differences Split Virginia
2 SECTION Economic Differences Split Virginia Hostilities Develop • Former indentured people settle frontier, cannot vote, pay high taxes • Frontier settlers battle natives; tension between frontier, wealthy • Governor refuses to give money to help frontier fight local natives Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon raises army to fight natives on frontier (1676) • Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon sets fire to Jamestown Image NEXT

Puritan New England Section 3
English Puritans come to North America, beginning in 1620. NEXT

Puritan New England Puritans Create a “New England”
3 SECTION Puritan New England Puritans Create a “New England” Puritans and Pilgrims • Puritans, religious group, want to purify Church of England • Separatists, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations • In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found Plymouth Colony Chart Image The Massachusetts Bay Company • In 1630, joint-stock company founds Massachusetts Bay Colony • John Winthrop is Puritan colony’s first governor Continued . . . NEXT

Importance of the Family
3 SECTION continued Puritans Create a “New England” “City Upon a Hill” • Puritan adult males vote for General Court; Court chooses governor Church and State • Civic officials are church members, have duty to do God’s will Importance of the Family • Puritans generally migrate as families • Community makes sure family members behave in “God-fearing” way Continued . . . NEXT

Dissent in the Puritan Community
3 SECTION Dissent in the Puritan Community The Founding of Providence • Roger Williams—extreme Separatist minister with controversial views • General Court orders his arrest; Williams flees • In 1636 he founds colony of Providence - negotiates for land with Narragansett tribe - guarantees separation of church and state, religious freedom Anne Hutchinson Banished • Anne Hutchinson teaches church, ministers are unnecessary • Hutchinson banished 1638; family, followers leave colony Image NEXT

Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion
3 SECTION Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion Disputes Over Land • Settlers spread to western Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut • Natives think land treaties temporary, Europeans think permanent Map The Pequot War • Pequot War—Pequot takes stand against colonists, nearly destroyed King Philip’s War • Deprived of land, natives toil for English, must follow Puritan laws • Wampanoag chief Metacom organizes tribes to wipe out settlers (1675) • King Philip’s War fierce; hunger, disease, casualties defeat tribes NEXT

Settlement of the Middle Colonies
Section 4 Settlement of the Middle Colonies The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers led by William Penn settle Pennsylvania. NEXT

Settlement of the Middle Colonies
4 SECTION Settlement of the Middle Colonies The Dutch Found New Netherland A Diverse Colony • In 1621, the Dutch West India Company colonizes New Netherland • Settlers from other European countries and Africa welcomed • Dutch trade for furs with Native Americans Map English Takeover • In 1664, duke of York becomes proprietor (owner) of New Netherland - renames colony New York - later gives part of land to friends, names it New Jersey NEXT

The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
4 SECTION The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania Penn’s “Holy Experiment” • In 1681, William Penn founds Pennsylvania on Quaker principles • Quakers ideas: equality, cooperation, religious toleration, pacifism • Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment” - adult males get 50 acres, right to vote - representative assembly - freedom of religion Native American Relations • Penn treats native people fairly; over 50 years without conflict Continued . . . NEXT

A Thriving Colony Thirteen Colonies 4
SECTION continued The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania A Thriving Colony • Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of Germans go to Pennsylvania • Quakers become minority; slavery is introduced Thirteen Colonies • Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds Maryland; has religious freedom • James Ogelthorpe founds Georgia as haven for debtors • By 1752, there are 13 British colonies in North America Image NEXT

The Colonies Come of Age
Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its colonists. Colonial slavery becomes entrenched, particularly in the South. Women planting a field of onions at Wethersfield. NEXT

The Colonies Come of Age
SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 England and Its Colonies The Agricultural South The Commercial North The French and Indian War NEXT

England and Its Colonies
Section 1 England and Its Colonies England and its largely self-governing colonies prosper under a mutually beneficial trade relationship. NEXT

England and Its Colonies
1 SECTION England and Its Colonies England and Its Colonies Prosper Mercantilism • English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods • Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient • Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out Map The Navigation Acts • Parliament—England’s legislative body • England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat • 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws restrict colonial trade Chart NEXT

Tensions Emerge Crackdown in Massachusetts The Dominion of New England
1 SECTION Tensions Emerge Crackdown in Massachusetts • Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad • In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony The Dominion of New England • In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England - land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony - to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler • Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants Image Continued . . . NEXT

The Glorious Revolution
1 SECTION continued Tensions Emerge The Glorious Revolution • King James unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespects Parliament • Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch, 1689 • Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange • Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors • Parliament restores separate colonial charters • 1691 Massachusetts charter has royal governor, religious toleration Image NEXT

England Loosens the Reins
1 SECTION England Loosens the Reins Salutary Neglect • Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries • Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade • England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws if economic loyalty The Seeds of Self-Government • Governor: calls, disbands assembly; appoints judges; oversees trade • Colonial assembly influences governor because they pay his salary • Colonists still consider themselves British but want self-government NEXT

The Agricultural South
Section 2 The Agricultural South In the Southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. NEXT

The Agricultural South
2 SECTION The Agricultural South A Plantation Economy Arises The Rural Southern Economy • Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture • Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale, not personal use • Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets • Plantations produce most of what farmers need on their property • Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed Map NEXT

Life in Southern Society
2 SECTION Life in Southern Society A Diverse and Prosperous People • In 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish immigrants settle in South • Southern population mostly small farmers • Planters are minority but control economy • By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous Continued . . . NEXT

The Role of Women Indentured Servants 2
SECTION continued Life in Southern Society The Role of Women • Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling • Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores • Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will Indentured Servants • In 1600s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants • In 1700s, reports of hardship keep European laborers away NEXT

Slavery Becomes Entrenched
2 SECTION Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Evolution of Slavery • Slaves—people who are considered the property of others • English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans • Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy • Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery Continued . . . NEXT

The European Slave Trade
2 SECTION continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The European Slave Trade • 3-way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies: - New England exports rum to Africa - Africa exports slaves to West Indies - West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England Chart Continued . . . NEXT

The Middle Passage Slavery in the South 2
SECTION continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Middle Passage • Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves • 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide Image Slavery in the South • 80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as artisans • Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death • Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful NEXT

Africans Cope in Their New World
2 SECTION Africans Cope in Their New World Culture and Family • Africans in North America have different cultures, languages • Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance • Merchants, owners split families; slaves raise children left behind Resistance and Revolt • Slaves resist subservient position, try to escape • 1739 Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeats slaves • Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions continue NEXT

The Commercial North Section 3
The Northern colonies develop a predominately urban society based on commerce and trade. NEXT

The Commercial North Commerce Grows in the North A Diversified Economy
3 SECTION The Commercial North Commerce Grows in the North A Diversified Economy • Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to small farms • Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export surplus • Diverse commercial economy develops in New England, middle colonies • By mid-1700s, merchants are powerful group in North Urban Life • Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston • Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan NEXT

Northern Society Is Diverse
3 SECTION Northern Society Is Diverse Influx of Immigrants • 1700s, large influx of immigrants: Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews • Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier Native Americans Chart Slavery in the North • Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still exists • Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted Continued . . . NEXT

Women in Northern Society
3 SECTION continued Northern Society Is Diverse Women in Northern Society • Women have extensive work responsibilities but few legal rights • Only single women, widows can own businesses • Wives must submit to husbands Witchcraft Trials in Salem • In 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria • Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich • Several victims were women considered too independent NEXT

