1. The Second Industrial Revolution

2. The Age of Invention
From 1865 to 1914 the world had a surge of industrial growth which became known as the Second Industrial Revolution
This new era began with numerous discoveries and inventions that spurred growth in manufacturing, transportation, and everyday life
Coal and the steam engine spurred the initial industrial revolution steel, electricity, and chemicals made the second industrial revolution possible

3. Steel
Steel was used in the construction of heavy machinery that mass produced goods
Originally converting iron ore into steel was too expensive until Bessemer Process burned all the impurities in molten iron with hot air
This method produced more steel in one day than the old method did in one week

4. Steel was used for… Railroad tracks Bridges Building frames Machinery
( the more steel was produced the cheaper it was to buy)

5. This led to… Stronger longer lasting rails Stronger bridges
Taller multi-story buildings (skyscrapers)
More jobs
More people moving into cities

7. OIL
Advancements in oil refinement also affected the Industrial Revolution
Originally oil was processed for Kerosene for lamps to light a house
Later it would be the fuel for automobiles and airplanes

9. Revolution in Transportation: The Automobile
Also known as the Horseless Carriage
Combustion engine powered by gas was invented in 1876
Use of car was initially limited due to high cost

10. First person killed by a motor vehicle in the United States
September 14, 1899, Henry Bliss, getting off a streetcar in New York City, was struck by an electric-powered taxicab and died from a crushed head and chest.

11. Airplanes

12. Flight
The internal combustion engine also led to advancements in flight
Orville and Wilbur Wright developed one of the first working airplanes
Dec. 17, 1903 near (Kitty Hawk North Carolina, Orville made the first piloted flight)
It lasted 12 seconds and went 120 feet, in a powered plane

13. Telegraph and Telephone
Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse 1837
Telegraph grew with the railroad and offices were located in train stations and strung wires along the railroad lines
Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 patented the telephone
Telephone network created jobs for women needed as operators

14. New York Telephone Exchange 1880s

16. Thomas Edison “The Wizard of Menlo Park”
Edison went into the “invention business” by opening a lab and doing research
He promised a minor invention every 10 days and a major invention every 6 months
He held more than 1,000 patents at his death

17. Edison inventions Phonograph Electric vote recorder Light bulb*
Improved telephone
Improved telegraph
Early motion pictures
Electric lamps
Typewriter
Electric printer
Electric motor

18. Exit slip
Imagine that you are a newspaper reporter and you are writing a news story on the Second Industrial Revolution. Write a catchy, interesting headline that will grab readers’ interest words

19. The Gilded Age: 1870s to 1900
"What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must." -- Mark Twain-1871

20. Politics
During the Gilded Era, American Government is dominated by partisan politics and wealthy lobbyists, leading to a laissez-faire approach to local government. What happens when the federal government ignores local politics?

21. Conditions During the Gilded Age
Rise in supply of labor in cities leads to drop in demand
-Working conditions worsen
Anti-Immigrant sentiment increases
Capitalism leads to a new class system
Producers: Elevated to wealthy elite
Consumers/Workers become lower class
Working Conditions:
6 days a week, 10+ hours a day, 1$ a day
Repetitive, Boring, Dangerous work
Some paid by “piece”
No workers compensation, no safety regulations
Drastic increase in child labor
Most dangerous conditions
Coal mines, Machine Repair, Textile Mills
Living Conditions: Cramped apartments High Rent, High Risk, High Population No Schools Cities overrun with filth No regulations on food/drinks/goods

23. Ellis Island
1892 – Designated by President Harrison as the nation’s first ‘immigration station’
By no means the only place that folks came into the country by, but certainly the most well known
Immigrants were taken from their ships to be processed at Ellis Island before they could enter the country
About 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island during its time of operation

24. Jacob Riis Early Muckraker journalist Immigrant himself
Danish American
Used photographs and journalism as a way of standing up and fighting for the rights of folks he believed were being taken advantage of

26. Images from Jacob Riis’
How The Other Half Lives

31. Bosses take the place of government
Lack of regulation/focus on local government creates a power vacuum in the cities People have needs The government is not meeting them Political bosses emerge Bosses: Individuals running political machines in local politics Political Machine: an organization consisting of full-time politicians whose main goal was to retain political power and the money and influence that went with it

32. Boss Tweed
Flourished in New York City due to the high immigrant population
Provided aid to the poor in return for votes
Jobs
Housing
Food
Training
The Federal Government failed to provide welfare, allowing bosses to fill the void

33. Rise of Corporations and “Big Business”

37. John D. Rockefeller
Father: “Flamboyant con-man” Raised by his mother Obsessed with order, precision, self-discipline, and rationality

38. John D. Rockefeller
Started Standard Oil Company of Ohio in Cleveland, 1870 Bought out 22 of his 26 rivals in Cleveland within 6 weeks Standard Oil controlled 90% of the country's oil refineries by 1879 Utilized vertical and horizontal integration Didn't rely on middle men. “Pay no man a profit” Formed Standard Oil Trust in 1882 Proponent of Social Darwinism

39. John D. Rockefeller
Rockefeller believed his success was a public trust he made with God Donated over $500 million in his lifetime Adjusting for inflation, he was worth 336$ billion at the time of his death

40. What is Social Darwinism?

41. Social Darwinism: might makes white
The application of Darwinism to the study of human society, specifically a theory that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority. It became a rationalization for colonialism and imperialism.

42. Social Darwinism
Natural selection: Darwin’s theory to explain evolution in nature.
The fittest, strongest species survive and reproduce, others die off.
Social Darwinism: Darwin’s theory applied to social groups and races.

43. Social Darwinism
Not scientific. It is a rationalization or a justification for white supremacy It is how many Europeans saw the world. It is how many Europeans explained the sudden success of their nations and armies.

44. Andrew Carnegie
Scottish immigrant to the United States Assistant Secretary of War during Civil War Following the war Carnegie invested heavily in steel Steel Production in US 1860: 13,000 tons 1880: 1.4 million Goal: Reduce operating costs “"Not evil, but good, has come to the race from the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability and energy that produces it. Human competition insures the survival of the fittest in every department” Strong proponent of Social Darwinism

45. Andrew Carnegie
Used vertical integration to secure his business Upon retirement he became a "distributor of wealth“ Built universities, libraries, hospitals, parks, meeting halls, concerts, churches

46. Sears and Roebuck
Offered mail order products Bought goods at high volume for low prices Created a national market using new technology Published shopping catalogs: 2nd most widely read book in the country

47. Government
How should government handle big business? Who should take care of the poor and downtrodden? What happens when Government doesn’t take care of people?

48. Unions
Union: “An organized association of workers formed to protect their rights and interests” During the late 19th century, labor unions begin to from as a response to industrialization Why are unions effective?

49. Problems
What were working conditions like in the late 1800s? Why were they this way? What is collective bargaining? What is a scab?

50. http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/disp_textbook_print. cfm

51. 1877 the United States was in a deep economic depression-railroads cut wages 10% in May and another 10% in June. Non-unionized workers rose up. Governments were terrified that it’s the start of a communist-like revolt like the Paris Commune of 1870 (huh? WTF was the Paris Commune?-Myers, Steen, Blagg, Parsons didn’t teach you about this last year?

52. Lasted about 2 weeks, July-August 1877 100,000 strikers, widespread violence, ~ 100 killed

53. Led to numerous other strikes and labor rebellions
Haymarket Riot 1886
1982 Homestead Strike against Andrew Carnegies
Coal strike of 1894