Chapter 14 Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Chapter 14 Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Emerging Adulthood Explore alternatives in education work personal values, behavior Routes to adult responsibility vary in timing order Develop a more complex self-concept Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © mimagephotography/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood
Explore in breadth, depth: Depth: higher in self-esteem, well-being, and adjustment Too much breadth: poor adjustment, anxiety, depression, deviant behavior Dual-cycle model: fluctuating between making new commitments and evaluating old ones Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Zurijeta/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Religion in Emerging Adulthood
Religious practice falls in late teens, twenties: 1 in 4 U.S. 18- to 29-year- olds unaffiliated with a particular faith Religion remains more important to American young people than in other Western nations Many construct individualized faith, weaving together diverse traditions Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Religiosity Among Cohorts of U.S. 18- to 29-Year-Olds
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Figure U.S. 18‐ to 29‐year‐olds’ religiosity across generations Figure 14.1 (Adapted from Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2010.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Worldview in Emerging Adulthood
“Generation me” controversy: Is there increased narcissism, materialism? Cohort evidence questions these claims Involvement in volunteerism, community service Voter turnout Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © michaeljung/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cultural Change, Cultural Variation, and Emerging Adulthood
entry-level positions require more education wealth, longevity free young people from immediate entry to work force Emerging adulthood largely limited to middle, high SES in industrialized nations wealthy, privileged few in developing countries Some researchers question whether emerging adulthood is a distinct period Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fostering Success in Emerging Adulthood
Resilience: cognitive attributes emotional attributes social attributes social support Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Andresr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy versus Isolation
Making a permanent commitment to intimate partner Giving up some independence, redefining identity Secure identity associated with fidelity Fosters favorable friendship and work relationships Isolation Hesitant to form close ties Fear of losing identity: competitive rejecting of differences threatened by closeness Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Levinson’s Early Adult Season
Early adult transition: dream: women have “split dreams” mentor “Age-30 transition”: men “settle down” women unsettled: occupational, relationship commitments Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © dotshock/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Vaillant’s Adaptation to Life in Men
intimacy concerns 30s career consolidation 40s generativity 50s and 60s “keepers of meaning” 70s spirituality, reflection Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Social Clock Age-graded expectations for life events Less rigid than in earlier generations Following social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability Distress if not following or falling behind Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © chaoss/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Selecting a Mate Most select partners similar to themselves Gender differences: women: intelligence, ambition, financial status, moral character men: attractiveness, domestic skills evolutionary perspective social learning view Higher value placed on attributes that contribute to relationship satisfaction Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © arek_malang/Shutterstock

Childhood Attachment and Adult Romantic Relationships
Attachment History Working Model Adult Relationships Secure comfortable with intimacy; unafraid of abandonment trust, happiness, friendship Avoidant emphasize independence, mistrust, anxiety about closeness jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure, unrealistic beliefs Resistant seek quick love, complete merging jealousy, desperation, emotional highs, lows Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy: warm, tender concern Passionate love: sexual attraction Companionate love: affection and caregiving Passionate love early, companionate love later Passion gradually fades while intimacy, commitment strengthen Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Keeping Love Alive Make time for the relationship. Tell your partner you love him or her. Be available when your partner needs you. Communicate constructively about problems. Show interest in important aspects of your partner’s life. Confide in your partner. Try to understand, forgive offenses. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Friendships in Early Adulthood
are usually similar in age, sex, SES, interests enhance self-esteem, make life more interesting Trust, intimacy, and loyalty continue to be important Contributions of social media Siblings as friends Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Adam Gregor/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gender and Friendship Same-Sex Friendships Gender differences: women’s more intimate Individual differences: longer friendships more intimate friendships preferred companions and confidants for single people Other-Sex Friendships Fewer than same-sex Educated, employed women have largest number Benefits to both genders: men: opportunity for emotional expressiveness women: new points of view Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Related to Loneliness
Age peaks in late teens, early twenties declines into seventies Circumstances frequent life transitions separated, divorced, widowed immigrants from collectivist to individualistic cultures Personal characteristics socially anxious insecure models of attachment socially unresponsive, defensive behaviors Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Age-Related Change in Emotional Distress Due to Loneliness
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Figure Changes in emotional distress due to loneliness from adolescence to late adulthood Figure 14.2 (Adapted from Rokach, 2001.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Family Life Cycle Early adulthood: leaving home joining families in marriage parenthood Middle adulthood: launching children Late adulthood: retirement death of spouse Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Leaving Home Average age of leaving increased over last 50 years: financial dependence is a factor More than 50% leave, return briefly Culture, SES, ethnicity affect ability to leave, interest in leaving Parents highly committed to helping young people move into adult roles Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trends in Marriage Marrying later 70% marry at least once Fewer marriages: staying single, cohabiting, not remarrying after divorce Trend toward legalization of same-sex marriage Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Pitcha Torranin/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Traditional and Egalitarian Marriages
Clear division of roles Woman: cares for husband, children, home Man: head of household, economic support Egalitarian Partners as equals: share authority balance in attention to jobs, children, home, spouse most well-educated women expect this form of marriage Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gender and Housework Hours