New Ideas Influence the Colonists
3 SECTION New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Enlightenment • For centuries philosophers used reason, science to explain world • Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation • Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets • Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas • Other colonial leaders also adopt Enlightenment views Continued . . . NEXT

3 SECTION continued New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Great Awakening • Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines • Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy • Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s • Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches • Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges • Both movements question authority, stress individual’s importance Image NEXT

The French and Indian War
Section 4 The French and Indian War British victory over the French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonists. NEXT

The French and Indian War
4 SECTION The French and Indian War Rivals for an Empire Britain and France Compete • In 1750s, Britain, France build empires; both want Ohio River Valley France’s North American Empire • France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley • By 1754, French colony of New France has small population • French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests • French have good relations, military alliances with natives Map NEXT

Britain Defeats an Old Enemy
4 SECTION Britain Defeats an Old Enemy The War Begins • France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700s • French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia • In 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated • French and Indian War begins—fourth war between Britain and France Early French Victories • General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne • 1755–1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies Continued . . . NEXT

Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide
4 SECTION continued Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide • William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British • In 1759, British capture of Quebec leads to victory in war • Treaty of Paris ends war (1763); land divided between Britain, Spain Map Victory Brings New Problems • Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts • British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened • Proclamation of 1763—colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians Image NEXT

The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart
4 SECTION The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart British Policies Anger Colonists • Halt to western expansion upsets colonists • Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling • Writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes Problems Resulting from the War • Colonists feel threatened by British troops stationed in colonies • Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt • Parliament passes Sugar Act (1764): - duty on foreign molasses halved - new duties placed on other imports - smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court NEXT

Shaping a New Nation Americans adopt the Articles of Confederation. A new constitution is ratified after Federalists agree to include a Bill of Rights. James Madison, 4th president of the United States. NEXT

Shaping a New Nation SECTION 1 Experimenting with Confederation
Drafting the Constitution Ratifying the Constitution NEXT

Experimenting with Confederation Section 1
Americans adopt the Articles of Confederation but find the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems. NEXT

Experimenting with Confederation
1 SECTION Experimenting with Confederation Americans Debate Republicanism Colonies Become States • People consider self-governing colonies basic political unit - colonists give their allegiance to colony - idea persists when colonies become states Continued . . . NEXT

Unity Through a Republic
1 SECTION continued Americans Debate Republicanism Unity Through a Republic • Colonists believe democracy gives too much power to uneducated • Prefer republic—citizens rule through elected representatives • Views of republicanism, government based on consent of people: - John Dickinson: put nation’s good above self - Adam Smith and followers: pursue own interests Image Continued . . . NEXT

State Constitutions Political Precedents 1
SECTION continued Americans Debate Republicanism State Constitutions • Many states limit powers of government leaders • Guarantee specific rights to citizens; stress liberty, not equality • Only white males can vote; in some states must own property Political Precedents • Previous republican governments cannot be adapted to U.S. needs: - none balanced concerns of state and national governments • Ancient Greece, Rome, Italian city-states did not last NEXT

The Continental Congress Debates
1 SECTION The Continental Congress Debates Representation by Population or by State? • Size, population varies; represent people or states in Congress? • Congress believes it represents states; every state gets one vote Supreme Power: Can It Be Divided? • Confederation or alliance: national government, states share powers • Articles of Confederation—laws assigning national, state powers • National government handles war, treaties, weights, measures, mail • No executive or court system established to enforce, interpret laws Continued . . . NEXT

Western Lands: Who Gets Them?
1 SECTION continued The Continental Congress Debates Western Lands: Who Gets Them? • By 1779, 12 states approve Articles of Confederation • Maryland approves when western land claims given to U.S. • Articles of Confederation go into effect March 1781 Map Governing the Western Lands • Land Ordinance of 1785 creates plan for surveying western lands • Northwest Ordinance of 1787—plan for creating territories, statehood Map NEXT

The Confederation Encounters Problems
1 SECTION The Confederation Encounters Problems Political and Economic Problems • Confederation lacks unity; states pursue own interests • Congress amasses huge debt during Revolutionary War • Rhode Island rejects tariff on imports; foreign debt cannot be paid Chart Borrowers Versus Lenders • Creditors favor high taxes so they will be paid back • Taxes put farmers in debt; many lose land and livestock • Debtors want large supply paper money; creditors want small supply Continued . . . NEXT

Foreign-Relations Problems
1 SECTION continued The Confederation Encounters Problems Foreign-Relations Problems • U.S. does not pay debts to British merchants or compensate Loyalists • In retaliation, Britain refuses to evacuate forts on Great Lakes • In 1784, Spain closes Mississippi River to American navigation • Westerners unable to ship crops east through New Orleans • Congress unable to resolve problems with foreign nations NEXT

Drafting the Constitution
Section 2 Drafting the Constitution At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates reject the Articles of Confederation and create a new constitution. NEXT

Drafting the Constitution
2 SECTION Drafting the Constitution Nationalists Strengthen the Government Shays’s Rebellion • 1786–87 armed farmers demand closing of courts to avoid losing farms • Shays’s Rebellion—state militia defeats farmers led by Daniel Shays • Many leaders fear rebellion will spread through country • George Washington calls for stronger national government Image Continued . . . NEXT

Convention Highlights
2 SECTION continued Nationalists Strengthen the Government Call for Convention • 5 states send delegates to meeting on interstate trade (1786) • Shays’s Rebellion leads 12 states to join Constitutional Convention • James Madison of Virginia known as “Father of the Constitution” Convention Highlights • In 1787, 55 delegates meet at Pennsylvania State House • Windows kept shut to prevent eavesdropping on discussions • Washington unanimously elected presiding officer Image NEXT

Conflict Leads to Compromise
2 SECTION Conflict Leads to Compromise Big States Versus Small States • Delegates recognize need to strengthen central government - decide to form new government • Madison’s Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature based on population • William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan: single house, one vote per state • Roger Sherman, delegate from Connecticut, proposes Great Compromise: - Senate has equal representation, elected by state legislatures - House of Representatives, based on population, elected by people Image Continued . . . NEXT

Slavery-Related Issues
2 SECTION continued Conflict Leads to Compromise Slavery-Related Issues • South wants slaves in population count for House, not for taxes • North wants slaves in population count for taxes, not for House • Three-Fifths Compromise allows 3/5 of state’s slaves to be counted • Congress given power to regulate foreign trade • Cannot interfere with slave trade for 20 years Map NEXT

Creating a New Government
2 SECTION Creating a New Government Division of Powers • Federalism—division of power between national and state governments • National government has delegated or enumerated powers • Nation handles foreign affairs, defense, interstate trade, money • Powers kept by states are called reserved powers • States handle education, marriage laws, trade within state • Shared powers include right to tax, borrow money, establish courts Continued . . . NEXT

Creating the Constitution
2 SECTION continued Creating a New Government Separation of Powers • Legislative branch makes laws • Executive branch carries out laws • Judicial branch interprets laws • Checks and balances prevent one branch from dominating the others • Electoral college—electors chosen by states to vote for president Creating the Constitution • Constitution can be changed through amendment process NEXT

