Diet Soda: Do You or Don’t You?

Diet Soda: Do You or Don’t You?
Tanisha Rene’ Bodden, RDN., LDN Nederland ISD

Overview Where Did Diet Soda Come From?
Identifying Artificial Sweeteners Why Artificial Sweeteners? Acceptable Daily Intake

Where did Soda Come from?
Mineral water in natural springs Mineral water “curative powers” Gas carbonium or Carbon dioxide = Bubbles Soft drinks trace their history back to mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs was considered a healthy thing to do and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientist discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was the reason for the bubbles in natural mineral water. (inventors.about.com)

17th Centrury:1st Non- Carbonated “Soft Drink” Water + Lemon Juice Sweetened with honey = Lemonade Soft Drinks The first marketed soft drinks (non carbonated) appeared in the 17th Century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey.

Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris A company called “Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris” were granted a monopoly for the sale of Lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. (inventors.about.com)

st Drinkable Glass of Carbonated Water 1770- Imitation Mineral Water 1810- Mass Manufacture of imitation mineral water in U.S. In 1767, the first drinkable glass of Carbonated Water was created by Englishmen Doctor Joseph Priestley. Three years later imitation Mineral water was created and produced in large amounts marks the issuance of the first Patent in the U.S. for mass manufacture of imitation mineral water to some guys in South Carolina.

1800’s, soda machine apparatus became popular in America. They required oversized cranks to manually carbonate water.

American Pharmacist would sell mineral water and add medicinal and flavorful herbs to the unflavored mineral water. Soda fountains in the pharmacy was a normal practice which made customers want to take their “health drinks” home with them.

The demand birthed the soft drink bottling industry.

1920’s Then came glass bottles with special cork tops and in 1920’s the hom paks or 6 pack carriers,

And then came 1952 In 1952 a bottling company in Brooklyn, New York developed a sugar free ginger ale called “No-Cal” it was created for diabetic patients at New York’s Jewish Sanitarium for Chronic Disease. It was sweetened with saccharin (Sweet-in Low) and sold only locally. (precisionnutrition.com)

1963 7 years later- Royal Crowne Cola introduced Diet Rite, it was the first diet beverage developed nationally by the soft drink industry. Marketed to diabetics and people who couldn’t consume large amounts of sugar. In 1963, diet rite was the 4th best selling beverage in the country Dr. Pepper released “Dietetic Dr. Pepper”, Coca Coal released “Tab” aimed for women who wanted to keep “tab on their calories”, also released in 1963 was “Patio Diet Cola” now known as Diet Pepsi and “Like” which is known now as Diet 7up. 1958 1962

2000’s and beyond Over the years, diet soda and beverages have expanded it’s branding and marketing into several different brands and flavors readily available for not only diabetics, but for people wanting to reduce their calorie intake as well as their sugar intake.

What’s the Sweetener in diet beverages?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safety of substances added to food. The following High-Intensity Sweeteners are FDA Approved as food additives in the U.S.

Any substance that is reasonably expected to become a component of food is a food additive that is subject to premarket approval by FDA, unless the substance is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate its safety under the conditions of its intended use,

unless the substance is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate its safety under the conditions of its intended use,

High Intensity Sweeteners are commonly used as Sugar Substitutes because they are many times sweeter than sugar but contribute only a few to no calories when added to foods. Types of sugar substitutes include artificial sweeteners, natural sweeteners and sugar alcohols.

Artificial Sweeteners
Artificial Sweeteners are a type of sugar substitute used in place of sugar in beverages and other food products marketed as “diet” or “sugar free”. Artificial Sweeteners have little to no calories

Artificial Sweeteners
Saccharin- Late 1800’s, coined as “All purpose curative”. Used to treat headaches, nausea and people who were overweight. x’s sweeter than sugar Saccharin aka Sweet n Low, aka Sweet Twin aka Necta Sweet, Sweet and Low… the leader of sugar substitutes was discovered in the late 1800’s at John Hopkins University by a scientist working on a coal-tar derivatives. The scientist discovered saccharin as an “All Purpose curative”. It was initially sold in a New York City shop. Saccharin was used by doctors to treat headaches, nausea and over weight. In 2000 the National Toxicology Program of the National Institutes of Health concluded that sccharin should be removed from the list of potential carcinogens.

