1. SINGLE CELL PROTEIN

2. A protein extracted from cultured algae, yeasts or bacteria
Used as a substitute for protein-rich foods.

3. 1. Spirulina A free-floating filamentous cyanobacterium
Photosynthetic organism
Arthrospira maxima
Arthrospira platensis
Grown in open ponds or basins.

4. Production of Spirulina
3 major steps:
Cultivation of alga in constructed ponds.
Constant agitation of water using paddle wheels
To keep nutrients evenly dispersed
To expose all the cells to sunlight.
Harvest of algal biomass using filters to recover biomass.
Washed biomass is dried & pulverized; Package

5. Uses of Spirulina Against anemia, diabetes
For healing of wounds & lowering of cholesterol.
As a protein supplement in
human diets
feeds for livestock – poultry, cattle, pig
aquaculture
sericulture
Food colourant

6. Contains all essential amino acids Met, Cys & Lys are quite lesser.
Contains unusually high amounts of protein: 55-77% by dry weight, depending upon the source
Contains all essential amino acids
Met, Cys & Lys are quite lesser.
Contains Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, C, D & E.
Rich source of K
Also has Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Se, Na and Zn.
Contains many photosynthetic pigments
B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinamide), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin),

7. 2. Scytalidium acidophilum
Acid-Tolerant Fungus
Bioconversion of waste paper to SCP
pH < 1
Waste paper pretreated with 72% H2SO4 at 4°C
Adequate sugar-containing substrate for fungal growth
Glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose in the hydrolysates
Converted to cell biomass
44 to 47% crude protein were obtained

8. SCP from microbial cultivation has a higher proportion of nucleic acids
Human beings lack the enzyme uricase, unlike animals.
So, unable to convert uric acid, derived from nucleic acids to allantoin.
Thus, if SCP is for human consumption, a prior reduction in its nucleic acid content is done.

9. For the separation and recovery of nucleic acids
Fragmentation of the cells using a wet crushing mill
Extraction with hot salt solutions
Minimizes protein solubility, while, being good solvents for nucleic acids.

10. 3. SCP from Cassava Cassava as a substrate for SCP
Filamentous fungi, on ground cassava roots
Supplemented with NH4Cl & CSL
Biomass containing 13-24% crude protein.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Fermented whole cassava in continuous fermentation system
Product containing 37% crude proteins.

11. Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa
A photosynthetic bacterium
Cultivated on cassava starch medium
The yeast, Candida utilis
Fermented enzymatically (α-amylase) hydrolyzed cassava in a submerged culture
Product contains 35% crude protein
Commercially used.

12. 4. SCP from ram horn hydrolysate
Ram horns hydrolyzed by treating with acid (6N–HCl)
Ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) obtained
Hydrolysate used as substrate to grow Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli in batch system at 30 °C with stirring 150 rpm
Rich in total protein
66%, 68% & 71% for E. coli, B. cereus and B. subtilis
Protein produced, contains all essential amino acids for ruminant feed.

13. SCP, produced by 2 types of fermentation processes…
Submerged fermentation
Substrate always in a liquid which contains the nutrient needed for growth.
Substrate is held in fermentor, operated continuously
Product biomass is continuously harvested.
Product is filtered or centrifuged and then dried.
More capital intensive & higher operating cost

14. Advantages of SCP over conventional protein sources are:
Independent of land and climate;
Works on a continuous basis
Can be genetically controlled
Causes less pollution.

15. Factors that impair the usefulness of SCP:
Non-digestible cell wall (mainly algae)
High nucleic acid content
Unacceptable coloration (mainly with algae)
Disagreeable flavour (in algae & yeasts)

16. SINGLE CELL OIL

17. 1. Yarrowia lipolytica Grown in a continuous mode
Produces ~ 10g dry biomass per L
Contains 0.25 g oil per g dry weight biomass
If an aqueous extract from Teucrium polium was added, oil content increased to ~ 0.40

18. 2. Mortierella isabellina
Remarkable cell growth upto ~36 g/L
High fat quantities accumulated inside fungal mycelia: 50–55%, wt/wt oil in dry biomass
Notable SCO production of ~18 g/L of culture medium.

19. 3. Cryptococcus curvatus
An oleaginous yeast grown on batch mode on diluted (25%) prickly-pear juice.
Biomass upto 11 g/L
Accumulated 46% (w/w) lipid
Extracted lipids were mainly oleic (18:1) and palmitic (16:0) acids

20. 4. Candida curvata & Trichosporon cutaneum
Yeasts
Cheese whey used as media for producing oil and SCP
6.3 to 9.3 g of oil/liter of whey
Fat contains oleic (~50%), palmitic (~30%), stearic (~15%) & linoleic (~8%) acids.
SCP, rich in Met & other essential amino acids.