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Figure Women’s and men’s housework hours by women’s employment for couples in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States Figure 14.3 (From L. P. Cooke, 2010, “The Politics of Housework,” in J. Treas & S. Drobnic, [Eds.], Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women, and Household Work in Cross‐National Perspective, p. 70. Copyright © 2010 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Adapted with the permission of Stanford University Press, Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Related to Marital Satisfaction
Age at marriage Timing of first pregnancy Relationship to extended family Marital patterns in extended family Financial and employment status Family responsibilities Personality characteristics Positive biases of partner’s attributes Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Partner Abuse Committed by both men and women, but women more likely to be seriously injured Violence–remorse cycles common, related to personality developmental history family circumstances culture Existing treatments not very effective; need whole-family approach, services for men Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assaults by Intimate Partners Against Women
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Figure Assaults by intimate partners against women in seven nations Figure 14.4 (From Kaya & Cook, 2010; World Health Organization, 2000, 2005.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trends in Having Children
In United States, fewer married couples have children (70%) Delay having first child Decline in family size: U.S. average of 2.1 children per woman Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Rob Marmion/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Decision to Have Children
Advantages Warmth, affection Stimulation, fun Growth, learning experiences Carry on legacy Sense of accomplishment Disadvantages Loss of freedom Role overload Financial strain Impinge on woman’s career Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transition to Parenthood
Parental roles often become more traditional with first birth with second birth, pull back from traditional roles Typically mild decline in relationship satisfaction; sharing child care predicts happiness Later parenthood eases transition: attainment of occupational goals more life experience stronger relationship Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Parenting With young children: effective parents work together as coparenting team challenges: few social supports, hard to find child care With adolescents: brings sharp changes challenges: negotiation of roles, dip in family life satisfaction Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Parent Education Parenting books, magazines, websites Social networks, media, especially for mothers Classes Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Creativa/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Singlehood Increasing: 8%–10% remain single for life Gender differences: women more likely to stay single more well-educated women, uneducated men single after age 30 Ethnic differences: African Americans single longer Stressful periods: late twenties mid-thirties for women Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cohabitation Increase in unmarried, sexually intimate couples living together Preparation for marriage vs. alternative to marriage: North Americans who cohabit before engagement more likely to divorce In Western Europe, cohabiters nearly as committed as married people Homosexual cohabiters report strong commitment Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Childlessness Involuntary: no parenthood partner infertile may be dissatisfied Voluntary: usually college-educated and committed to prestigious jobs About 20% of women Negative stereotypes weakening Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Divorce Rates Stabilized since 1980s In U.S., about 45%: about 10% higher for remarriages soon after first marriage Most common times: first seven years, midlife young children and adolescents involved Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Yuriy Rudyy/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Causes and Factors in Divorce
Ineffective problem solving Separate lives Major problems: infidelity, money issues, substance abuse Background factors: age, religion, prior divorce, family background SES Gender roles, expectations Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Consequences of Divorce
Major change in life and self-image opportunities for positive and negative outcomes Immediate consequences generally subside in 2 years disrupted social networks, support increased anxiety, depression, impulsivity traditional women, noncustodial fathers may have more problems New partner enhances life satisfaction more crucial for men Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Remarriage After Divorce
Most remarry within 4 years of divorce: men sooner than women Vulnerable to breakup: reasons for marriage: too focused on practical matters carry over negative interaction patterns view divorce as acceptable resolution stepfamily stress Takes 3 to 5 years to blend new family: education, couples/family counseling can help Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Variant Styles of Parenthood
Stepparents Never-married single parents Gay and lesbian parents Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Stuart Jenner/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Stepparents Stepmothers: experience more parent–child conflict Stepfathers: those with children establish positive bonds faster Relationship quality varies widely Higher divorce rate than for remarried couples without stepchildren Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Never-Married Single Parents
Affects 11% of U.S. children Predominantly African-American women: reliance on extended family Increased financial hardship for low-SES women Paternal involvement: reliability of biological father stepfather–stepchild relationships Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © H. Tuller/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gay and Lesbian Parents
20%–35% of lesbians, 5%–15% of gay men Children of heterosexual past relationships, adoption, or assisted reproduction Children do not differ from peers cognitively, socially May build “families of choice” Stigma a major concern Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Dubova/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Career Development in Early Adulthood
Disappointment near start of career is common: many job changes in twenties national economy affects career paths Adjust expectations to opportunities to advance Effective mentors enhance adjustment, success Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Odua Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Challenges to Women’s Career Development
Discontinuous career paths: leave for child rearing, family care Gender gap in salary affected by college major choice Low self-efficacy for male-dominated fields Gender stereotyping Few mentoring opportunities Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Ethnic Minorities’ Career Development
Racial bias in workplace remains strong: harder to find a job harder to improve employability Ethnic minority women face combined discrimination: successful women have high self-efficacy Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Racial/Ethnic Hiring Bias
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Figure Relationship of job applicant race/ethnicity to employer callbacks and job offers Figure 14.5 (From D. Pager, B. Western, & B. Bonikowski, “Discrimination in a Low‐Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment,” American Sociological Review, 74, p. 785, copyright © 2009, American Sociological Association. Adapted by permission of SAGE Publications.) Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Work–Family Balance Dual-earner marriages are common; most have children Role overload: widespread problem magnified for women in low-status jobs Workplace supports: time-flexible policies Effective balancing benefits both home and work life Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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