Ratifying the Constitution
Section 3 Ratifying the Constitution During the debate on the Constitution, the Federalists promise to add a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution ratified. NEXT

Ratifying the Constitution
3 SECTION Ratifying the Constitution Federalists and Antifederalists Controversies over the Constitution • Ratification (official approval) requires support of nine states • Voters elect delegates to vote on ratification at state convention • Process bypasses state legislatures, who are likely to oppose • Federalists favor balance between state, national governments • Antifederalists oppose strong central government: - may serve interests of privileged minority - unlikely to manage a large country well - Constitution does not protect individual rights Continued . . . NEXT

3 SECTION continued Federalists and Antifederalists The Opposing Forces • Urban centers Federalist; merchants, workers favor trade regulations • Small or weak states want protection of strong government • Rural areas Antifederalist; farmers fear additional taxes • Large or strong states fear loss of freedom to strong government • The Federalist—essays that defend, explain, analyze Constitution • Antifederalists read Letters from the Federal Farmer: - lists rights they want protected Image NEXT

The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification
3 SECTION The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification People Demand a Bill of Rights • Antifederalists demand written guarantee of people’s rights • Federalists promise bill of rights if states ratify Constitution Ratification of the Constitution • December 1787–June 1788, nine states ratify Constitution • Federalists need support of large states Virginia and New York • After opposition and debate, Virginia and New York ratify by 1788 • The new government becomes a reality in 1789 Continued . . . NEXT

Adoption of a Bill of Rights
3 SECTION continued The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification Adoption of a Bill of Rights • 1791, Bill of Rights, or first ten amendments, ratified by states • First Amendment—freedom of religion, speech, press, politics • Second, Third—right to bear arms, no quartering of soldiers • Fourth through Eighth—fair treatment for persons accused of crimes • Ninth—people’s rights not limited to those mentioned in Constitution • Tenth—people, states have all rights not specifically assigned NEXT

The War for Independence
Thomas Jefferson draws on Enlightenment ideas in drafting the Declaration of Independence. The colonies defeat Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. George Washington. NEXT

The War for Independence
SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 The Stirrings of Rebellion Ideas Help Start a Revolution Struggling Toward Saratoga Winning the War NEXT

The Stirrings of Rebellion
Section 1 The Stirrings of Rebellion Conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies grows over issues of taxation, representation, and liberty. NEXT

The Stirrings of Rebellion
1 SECTION The Stirrings of Rebellion The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain The Stamp Act • Stamp Act (1765)—requires stamped paper for documents, printed items Stamp Act Protests • Samuel Adams helps found Sons of Liberty, secret resistance group: - harass customs workers, stamp agents, royal governors • Stamp Act Congress—colonies can’t be taxed without representation • Colonial merchants boycott British goods until Stamp Act repealed • Parliament repeals Stamp Act; passes Declaratory Act same day (1766) Continued . . . NEXT

1 SECTION continued The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain The Townshend Acts • Townshend Acts (1767) levy duties on imported materials, tea • Colonists enraged; Samuel Adams organizes boycott • Women stop buying British luxuries; join spinning bees; boycott tea • Customs agents seize John Hancock’s ship Liberty for unpaid taxes • Colonists riot; 2,000 British soldiers stationed in Boston Image NEXT

Tension Mounts in Massachusetts
1 SECTION Tension Mounts in Massachusetts The Boston Massacre • Soldiers compete with colonists for shipyard jobs • Boston Massacre (1770)—mob throws stones, British fire, kill five • 1772, colonists burn customs ship; suspects to be tried in Britain • Committees of correspondence discuss threat to freedom, form network The Boston Tea Party • 1773 Tea Act lets East India Company avoid tax, undersell colonists • Boston Tea Party—disguised colonists dump 18,000 lbs. tea in harbor Image Continued . . . NEXT

1 SECTION continued Tension Mounts in Massachusetts The Intolerable Acts • King George III, British king, is angered by destruction of tea • 1774, Parliament passes Intolerable Acts as response to Tea Party • Acts close Boston Harbor, quarter soldiers in empty homes, buildings • General Thomas Gage puts Boston under martial law—rule by military • First Continental Congress claims colonial rights, supports protests NEXT

Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord
1 SECTION Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord To Concord, By the Lexington Road • Civilian militia or minutemen begin to stockpile firearms, 1775 • Resistance leaders John Hancock, Samuel Adams hide in Lexington “The Regulars Are Coming!” • 700 redcoats sent to capture leaders, destroy munitions, April 1775 • Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott warn leaders, townspeople Map “A Glorious Day for America” • British shoot minutemen in Lexington; kill eight • 3,000–4,000 minutemen ambush British in Concord, kill dozens NEXT

Ideas Help Start a Revolution Section 2
Tensions increase throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress declares independence on July 4, 1776. NEXT

Ideas Help Start a Revolution
2 SECTION Ideas Help Start a Revolution The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War The Second Continental Congress • Second Continental Congress meets May–June 1775 in Philadelphia: - debate independence - recognize militiamen as Continental Army - appoint George Washington commander - print paper money to pay troops Continued . . . NEXT

The Battle of Bunker Hill
2 SECTION continued The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War The Battle of Bunker Hill • British troops attack militia north of Boston, June 1775 • Costly British win: 450 colonist and over 1,000 British casualties Image The Olive Branch Petition • July, Congress sends Olive Branch Petition to restore “harmony” • George III rejects petition, orders naval blockade NEXT

The Patriots Declare Independence
2 SECTION The Patriots Declare Independence Common Sense • Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense attacks king • Argues independence will allow free trade and foreign aid • Independence can give equal social, economic opportunities to all • Almost 500,000 copies of pamphlet sold; convinces many colonists Continued . . . NEXT

Declaring Independence
2 SECTION continued The Patriots Declare Independence Declaring Independence • Congress urges each colony to form own government • Congress appoints committee to prepare formal declaration • Virginia lawyer Thomas Jefferson chosen to write it • Declaration of Independence—formal statement of separation Continued . . . NEXT

Declaring Independence
2 SECTION continued The Patriots Declare Independence Declaring Independence • Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints, rights: - people have natural rights to life, liberty, property - people consent to obey a government that protects rights - people can resist or overthrow government • “All men are created equal” means free citizens are political equals • July 4, 1776 delegates adopt declaration Image NEXT

Americans Choose Sides
2 SECTION Americans Choose Sides Loyalists and Patriots • Loyalists—oppose independence, loyal to Crown for different reasons: - work in government, unaware of events, trust crown to protect rights • Patriots, almost half of population, support independence: - think independence will mean economic opportunity Chart Taking Sides • Groups divided: Quakers, African Americans on both sides • Native Americans support British; colonists threaten their lands NEXT

Struggling Toward Saratoga
Section 3 Struggling Toward Saratoga After a series of setbacks, American forces win at Saratoga and survive. NEXT

Struggling Toward Saratoga
3 SECTION Struggling Toward Saratoga The War Moves to the Middle States Defeat in New York • British decide to stop rebellion by isolating New England • 32,000 British soldiers and Hessians take New York, summer 1776 • Many of Washington’s recruits killed; retreat to Pennsylvania The Battle of Trenton • Christmas 1776, Washington crosses Delaware River into New Jersey • Washington surprises Hessian garrison, wins Battle of Trenton • Eight days later, Americans win Battle of Princeton against British Map Image Continued . . . NEXT

