Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

4 Tissue: The Living Fabric: Part B.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "4 Tissue: The Living Fabric: Part B."— Presentation transcript:

1 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric: Part B

2 Cells in Tissues can be spaced differently
Epithelial tissue cells are packed close together, with only a small amount of fluid between them. Many connective tissue cells are spaced further apart, with a gooey substance between them Other connective tissue cells also have fibers within the gooey substance.

3 CONNECTIVE TISSUES CELLS secrete gel and fibers
protein fiber INTRAcellular fluid Ground substance: A name for all extra fluid, gel,or minerals between cells *Matrix = Ground Substance PLUS fibers

4 Many types of cell are found in CT
Each CT has its own cell types with a particular function: Adipose CT has adipocytes store fat Blood CT has erythrocytes which carry oxygen Areolar CT has fibroblasts which make fibers Cartilage CT has chondroblasts which make fibers, NOTE: Cyte = mature cell Blast= cell that can still develop into a cyte, and usually make fibers

5 Around the cells are: Ground substance: a sugary complex (hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan) that traps water and nutrients near the cells to keep them hydrated.

6 Around the cells are: 2. Protein fibers such as
-Collagen fibers (made of collagen) Strongest and most common fiber -Elastic fibers (made of elastin) allow for stretch -Reticular fibers (made of collagen) Short, fine, highly branched fibers

7 Let’s learn the specific connective tissues!
AREOLAR CT ADIPOSE CT BLOOD CT DENSE REGULAR CT DENSE IRREGULAR CT ELASTIC CT HYALINE CARTILAGE CT ELASTIC CARTILAGE CT FIBROCARTILAGE CT OSSEOUS CT COMPACT SPONGY RETICULAR CT

8 AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Elastic fibers Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Collagen fibers Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries. Fibroblast nuclei Epithelium Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a soft packaging tissue of the body (300x). Lamina propria Figure 4.8a

9 Areolar CT cartoon Cell types Extracellular matrix Ground substance
Macrophage Fibers • Collagen fiber • Elastic fiber • Reticular fiber Fibroblast Lymphocyte Fat cell Capillary Mast cell Neutrophil Figure 4.7

10 Areolar Connective Tissue
Location: surrounds blood vessels, nerves, and muscles. Functions: cushions organs, and provides an immune defense Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes Matrix elastic fibers, collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and gel

11 ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs. Nucleus of fat cell Location: Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts. Adipose tissue Vacuole containing fat droplet Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x). Mammary glands Figure 4.8b

12 Adipose Connective Tissue
Location here: Hypodermis (below skin) Function: energy storage, insulation and protective cushioning Cells: adipocytes No matrix.

13 BLOOD CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(k) Others: blood Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Plasma Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Type of leukocyte Location: Contained within blood vessels. Erythrocytes Type of leukocyte Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); two white blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocyte in lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells. Figure 4.8k

14 Blood Connective Tissue
Location: inside blood vessels Cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes Function: carries fluid, gas, nutrients, wastes and hormones Matrix: plasma and fibrin (does not form fibers unless exposed to air)

15 Bloody Case Study Daryl is a 2 year old male who recently moved with his family from Florida to Wisconsin. Playing in the snow for his first time he becomes increasingly cranky and will not stop crying. He seems to have pain, fever, and rapid heart rate. His parents tell the ER nurse they think he may be developing the flu. Your job: compare his blood work (below) with normal blood work (above). Write down BOTH similarities and difference in what you see.

16 DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Collagen fibers Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses. Nuclei of fibroblasts Shoulder joint Ligament Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective tissue from a tendon (500x). Tendon Figure 4.8d

17 Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Location: tendons and ligaments Function: strong rope connects muscle to bone, or bone to bone Cells: Fibroblasts Matrix: collagen fibers and gel

18 DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Nuclei of fibroblasts Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract. Collagen fibers Fibrous joint capsule Photomicrograph: Dense irregular connective tissue from the dermis of the skin (400x). Figure 4.8e

19 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Location: dermis of skin, around organs. Function: Strong net “covering” for organs Cells: Fibroblasts Matrix: collagen fibers and gel

20 The major difference between Dense Regular and Dense Irregular CT is:
The type of protein fibers in each The cell types in each The orientation of the fibers The color it stains

21 (f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Elastic fibers Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes. Aorta Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in the wall of the aorta (250x). Heart Figure 4.8f

22 Elastic Connective Tissue
Location: Within artery walls Function: provides elasticity within arteries Cells: Fibroblasts Matrix: elastic fibers and gel

23 This is elastic tissue in the aorta
This is elastic tissue in the aorta. What is happening in Marfan syndrome?

24 Fibrotic tumors Aortic aneurisms Auto immune disease Dwarfism
Which of the following is a possibly fatal complication for patients with Marfan’s Syndrome? Fibrotic tumors Aortic aneurisms Auto immune disease Dwarfism

25 (g) Cartilage: hyaline
Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Chondrocyte in lacuna Matrix Costal cartilages Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the trachea (750x). Figure 4.8g

26 Hyaline Connective Tissue
Location: ends of some bones, trachea, ribs, and nose Function: protects bone ends and airway Cells: chondroblasts, and chondrocytes Matrix: Collagen fibers and gel

27 ELASTIC CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(h) Cartilage: elastic Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Chondrocyte in lacuna Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis. Matrix Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage from the human ear pinna; forms the flexible skeleton of the ear (800x). Figure 4.8h

28 Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
Location: outer ear, epiglottis, auditory canal Function: flexible strong mesh Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes Matrix: elastic fibers and gel