Artificial Sweeteners (cont.)
Saccharin- 1970’s was linked with development of bladder cancer in lab rats. Warning Labels placed on products Studies determined not linked in human trials 2000 recommended saccharin be removed from list of potential carcinogens. No longer have to have warning. In 1970’s saccharin was linked with the development of bladder cancer in lab rats, which led Congress to mandate additional studies of saccharin and the presence of a warning label on saccharin-containing products until such warning could be shown to be unnecessary. Human studies then concluded the results found in rats were not relevant to humans and that saccharin is safe for human consumption. In 2000 the National Toxicology Program of the National Institutes of Health concluded that sccharin should be removed from the list of potential carcinogens.

Saccharin approved for use in: Beverages Fruit Juice Drinks Bases or Mixes Chewing Gum, Candy Baked Goods, Jams, Canned Fruit Vitamins and Pharmaceuticals Cosmetic Products

Saccharin- Effects on Intake NOT METABOLIZED IN THE BODY NOT DIGESTED PASSES THROUGH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM UNCHANGED DOESN’T REACT WITH DNA EXCRETED IN URINE

Aspartame- 1965, Most debated sweetener and most commonly used 1981 FDA approved as dry ingredient Used in a variety of foods 200 x’s sweeter than table sugar Aspartame, aka Nutrasweet, aka Equal, aka Sugar Twin is the most debated sweetener on the market. It was discovered in 1965 and was approved by the FDA as a dry ingredient in foods in It’s used in a variety of foods and is 200 x sweeter than table sugar. More than 100 studies support its safety.

Aspartame approved use in: Chewing gum Cold breakfast cereals Dry bases- beverages, instant coffee, gelatins, puddings, fillings and dairy products Carbonated beverages General purpose sweetener Aspartame is one the most exhaustively studied substances in the human food supply, with more than 100 studies supporting its safety. FDA scientist have reviewed scientific data regarding the safety of aspartame in food and concluded that it is safe for the general population under certain conditions.

Aspartame Warning Label is required to be included on all products due to it contains phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a condition in which the body doesn’t metabolize phenylalanine

ASPARTAME WARNING

ASPARTAME Enzymes in stomach & intestine breaks down into Phenylalanine, Aspartate &Methanol Methanol is transported to Liver Enzymes convert Phenylalanine into Tyrosine Enzymes convert Tyrosine into L-Dopa When ingested, the body breaks down ASPARTAME into Phenylalanine, Aspartate & Methanol. Phenylalanine and aspartate are broken down in the stomach and intestine while the methanol is transported to the liver for detoxification. Methanol is very dangerous, but little is produced by the breakdown (10% by weight) the result on the body is negligible. Enzymes convert Phenlalanine into Tyrosine, Tyrosine converted into L-Dopa and then into neurotransmitters.

Acesulfame Potassium (Ace-K) 1988, FDA Approved Heat Stable Used In: Frozen desserts Beverages Baked goods 200 x’s sweeter than sugar Acesulfame Potassium, aka Acesulfame K, or aka Ace-K, More than 90 studies support its safety. Brand Sunett or Sweet One

Acesulfame Potassium (Ace-K) 95% excreted unchanged in the urine Does not provide energy Does not influence potassium intake

Sucralose 1998 FDA Approved Used in variety of foods 600 x’s sweeter than table sugar Sucralose, aka Splenda…FDA approved 1998 to be used in 15 food categories. Used in baked goods, beverages, chewing gum, gelatins, frozen dairy desserts and general purpose sweetener. More than 110 safety studies have been reviewed by FDA in approving the use of sucralose.

Sucralose 85% not absorbed Excreted unchanged in feces other % excreted unchanged in urine

Neotame 2002 FDA Approved Heat Stable 7,000-13,000 x’s sweeter than sugar Neotame aka Newtame, approved for use as a general purpose sweetener and flavor enhancer in foods except in meat and poultry. Approved in 2002 by FDA. Produced by same company who produces aspartame. 113 animal and human studies designed to identify possible toxic effects, including effects on the immune system, reproductive and nervous system.