The Fight for Philadelphia
3 SECTION continued The War Moves to the Middle States The Fight for Philadelphia • Gen. William Howe beats Washington at Brandywine, PA, summer 1777 • Howe takes U.S. capital, Philadelphia; Continental Congress flees Victory at Saratoga • Gen. John Burgoyne leads British, allies south from Canada • Burgoyne loses repeatedly to Continental Army, militia • Surrounded at Saratoga, Burgoyne surrenders to Gen. Horatio Gates Continued . . . NEXT

A Turning Point Winter at Valley Forge 3
SECTION continued The War Moves to the Middle States A Turning Point • Since 1776, French secretly send weapons to Americans • French recognize American independence, sign treaty, February 1778 • France agrees no peace until Britain recognizes U.S. independence Winter at Valley Forge • Valley Forge—site of Continental Army’s winter camp (1777–1778) • Of 10,000 soldiers, more than 2,000 die of cold and hunger Image NEXT

Colonial Life During the Revolution
3 SECTION Colonial Life During the Revolution Financing the War • To get money, Congress sells bonds to investors, foreign governments • Prints paper money (Continentals), causes inflation (rising prices) • Few U.S. munitions factories; must run arms through naval blockade • Some officials engage in profiteering, sell scarce goods for profit • Robert Morris, Haym Salomon use own credit to raise money, pay army Continued . . . NEXT

3 SECTION continued Colonial Life During the Revolution Civilians at War • While husbands fight, women manage homes, businesses • Many women go with troops to wash, cook, mend; some fight • Thousands of African-American slaves escape to cities, frontier • About 5,000 African Americans serve in Continental Army • Most Native Americans stay out of the conflict NEXT

Winning the War Section 4
Strategic victories in the South and at Yorktown enable the Americans to defeat the British. NEXT

Winning the War European Allies Shift the Balance
4 SECTION Winning the War European Allies Shift the Balance Training the Continental Army • 1778, Prussian captain Friedrich von Steuben goes to Valley Forge • Trains colonists in fighting skills, field maneuvers of regular army Lafayette and the French • Marquis de Lafayette—aristocrat, joins Washington at Valley Forge • Lobbies for French troops, 1779; leads command in last years of war Image NEXT

The British Move South Early British Success in the South
4 SECTION The British Move South Early British Success in the South 1778, British take Savannah; royal governor reinstated in Georgia British armies capture Charles Town, 1780—greatest victory of war British commander Charles Cornwallis smashes through South Carolina African Americans escape Patriot owners, join British to win freedom British Losses in 1781 1781, Cornwallis fights Daniel Morgan, Nathaniel Greene in Carolinas Weakened Cornwallis gets reinforcements, camps at Yorktown Map NEXT

The British Surrender at Yorktown
4 SECTION The British Surrender at Yorktown Victory at Yorktown • French army lands in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780 • Lafayette’s plan: French, Americans attack British at Yorktown • French navy defeats British, blockades Chesapeake Bay • American, French siege Yorktown, shell British for three weeks • Cornwallis surrenders October 1781 Image Continued . . . NEXT

4 SECTION continued The British Surrender at Yorktown Seeking Peace • 1782 peace talks include United States, Britain, France, Spain • American negotiators: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay • Treaty of Paris signed September 1783: - confirms U.S. independence - sets boundaries of new nation - ignores Native American rights - promises repayment of debts - no date set for British evacuation of forts in U.S. Map NEXT

The War Becomes a Symbol of Liberty
4 SECTION The War Becomes a Symbol of Liberty The Impact on American Society War stimulates egalitarianism—belief in equality of all people Equality for white men; women do not gain legal or political rights African Americans still enslaved; those free face discrimination Planters in upper South debate morality of slavery; some free slaves Native Americans continue to be forced off their lands by settlers The Challenge of Creating a Government U.S. attempts to create government by the people, not by a king NEXT

Launching the New Nation
George Washington becomes the first president. President Thomas Jefferson doubles U.S. territory with the Louisiana Purchase. The U.S. fights the British in the War of 1812. George Washington. Portrait (1796), Gilbert Stuart. NEXT

Launching the New Nation
SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Washington Heads the New Government Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course The War of 1812 NEXT

Washington Heads the New Government Section 1
President Washington transforms the ideas of the Constitution into a real government. NEXT

Washington Heads the New Government The New Government Takes Shape
1 SECTION Washington Heads the New Government The New Government Takes Shape Judiciary Act of 1789 • Judiciary Act of 1789 creates Supreme, 3 circuit, 13 district courts • State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts Washington Shapes the Executive Branch • Washington elected first president of U.S. in 1789 - executive branch is president, vice president • Congress creates State, War, Treasury Departments • Alexander Hamilton becomes secretary of treasury • Washington adds attorney general; these Department heads are Cabinet Image NEXT

Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
1 SECTION Hamilton and Jefferson Debate Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy, educated Jefferson: strong state, local government; people’s participation Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has Southern, Western Chart Hamilton’s Economic Plan U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private citizens Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume states’ debt Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for North Continued . . . NEXT

Plan for a National Bank
1 SECTION continued Hamilton and Jefferson Debate Plan for a National Bank • Hamilton proposes Bank of the United States: - funded by government, private investors - issue paper money, handle taxes • Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank • Debate begins over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution The District of Columbia • To win Southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggests: - moving nation’s capital from NYC to South • Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale; government seat by 1800 NEXT

The First Political Parties and Rebellion
1 SECTION The First Political Parties and Rebellion Federalists and Democratic-Republicans • Split in Washington’s cabinet leads to first U.S. political parties: - Jefferson’s allies: Democratic-Republicans - Hamilton’s allies: Federalists • Two-party system established as two major parties compete for power Continued . . . NEXT

1 SECTION continued The First Political Parties and Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion • Protective tariff— import tax on goods produced overseas • Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution • In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise tax on whiskey - beat up federal marshals, threaten secession • Federal government shows it can enforce laws by sending in militia NEXT

Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
Section 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation Events in Europe sharply divide American public opinion in the late 18th century. NEXT

Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
2 SECTION Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation U.S. Response to Events in Europe Reactions to the French Revolution • Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-French • Washington declares neutrality, will not support either side • Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol Continued . . . NEXT

2 SECTION continued U.S. Response to Events in Europe Treaty with Spain • Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S. minister to Britain • Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo, signed: - Spain gives up claims to western U.S. - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel - Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic NEXT

Native Americans Resist White Settlers
2 SECTION Native Americans Resist White Settlers Fights in the Northwest Native Americans do not accept Treaty of Paris; demand direct talks In 1790 Miami tribe chief, Little Turtle, defeats U.S. army Battle of Fallen Timbers Gen. Anthony Wayne defeats Miami Confederacy at Fallen Timbers, 1794 Miami sign Treaty of Greenville, get less than actual value for land Jay’s Treaty Chief Justice John Jay makes treaty with Britain, angers Americans British evacuate posts in Northwest, may continue fur trade Map NEXT

Adams Provokes Criticism
2 SECTION Adams Provokes Criticism First Party-Based Elections • 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president - Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice-president • Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation Image Adams Tries to Avoid War • French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance; seize U.S. ships • XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see foreign minister • Congress creates navy department; Washington called to lead army • Undeclared naval war rages between France, U.S. for two years Continued . . . NEXT