29 FIBROCARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(i) Cartilage: fibrocartilage Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint. Chondrocytes in lacunae Intervertebral discs Collagen fiber Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an intervertebral disc (125x). Special staining produced the blue color seen. Figure 4.8i

30 Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
Location: intervetebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus pad in knee joint Function: cushions shock to bones Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes Matrix: collagen fibers and gel

31 Which of the following is NOT true concerning cartilage connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage contains collagen fibers Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers Fibrocartilage contains collagen fibers All of the above are true

32 COMPACT OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(j) Others: bone (osseous tissue) Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized. Central canal Function: Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Lacunae Lamella Location: Bones Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional view of bone (125x). Figure 4.8j

33 Compact Osseous Connective Tissue
Location: outer hard portion of bones. Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, Function: Strong structures Matrix: collagen fibers, calcium and phosphate mineral

34 SPONGY OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
osteocyte Blood cells osteoblasts

35 Spongy Osseous Connective Tissue
Location: softer bony structure inside the heads of the long bones Function: ability to compress, lightweight Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts Matrix: collagen fibers, calcium and phosphate minerals

36 Which of the following is true about osseous connective tissue?
Osteoblasts reside in lacunae Osteocytes make the bone tissue Osteoclasts destroy bone tissue All of the above are true None of the above are true

37 RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. White blood cell (lymphocyte) Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). Reticular fibers Spleen Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular connective tissue fibers forming the internal skeleton of the spleen (350x). Figure 4.8c

38 Reticular Connective Tissue
Location: lymph nodes and spleen Cells: fibroblasts, leukocytes Function: forms weak structure of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow Matrix: reticular fibers and gel

39 Let’s look at the list of connective tissues again.
Why are they arranged in this order? AREOLAR CT ADIPOSE CT BLOOD CT DENSE REGULAR CT DENSE IRREGULAR CT ELASTIC CT HYALINE CARTILAGE CT ELASTIC CARTILAGE CT FIBROCARTILAGE CT OSSEOUS CT COMPACT SPONGY RETICULAR CT

40 It is a chocolate chip sea cucumber!
Now that you know all the connective tissues… Can you identify this structure? Trick question! It is a chocolate chip sea cucumber!

41 NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous tissue Description: Neurons are
branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells (not illustrated). Nuclei of supporting cells Neuron processes Cell body Axon Dendrites Cell body of a neuron Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity. Neuron processes Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x) Figure 4.9

42 Nervous Tissue Location: spinal cord, brain, organs, skin Function: sensation, receive info and send out info Cells: neurons, glial cells

43 The Discovery of Alzheimer’s disease
In 1901, Alois Alzheimer met a confused and anxious patient whose memory was failing. It was not until she died 5 years later that he examined her brain tissue, discovering that the neurons had unusual fibrils inside them, and there were unusual substances, or plaques, between the cells.

44 SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
(a) Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Striations Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Nuclei Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. Part of muscle fiber (cell) Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x). Notice the obvious banding pattern and the fact that these large cells are multinucleate. Figure 4.10a

45 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Location: connecting to bones, or in sphincters Function: voluntary contraction, to pull on bones and close sphincters (contract anus, squint eyes) Cells: skeletal muscle cells Nuclei: hundreds in a single cell Striations (stripes): yes Shape: cylindrical

46 CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE (b) Cardiac muscle Description: Branching,
striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Striations Intercalated discs Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: The walls of the heart. Nucleus Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X); notice the striations, branching of cells, and the intercalated discs. Figure 4.10b

47 Function: mainly involuntary contraction, to pump blood
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Location: heart Function: mainly involuntary contraction, to pump blood Cells: cardiac muscle cells Nuclei: one centrally located nucleus in each cell Striations: yes Shape: branched cells shape (like a “Y”) Special junctions: intercalated discs

48 Chagas disease Trypanosomiasis is an often fatal disease is caused the protozoan T. cruzi, infecting heart cells. transmitted through the bite of a “kissing bug”.

49 SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE (c) Smooth muscle Description: Spindle-shaped
cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Smooth muscle cell Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passage- ways; involuntary control. Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. Nuclei Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x). Figure 4.10c

50 Smooth Muscle Tissue Location: around hollow organs (intestine,bladder) Function: involuntary contraction, to move food, fluid through tubes Cells: smooth muscle cells Special characteristics Nuclei: one centrally located nucleus per cell Striations: no Shape: cylindrical, squashed on both ends

51 Muscle cell characteristics
Location Function Voluntary? Cell shape? One or many nuclei? Striated? Inter-calated discs? Smooth Muscle cells Cardiac Skeletal

52 Membranes A membrane is one or more thin layers of tissue, (like putting down three flat sheets on a bed.)

53 CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES (the skin) structure: ET, CT, MT layers
! Function: protects your organs Figure 4.11a

54 Structure: ET and CT layers
Mucosa of nasal cavity Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining Mucosa of lung bronchi (b) MUCOUS MEMBRANES Structure: ET and CT layers Function: line body cavities that open to the outside of the body MAY secrete mucous (as in nose and trachea) or may NOT (mouth/lungs) Figure 4.11b

55 Structure: ET and CT, secrete slippery serous fluid
(c) SEROUS MEMEBRANES Structure: ET and CT, secrete slippery serous fluid Function: line body cavities closed to the exterior (lungs) Parietal peritoneum Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Visceral peritoneum Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Figure 4.11c

56 Why don’t we call these be membranes?


Download ppt "4 Tissue: The Living Fabric: Part B."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google