Neotame Partially absorbed in small intestine Rapidly excreted in urine and feces Methanol by product picked up by the liver Partially absorbed in small intestine and rapidly metabolized. The absorbed portion is rapidly excreted in urine and feces. Small amount of methanol is detoxified in liver.

Steviol glycosides “Natural” 2008 GRAS x’s sweeter than sugar Whole-leaf Stevia or crude stevia extracts are NOT considered GRAS Steviol Glycosides are natural derivatives of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a plant native to parts of South America aka as Stevia. It is deemed the “Natural” alternative to artificial sweeteners. NOTE: Crude stevia extracts are not FDA approved, refined stevia products such as Truvia are GRAS.

Advantame 2014 FDA Approved 20,000 x’s sweeter than sugar Newest on the Market. From the makers of aspartame, it doesn’t need a label as of yet for containing small amount of aspartame which includes phenylalanine. 37 animal and human studies designed to identify possible toxic effects, including effects on the immune system, reproductive and developmental systems, and nervous system. FDA also reviewed pharmacokinetic and carcinogenicity studies.

Why is there a Market for Sugar Substitutes?
Sugar intake = Energy intake Diet Quality Risk for obesity, pre-diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, heart disease Higher intake of added sugars is associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality, which can increase the risk for obesity, pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

High Intensity Sweeteners are commonly used as Sugar Substitutes because they are many times sweeter than sugar but contribute only a few to no calories when added to foods.

Dietary Guidelines: USDA + DHHS publish every 5 years Americans age 2 and up Basis of federal nutrition policy for programs Guide local, state and national health promotion Inform various organizations and industries Dietary Guidelines, a joint effort of USDA and Department of Health and Human Services published every 5 years, reflect the body of nutrition science to promote health and prevent chronic disease, guidelines for all americans age 2 and up. Form the basis of federal nutrition policy for programs. Help guide local, state and national health promotion and informs various organizations and industries (products developed and marketed by the food and beverage industry)

2010 Dietary Guidelines Control total energy intake Eating patterns low in energy density (calories) Cutback on foods and drinks with added sugars Drink few or no regular sodas Drink Unsweetened tea or coffee 2010 Dietary Guidelines may have contributed to the market use of sugar substitutes possibly due to the recommendation messages to control total energy intake and increase physical activity to manage body weight and encouraging Americans eating patterns that are low in energy density to improve weight loss and weight maintenance and may be associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in adults. Sugar subs in place of higher energy foods and beverages will decrease energy intake but evidence of their effectiveness for weight management is limited.

American Diabetes Association 2008 Position Statement on nutrition NNS (Sugar Substitutes) are safe following ADI Diabetes Management Carbohydrate Counting Carbohydrate selection NNS (Sugar Substitutes) assist with carbohydrate intake American Diabetes Association position statement on nutrition recommendations 2008, Sugar alcohols and nonnutritive sweeteners are safe when consumed within the daily intake levels established by the food and drug administration. Diabetes management recommendations inlcude monitoring carbohydrates by carbohydrate counting, choices, or experience based estimation to achieve glycemic control. Choosing NNS instead of NS is one method to assist with moderation carbohydrate intake.

Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
World’s Largest organization of food and nutrition professionals. Founded in Cleveland, Ohio in 1917 The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (formally known as The American Dietetic Association) is the World’s Largest Organization of food and nutrition professionals. Founded in Cleveland, Ohio in 1917, by a group of women dedicated to helping the government conserve food and improve the public’s health and nutrition during WWI.

75,000 + Members Improving the nation’s health Advancing the profession of Dietetics Research and Education 75,000 + Members Registered Dietitians Nutritionist (RDN) Dietetic Technicians Registered (DTR) Other Dietetic Professionals and students Committed to improving the nation’s health and advancing the profession of Dietetics through research and advocacy.

Key Role in Public’s food choices Leader in food and nutrition issues Provides expert testimony Hearings Lobbies Congress Comments on proposed federal and state regulations Develops Position Statements Members of the academy play a key role in shaping the public’s food choices thereby improving it’s nutritional status and in treating persons with illness or injuries. As a leader in food and nutrition issues, the Academy provides expert testimony at hearings, lobbies congress and other governmental bodies, comments on proposed federal and state regulations, and develops position statements on critical food and nutrition issues.