The Alien and Sedition Acts
2 SECTION continued Adams Provokes Criticism The Alien and Sedition Acts • Many Federalists fear French plot to overthrow U.S. government • Federalists suspicious of immigrants because: - many are active Democratic-Republicans - some are critical of Adams • Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress • Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship - permit deportation, jail • Sedition Act: fines, jail terms for hindering, lying about government • Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians jailed Continued . . . NEXT

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
2 SECTION continued Adams Provokes Criticism Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Jefferson, Madison see Alien and Sedition Acts as misuse of power • Organize opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures • Resolutions call acts violation of First Amendment rights • Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed unconstitutional The Death of Washington • Washington dies December 14, 1799 NEXT

Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course Section 3
The United States expands its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration. NEXT

Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
3 SECTION Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course Jefferson Wins Presidential Election of 1800 Presidential Campaign of 1800 Bitter campaign between Adams and Jefferson; wild charges hurled Electoral Deadlock Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate Aaron Burr House of Representatives casts 35 ballots without breaking tie Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give Jefferson victory Reveals flaw in electoral process; Twelfth Amendment passed: - electors cast separate ballots for president, vice-president NEXT

The Jefferson Presidency
3 SECTION The Jefferson Presidency Simplifying the Presidency Jefferson replaces some Federalists with Democratic-Republicans Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of government Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank of the U.S. Favors free trade over government-controlled trade, tariffs Southern Dominance of Politics Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C. South dominates politics; Northern, Federalist influence decline Image Continued . . . NEXT

John Marshall and the Supreme Court
3 SECTION continued The Jefferson Presidency John Marshall and the Supreme Court Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as president Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid Image Continued . . . NEXT

3 SECTION continued The Jefferson Presidency Marbury v. Madison • Marbury v. Madison—William Marbury sues to have papers delivered - Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order - Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional • Judicial review—Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional NEXT

The United States Expands West
3 SECTION The United States Expands West Westward Migration From 1800–1810, Ohio population grows from 45,000 to 231,000 Most settlers use Cumberland Gap to reach Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee In 1775, Daniel Boone leads clearing of Wilderness Road Map Continued . . . NEXT

The Louisiana Purchase
3 SECTION continued The United States Expands West The Louisiana Purchase • Louisiana returned to France; Jefferson fears strong French presence • Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon - doubts he has constitutional authority • Louisiana Purchase doubles size of U.S. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of Discovery: - explore new territory, find route to Pacific - gather information about people, plants animals • Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as interpreter, guide Map NEXT

Section 4 The War of 1812 War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812. NEXT

The War of 1812 The War Hawks Demand War British and French Rivalries
4 SECTION The War of 1812 The War Hawks Demand War British and French Rivalries British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships from entering Britain, France seize American ships, confiscate cargoes Grievances Against Britain • Impressment—seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy • Chesapeake incident further angers Americans • Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports • Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S. - Congress lifts it, except with Britain, France Chart Continued . . . NEXT

Tecumseh’s Confederacy
4 SECTION continued The War Hawks Demand War Tecumseh’s Confederacy • William Henry Harrison makes land deal with Native American chiefs • Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy: - tells people to return to traditional beliefs, practices - presses Harrison, negotiates British help; many tribes don’t join Image The War Hawks • Harrison is hero of Battle of Tippecanoe but suffers heavy losses • War hawks—want war with Britain because natives use British arms Image NEXT

The War Brings Mixed Results
4 SECTION The War Brings Mixed Results The War in Canada Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S. trade, economy U.S. army unprepared; early British victories in Detroit, Montreal Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie; U.S. wins battles Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed in battle Map The War at Sea U.S. navy only 16 ships; 3 frigates sail alone, score victories British blockade U.S. ports along east coast Continued . . . NEXT

British Burn the White House
4 SECTION continued The War Brings Mixed Results British Burn the White House By 1814, British raid, burn towns along Atlantic coast British burn Washington D.C. in retaliation for York, Canada Image The Battle of New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson fights Native Americans, gains national fame • Jackson defeats Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe Bend - destroys military power of Native Americans in South • In 1815, defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans Continued . . . NEXT

4 SECTION continued The War Brings Mixed Results The Treaty of Ghent • Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed Christmas 1814 • Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not resolve all issues • 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and U.S. • 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes • 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel • Agree to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years NEXT

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
Changes in manufacturing launch an Industrial Revolution. Slavery and other issues divide the North and South. Andrew Jackson has popular appeal but uproots many Native Americans. Men looking over cotton. Art, Edgar Degas. NEXT

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
Regional Economies Create Differences Nationalism at Center Stage The Age of Jackson States’ Rights and the National Bank NEXT

Regional Economies Create Differences Section 1
The North and the South develop different economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions. NEXT

Regional Economies Create Differences
1 SECTION Regional Economies Create Differences Another Revolution Affects America Changes in Manufacturing • By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of interchangeable parts • Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products • Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks • Mass production is production of goods in large quantities • Industrial Revolution—social, economic reorganization: - machines replace hand tools - large-scale factory production develops - result of manufacturing changes Image Continued . . . NEXT

Great Britain Starts a Revolution
1 SECTION continued Another Revolution Affects America Great Britain Starts a Revolution In 18th century, British first generate power from streams, coal Develop power-driven machines for mass production, build factories The Industrial Revolution in the United States After independence, U.S. income primarily from international trade Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping Americans begin to invest in domestic industries Continued . . . NEXT

New England Industrializes
1 SECTION continued Another Revolution Affects America New England Industrializes Samuel Slater builds first thread factory in Pawtucket, RI (1793) Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages cloth making (1813) Build weaving factories in Waltham, MA and Lowell, MA By late 1820s, Lowell becomes booming manufacturing center Thousands—mostly young women—leave family farms to work in Lowell Image NEXT

Two Economic Systems Develop
1 SECTION Two Economic Systems Develop Agriculture in the North • Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate • Farms in North smaller than South • In Old Northwest, farmers raise 1 or 2 types of crops, livestock - sell farm products at city markets; buy other items • Grains do not need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves • Northern slavery dying out by late 1700s - most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804 Map Map Continued . . . NEXT

Cotton Is King in the South
1 SECTION continued Two Economic Systems Develop Cotton Is King in the South Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North Poor nonslaveholding farmers go west to cultivate cotton Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama Image Slavery Becomes Entrenched Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820s, demand for slaves increases Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population Chart NEXT

Clay Proposes the American System
1 SECTION Clay Proposes the American System Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests • Madison’s plan to unite country’s regions, create strong economy: - develop transportation systems; make internal improvements - establish protective tariff - revive national bank • House Speaker Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - North produces manufactured goods - South and West produce food, cotton - national currency, transportation facilitate trade - all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically independent Image Continued . . . NEXT

Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements
1 SECTION continued Clay Proposes the American System Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825 Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for themselves Federal government funds highways to connect different regions 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie: Atlantic to Great Lakes Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals by 1837 Map NEXT

Tariffs and the National Bank
1 SECTION continued Clay Proposes the American System Tariffs and the National Bank • Madison proposes Tariff of 1816—tariff on imports - increases cost of foreign goods - people more likely to buy American goods - helps pay for improvements • Northeast welcomes tariff; South, West resent higher prices • Clay, Calhoun sway congressmen from South, West to approve • Most leaders agree national bank, national currency benefit all • In 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years • James Monroe elected president (1816), begins “Era of good Feelings” Image NEXT

Nationalism at Center Stage
Section 2 Nationalism at Center Stage Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion in the early 1800s. NEXT

Nationalism at Center Stage
2 SECTION Nationalism at Center Stage The Supreme Court Boosts National Power Strengthening Government Economic Control • Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls interstate commerce • McCulloch v. Maryland: state cannot overturn laws passed by Congress Limiting State Powers • Marshall Court blocks state interference in business, commerce • Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law violating right to make contract • Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state cannot interfere with contracts NEXT

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
2 SECTION Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Territory and Boundaries • Nationalism—national interests come before region, foreign concerns • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams guided by nationalism - makes treaties with Britain on Great Lakes, borders, territories • Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onís Treaty - gives up claim to Oregon Territory Map Continued . . . NEXT

2 SECTION continued Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy The Monroe Doctrine • Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia has trading posts in CA • Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas - U.S. will not interfere with Europe NEXT

Nationalism Pushes America West
2 SECTION Nationalism Pushes America West Expansion to the West Most settlers go west for land, economic opportunity Possible to change jobs; Jim Beckwourth is trader, scout, rancher The Missouri Compromise • When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehood • Missouri Compromise—preserves balance between slave, free states - Maine admitted into Union as free state, Missouri as slave state - divides Louisiana Territory at 3630’ line: slavery legal in south Map NEXT

The Age of Jackson Section 3
Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common people but violate Native American rights. NEXT

The Age of Jackson Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
3 SECTION The Age of Jackson Expanding Democracy Changes Politics Tension Between Adams and Jackson In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins popular but not electoral vote John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain Jacksonians form Democratic-Republican Party, block Adams’s policies Democracy and Citizenship Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency NEXT

Jackson’s New Presidential Style
3 SECTION Jackson’s New Presidential Style Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Citizen • Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in reality is wealthy - says Adams is intellectual elitist • Jackson wins 1828 presidential election by landslide Image Jackson’s Spoils System • Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year terms • Uses spoils system—replaces former appointees with own friends • Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet” NEXT

Removal of Native Americans
3 SECTION Removal of Native Americans Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans • Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land - thinks assimilation cannot work - too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands • Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830 - funds treaties that force Native Americans west • Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others Map Continued . . . NEXT

The Cherokee Fight Back
3 SECTION continued Removal of Native Americans The Cherokee Fight Back Worcester v. Georgia—state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority favor relocation Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation begins By 1838, 20,000 remain; President Martin Van Buren orders removal The Trail of Tears Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip made on foot Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die Image NEXT

States’ Rights and the National Bank
Section 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank Andrew Jackson confronts two important issues during his presidency—states’ rights and a national bank. NEXT

States’ Rights and the National Bank
4 SECTION States’ Rights and the National Bank A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue The Nullification Theory • British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods; tariff raised 1824, 1828 • Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations • Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low • Calhoun devises nullification theory: - questions legality of applying federal laws to states - Constitution based on compact among states - state can reject law it considers unconstitutional - states have right to leave Union if nullification denied Image Continued . . . NEXT

Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights
4 SECTION continued A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns Image South Carolina Rebels South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years NEXT

Jackson Attacks the National Bank
4 SECTION Jackson Attacks the National Bank Jackson Opposes the Bank Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy Image Pet Banks Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party BUS president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank Whig Party Forms People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System NEXT

Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy
4 SECTION Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy Jackson’s Legacy • Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with Jackson’s support • Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have • Government demands specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands • Rush to exchange paper money for specie, banks stop taking paper • Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system: - people lose savings, businesses bankrupted - more than a third of population out of work • Van Buren tries unsuccessfully to solve economic problems Continued . . . NEXT

4 SECTION continued Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy Harrison and Tyler Whig William Henry Harrison beats Van Buren in 1840 election Harrison enacts Whig program to revitalize economy Dies one month later; succeeded by vice-president John Tyler Tyler opposes many parts of Whig economic plan NEXT

Expanding Markets and Moving West
New technologies create links to new markets. Economic opportunity and “manifest destiny” encourage Americans to head west. The U.S. gains territory in a war with Mexico. James K. Polk, 11th president of the United States. Portrait, Max Westfield. NEXT

Expanding Markets and Moving West
SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 The Market Revolution Manifest Destiny Expansion in Texas The War with Mexico NEXT

The Market Revolution Section 1
Technological changes create greater interaction and more economic diversity among the regions of the nation. NEXT

The Market Revolution U.S. Markets Expand Changing Economic Activities
1 SECTION The Market Revolution U.S. Markets Expand Changing Economic Activities • Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy what cannot make • Mid-century farmers begin specialization—raise 1or 2 cash crops • Market revolution—people buy and sell goods rather than make them The Entrepreneurial Spirit • Capitalism—private control of means of production, used for profit • Business capital (money, property, machines) fuels growing economy • Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries; great loss, profit Continued . . . NEXT

Impact on Household Economy
1 SECTION continued U.S. Markets Expand New Inventions Inventor-entrepreneurs develop new products Charles Goodyear creates vulcanized rubber in 1839 Elias Howe patents sewing machine; I. M. Singer adds foot treadle Factory production of clothing now possible; prices drop by over 75% Image Impact on Household Economy Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment; boost industry output Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers become consumers NEXT

The Economic Revolution
1 SECTION The Economic Revolution Impact on Communication • 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse develops electromagnetic telegraph: - messages tapped in code, carried by copper wire - businesses, railroads transmit information Continued . . . NEXT

Impact on Transportation
1 SECTION continued The Economic Revolution Impact on Transportation • 1807, Robert Fulton’s steamboat goes 150 miles up Hudson in 32 hours • By 1830 steamboats on western rivers cut freight costs, speed travel • Water transport key for moving heavy machinery, raw materials • Erie Canal heavily used, lowers cost; dozens of canals follow • Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets Image Continued . . . NEXT

Emergence of Railroads
1 SECTION continued The Economic Revolution Emergence of Railroads 1840s, shipping by railroad much costlier than by canal Railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops, safety increased NEXT

New Markets Link Regions
1 SECTION New Markets Link Regions Effect of Regional Links Improved transportation, communication make regions interdependent By 1838 National Road extends from Cumberland, MD to Springfield, IL Growing links lead to development of regional specialties Southern Agriculture Most of South agricultural; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in land, slave Continued . . . NEXT

Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing
1 SECTION continued New Markets Link Regions Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing Canals, railroads turn Northeast into center of American commerce New York City central link between U.S. farms and European markets Great rise in manufacturing: more, better, less expensive goods Map Midwest Farming • John Deere invents steel plow; farmers replace oxen with horses • Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper; 1 farmer can do work of 5 • Farmers shift from subsistence farming to growing cash crops NEXT

Manifest Destiny Section 2
Americans move west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. NEXT

Manifest Destiny The Frontier Draws Settlers American Mission
2 SECTION Manifest Destiny The Frontier Draws Settlers American Mission • Before 1840, few Americans go to Louisiana Territory; many do after • Manifest destiny—belief that U.S. destined to expand to Pacific Ocean Map Attitudes Toward the Frontier Many settlers try fresh start in West after panic of 1837 Land for farming, speculation important for building prosperity Merchants seeking new markets follow farmers, miners Oregon Territory harbors expand trade with Asia; serve Pacific fleet NEXT