Safely enjoy a range Following federal nutrition recommendations: Dietary Guidelines Dietary Reference Intakes Individual health goals Personal Preference It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that consumers can safely enjoy a range of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners (artificial sweeteners aka sugar substitutes) when consumed within an eating plan that is guided by current federal nutrition recommendations, such as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes as well as individual health goals and personal preference. 2012

How much is safe to consume?
Regulatory Agencies Acceptable Dietary Intakes Maximum amount of food additive that can be safely consumed on a daily basis over a person’s lifetime without adverse effects. We’ve discussed the Artificial Sweeteners and how they are commonly used, now we’ll look at how much is safe to consume according to the regulatory agencies that set the ADI levels.

Saccharin ADI = 15mg/kg 40 mg in 20oz soda Aspartame ADI = 50mg/kg 200mg in 20oz soda Sucralose ADI = 5mg/kg 70mg in 20 oz soda ADI mg/kg body weight… Average amount of sugar substitute in 12oz can diet soda.

AcesulfameK ADI = 15mg/kg 40 mg in 12oz soda Stevia ADI =0-4mg/kg N/A

150 Pound Adult (ADI) Saccharin 2.4 (12oz sodas) 8.6 (packets) Aspartame 17 (12oz sodas) 97.4 (packets) Sucralose 4.8 (12 oz sodas) 68.2 (packets) If you are a 150 pound adult, it is acceptable/safe for you to consume 2.4 (12 oz cans of soda) containing saccharin or 8.6 (packets) of saccharin daily.

150 Pound Adult (ADI) AcesulfameK 25.6 (12oz soda 20.4 (packets) Stevia N/A 30 (packets) If you are a 150 pound adult, it is acceptable/safe for you to consume # (12 oz cans of soda) containing X or # (packets) of X daily.

50 Pound Child (ADI) Saccharin 0.8 (12oz sodas) 2.8 (packets) Aspartame 5.6 (12oz sodas) 32.4 (packets) Sucralose 1.6 (12 oz sodas) 22.8 (packets) For a 50 pound child, it is acceptable/safe to consume 0.8 (12 oz cans of soda) containing saccharin or 2.8 (packets) of saccharin daily.

50 Pound Child (ADI) AcesulfameK 8.6 (12oz soda 6.8 (packets) Stevia N/A 10 (packets) For a 50 pound child, it is acceptable/safe to consume # (12 oz cans of soda) containing X or #(packets) of X daily.

How to calculate? Body weight in kg mg of the sweetener in the product
mg of the ADI sweetener To calculate how many products containing a particular sweetener, First you need these three pieces of information.

To Convert body weight to kg
Step 1: 150# 2.2 kg 68kg To Convert body weight to kg Step 1: 150 pound male divided by 2.2kg = 68kg

Figure Amount of Sweetener
Step 2: mg product 140 mg ADI mg 5 mg 28 mg Figure Amount of Sweetener Step 2: figure the amount of the sweetener safe to consume based on the amount of the sweetener in the product divided by the recommended ADI.

Figure Amount of Product
Step 3: Body wt 68kg sweetener 28 mg 2.4 cans Figure Amount of Product Body wt in kg divided by the amount of the sweetener safe to consume = the amount of product safe to consume daily.

Summary:

Diet Soda: Do You or Don’t You?

References Food and Drug Administration. High- Intensity Sweeteners gLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm htm Accessed May 9, 2016. Food and Drug Administration. Determining the Regulatory Status of a Food Ingredient. gLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm htm Accessed May 9, 2016.

References Food and Drug Administration. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). gLabeling/GRAS/default.htm Accessed May 9, tory Accessed May 6, 2016 10 Artificial Sweeteners and Sugar Substitutes _12,00.html Accesses May 9, 2016

References e-ingredients/low-calorie- sweeteners/what-experts-say/ Accessed May 6, 2016 Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2012; 112 (5):

Diet Soda: Do You or Don’t You?

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