Settlers and Native Americans
2 SECTION Settlers and Native Americans Effects on Native American Communities Most Native Americans maintain own traditions even if forced to move Some assimilate into white culture; a few fight to keep whites out The Black Hawk War In 1830s, settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressure natives to go west Chief Black Hawk leads rebellion in Illinois, Wisconsin Territory Sauk, Fox tribes defeated, forcibly moved west of the Mississippi Image Continued . . . NEXT

2 SECTION continued Settlers and Native Americans Middle Ground Middle ground is area not dominated by Native Americans or settlers Good relations where settlers need Native American trading partners Middle ground west of Mississippi, result of 1830 Indian Removal Act Continued . . . NEXT

2 SECTION continued Settlers and Native Americans Fort Laramie Treaty Small numbers of displaced natives fight settlers moving west 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between U.S. government, native nations - Native Americans get control of Central Plains - promise not to attack settlers - U.S. pledges to honor boundaries Settlers increase, deplete buffalo, elk; U.S. violates treaty NEXT

Trails West The Santa Fe Trail The Oregon Trail 2
SECTION Trails West The Santa Fe Trail • Thousands trek west on old Native American trails, new routes • Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route; Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM • First 150 miles wagons go alone, then band together for protection Map The Oregon Trail • 1836, settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go into Northwest • Oregon Trail—trail from Independence, MO to Portland, OR • Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push handcarts; trip takes months Continued . . . NEXT

Resolving Territorial Disputes
2 SECTION continued Trails West The Mormon Migration • Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in NY • Mormons—religious group, settles in Illinois; clashes over polygamy • Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads Mormons outside U.S. - settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah Image Resolving Territorial Disputes • 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in East, Midwest • “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for annexation of Oregon • 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along 49th parallel NEXT

Expansion in Texas Section 3
Mexico offers land grants to American settlers, but conflict develops over religion and other cultural differences, and the issue of slavery. NEXT

Expansion in Texas Americans Settle in the Southwest
3 SECTION Expansion in Texas Americans Settle in the Southwest The Mission System Under Spanish, a few thousand Mexican settlers in present-day Texas Spanish use Roman Catholic missions to convert Native Americans Mexico offers mission lands to government officials, ranchers The Impact of Mexican Independence Mexico encourages trade between U.S. and northern provinces Native American groups threaten scattered Mexican settlements Continued . . . NEXT

Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers
3 SECTION continued Americans Settle in the Southwest Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers To protect territory, Mexico encourages U.S. farmers to go to Texas Offers land grants to empresarios (agents) who sell land cheaply Until 1830s, Anglo settlers live as naturalized Mexican citizens Austin in Texas • Stephen F. Austin, successful empresario, establishes colony in 1821 • Old Three Hundred get 177 farming acres or 4,428 grazing acres • U.S. wants lands south to Rio Grande; Mexico refuses to sell Texas NEXT

Texas Fights for Independence
3 SECTION Texas Fights for Independence “Come to Texas” Cultural differences arise between Anglos and Mexico: - Anglos speak English, not Spanish - Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber Tejanos Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna imprisons Austin - revokes local powers; rebellions erupt, including Texas Revolution “Remember the Alamo!” Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells Texans to arm themselves Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission; all 187 U.S. defenders killed Image Continued . . . NEXT

The Lone Star Republic Texas Joins the Union 3
SECTION continued Texas Fights for Independence The Lone Star Republic • Sam Houston defeats, captures Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto • Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas (April 1836) • Houston becomes president of the Republic of Texas Map Texas Joins the Union • 1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas • South favors, North opposes annexation; Texas becomes state in 1845 NEXT

The War with Mexico Section 4
Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States. NEXT

The War with Mexico Polk Urges War “Polk the Purposeful”
4 SECTION The War with Mexico Polk Urges War “Polk the Purposeful” • President James K. Polk favors war with Mexico - believes U.S. will get Texas, New Mexico, California Slidell’s Rejection Polk sends John Slidell to buy Southwest, negotiate Texas border Santa Anna ousted; Mexican government unstable, ignores Slidell Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande Continued . . . NEXT

Sectional Attitudes Toward War
4 SECTION continued Polk Urges War Sectional Attitudes Toward War South favors war to extend slavery, increase its power in Congress North opposes war, fears spread of slavery, Southern control of U.S. NEXT

The War Begins Polk Provokes War Kearny Marches West 4
SECTION The War Begins Polk Provokes War U.S. repeatedly violates Mexico’s territorial rights Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near Matamoros; 9 Americans killed Polk sends war message to Congress, withholds facts Congress approves war, stifles opposition Kearny Marches West Polk orders Colonel Stephen Kearny to march to Santa Fe New Mexico surrenders to U.S. without a fight Image Continued . . . NEXT

The Republic of California
4 SECTION continued The War Begins The Republic of California 1830s, 12,000 Mexican settlers in California; 1840s, 500 Americans John C. Frémont proclaims Republic of California in 1846 Frémont joined by Kearny, Commodore John D. Sloat’s naval expedition The War in Mexico U.S. has many military victories; Mexican troops have poor leaders Invasion of Mexico led by generals Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott Polk helps Santa Anna regain power, but Santa Anna fights U.S. Map Image NEXT

America Gains the Spoils of War
4 SECTION America Gains the Spoils of War The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 -Texas border set at Rio Grande - Mexico cedes western lands for $15 million - guarantees rights of Mexicans living in territories War enlarges U.S. territory by about one-third Franklin Pierce authorizes 1853 Gadsden Purchase, sets final border Chart Taylor’s Election in 1848 Democrats divided over extension of slavery Whig nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily wins election NEXT

The California Gold Rush
4 SECTION The California Gold Rush The Rush Begins • 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California Sierra Nevadas • San Francisco residents abandon city to pan for gold • Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to California in 1849 • Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from Asia, South America, Europe Image Continued . . . NEXT

Gold Rush Brings Diversity
4 SECTION continued The California Gold Rush Impact of Gold Fever San Francisco becomes supply center for miners, major port Gold Rush Brings Diversity By 1849, California’s population exceeds 100,000 Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large numbers Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849 constitutional convention California joins Union in 1850 NEXT

The Union in Peril Slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of Southern states. Dred Scott portrait NEXT

The Union in Peril SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Protest, Resistance, and Violence The Birth of the Republican Party Slavery and Secession NEXT

The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Section 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery The issue of slavery dominates U.S. politics in the early 1850s. NEXT

The Divisive Politics of Slavery
1 SECTION The Divisive Politics of Slavery Differences Between North and South Industry and Immigration in the North 1850s North industrialized; makes large amount, variety of products Railroads carry raw materials east, manufactures and settlers west - small towns quickly become cities - telegraph wires provide fast communication Immigrants become industrial workers, fear expansion of slavery - slave labor might compete with free labor - could reduce status of white workers unable to compete Map Continued . . . NEXT

Agriculture and Slavery in the South
1 SECTION continued Differences Between North and South Agriculture and Slavery in the South South predominantly rural, mostly plantations and small farms Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10% of U.S. goods Few immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of population Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society, economy Map NEXT

Slavery in the Territories
1 SECTION Slavery in the Territories The Wilmot Proviso • Wilmot Proviso—no slavery in territory acquired from Mexico • North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers • South: slaves are property under Constitution; fear more free states Statehood for California 1850, CA writes constitution; elects leaders; applies for statehood Pres. Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory NEXT

The Senate Debates Clay’s Compromise 1
SECTION The Senate Debates Clay’s Compromise Some Southerners threaten secession, withdrawal of state from Union Henry Clay offers Compromise of 1850 to settle disputes over slavery Continued . . . NEXT

Terms of the Compromise
1 SECTION continued The Senate Debates Terms of the Compromise Compromise has provisions to appease North and South: - California to be a free state - more effective fugitive slave law - popular sovereignty—residents of territory vote to decide slavery - government to pay Texas $10 million for its claim to eastern NM - slave trade banned in D.C. but slavery permitted Clay gives speech begging North and South to compromise, save Union Continued . . . NEXT

Calhoun and Webster Respond
1 SECTION continued The Senate Debates Calhoun and Webster Respond Clay’s speech starts one of greatest debates in U.S. history John C. Calhoun presents Southern case for slavery in territories In famous speech, Daniel Webster calls for national unity Image The Compromise is Adopted • Senate rejects compromise; Clay leaves Washington • Stephen A. Douglas reintroduces resolutions individually • President Millard Filmore gives support; South decides to negotiate - Compromise of 1859 voted into law NEXT

Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Section 2 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Proslavery and antislavery factions disagree over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories. NEXT

Protest, Resistance, and Violence
2 SECTION Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad The Fugitive Slave Act • Fugitive Slave Act—part of Compromise of 1850, has very harsh terms • Alleged fugitives denied jury trial, right to testify on own behalf • Federal commissioners paid more for returning than freeing accused • People convicted of helping a fugitive fined, imprisoned, or both Image Resisting the Law • Northerners send fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues • Personal liberty laws forbid prison for fugitives, grant jury trials Continued . . . NEXT

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
2 SECTION continued Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape • Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips • Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols • Some fugitives stayed in North; others go on to Canada Image Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin stirs protest • Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows slavery as moral problem, not just political NEXT

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
2 SECTION Tension in Kansas and Nebraska Popular Sovereignty Douglas believes people want territories incorporated into Union Wants railroad west in Chicago; thinks expansion will help Democrats Feels popular sovereignty on slavery best way to organize new states Thinks slavery unworkable in prairie farms but seeks South’s support The Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas’s bill repeals Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery NEXT

Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas”
2 SECTION Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas” The Race for Kansas Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies In 1855, Kansas holds election for territorial legislature Proslavery “border ruffians” vote illegally, win fraudulent majority Proslavery government in Lecompton; antislavery rival in Topeka “The Sack of Lawrence” • Proslavery grand jury brands people of antislavery Lawrence traitors - posse of 800 burns, loots town Image Continued . . . NEXT

“The Pottawatomie Massacre”
2 SECTION continued Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas” “The Pottawatomie Massacre” Abolitionist John Brown believes God wants him to fight slavery Brown, followers violently kill 5 men in “Pottawatomie Massacre” Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200 Image Violence in the Senate Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacks colleagues, slavery Congressman Preston S. Brooks beats Sumner for insults to uncle Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn him NEXT

The Birth of the Republican Party Section 3
In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and lead to the birth of new ones. NEXT

The Birth of the Republican Party
3 SECTION The Birth of the Republican Party New Political Parties Emerge Slavery Divides Whigs Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in elections Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 Whig Party splinters after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Nativism • Nativism—belief in favoring native-born Americans over immigrants • Nativists form American Party (1854), known as Know-Nothing Party • Middle-class Protestants afraid of Catholicism; split over slavery NEXT

Antislavery Parties Form
3 SECTION Antislavery Parties Form Forerunner of the Republican Party Liberty Party pursues abolition through laws; affects 1844 election The Free-Soilers • Free-Soil Party opposes extension of slavery into territories • Many Free-Soilers not abolitionists; support restrictions on blacks • Object to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force • Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U.S. Continued . . . NEXT

Republican Party The 1856 Election 3
SECTION continued Antislavery Parties Form Republican Party • 1854, unhappy Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers form Republican Party • Horace Greeley, abolitionist, helps found Republican party • Republicans oppose slavery in territories; other opinions varied • Main competition for voters is Know-Nothing Party The 1856 Election Republicans select John C. Frémont—mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA Democrat James Buchanan elected; secession averted Map NEXT

Slavery and Secession Section 4
A series of controversial events heighten the sectional conflict that brings the nation to the brink of war. NEXT

Slavery and Secession Slavery Dominates Politics Dred Scott Decision
4 SECTION Slavery and Secession Slavery Dominates Politics Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, slave who had lived in free areas sues for freedom • 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hands down decision - slaves do not have rights of citizens - no claim to freedom, suit begun in slave state - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories Image The Lecompton Constitution Proslavery Kansas government writes constitution, seeks statehood Referendum votes down constitution; President Buchanan endorses it Stephen Douglas gets second referendum; voters reject it again NEXT

Lincoln-Douglas Debates
4 SECTION Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln Challenges Douglas 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln runs for Douglas’s Senate seat Because Lincoln unknown, challenges Douglas to 7 debates Image Positions and Arguments Douglas: slavery backward, not immoral; Lincoln: slavery immoral Douglas thinks popular sovereignty will undo slavery Lincoln thinks legislation needed to stop spread of slavery Both men distort other’s views, make them seem extreme Continued . . . NEXT

4 SECTION continued Lincoln-Douglas Debates The Freeport Doctrine Lincoln: how to form free states if territories must allow slavery Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine—elect leaders who do not enforce slavery Douglas wins seat; doctrine worsens regional split between Democrats Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery draw attention NEXT

Passions Ignite Harpers Ferry John Brown’s Hanging 4
SECTION Passions Ignite Harpers Ferry John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, needs weapons 1859, leads band to federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry to get arms U.S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown John Brown’s Hanging Brown is hanged for high treason, December 1859 Many Northerners admire Brown; Southerners fear future uprisings NEXT

Lincoln Is Elected President
4 SECTION Lincoln Is Elected President The Republican Convention Overflowing crowds attend presidential convention in Chicago Seward and Lincoln Senator William H. Seward expected to win nomination Lincoln wins nomination; seen as more moderate than Seward - tells South will not meddle with slaves; South feels threatened The Election of 1860 Democrats split over slavery Lincoln wins with less than half of popular vote - gets no Southern electoral votes Map NEXT

Southern Secession The Shaping of the Confederacy 4
SECTION Southern Secession The Shaping of the Confederacy South Carolina and 6 other states secede: - want complete independence from federal control - fear end to their way of life - want to preserve slave labor system Feb Confederacy or Confederate States of America forms Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes each state’s sovereignty Former senator Jefferson Davis unanimously elected president Continued . . . NEXT

The Calm Before the Storm
4 SECTION continued Southern Secession The Calm Before the Storm Buchanan calls secession illegal, says also illegal to stop it Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C. NEXT

Three Worlds Meet Native Americans and Africans develop complex societies and cultures. Europeans explore and conquer parts of the New World and launch.

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Three Worlds Meet Native Americans and Africans develop complex societies and cultures. Europeans explore and conquer parts of the New World and launch.

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Presentation on theme: "Three Worlds Meet Native Americans and Africans develop complex societies and cultures. Europeans explore and conquer parts of the New World and launch."— Presentation transcript:

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