1. APA Style Workshop II: In-Text Citations and References
Workshop Objective:
Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of APA formatting of in-text citations and references in order to avoid plagiarism.

2. Why Do We Use In-Text Citations and References?
To give credit to the original author(s) of the source materials.
To allow readers the ability to locate the original text and read more about the ideas presented in your paper.
*Note: When in doubt, cite the material in order to avoid plagiarism.

3. When Does Plagiarism Occur?
When you fail to cite quotations and borrowed ideas.
When you fail to use quotation marks when borrowing the direct language of the author in your paper.
When you fail to put summaries in your own words.

4. Three Rules to Remember
When using ideas, concepts, or information from a source other than your own knowledge, you must: 1. Summarize that information (paraphrase) in your OWN words or, 2. Borrow an author’s EXACT words but enclose those words in QUOTATIONS. 3. Give credit to your source.
What is the difference between quoting and paraphrasing?

5. What is a Paraphrase?
Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s original thoughts/ideas into your own words.
Paraphrasing serves as an alternative to directly quoting a source and can add variety to your paper.
The mental process of paraphrasing enhances your ability to grasp the original concept.

6. What is a Direct Quote?
A direct quote means that you have taken an author’s original and exact wording and copied it into your paper.
You can do this as long as you enclose the quote in quotations and give credit to the author.

7. Do I Paraphrase or Quote?
There are no specific rules for choosing, but as a general rule of thumb, follow these steps.
Try to summarize the idea you want to include in your paper/project.
Write down your summary.
Read your summary and then read the author’s original wording. If your summary is too close to the original, you must re-summarize OR if you can not create a summary in your own words, simply borrow the author’s words and put them in quotes.

8. I Chose to Paraphrase, Now What?
Reread the original passage until you understand the main idea.
Set aside the original passage and write down your interpretation of the passage on a note card.
Look at the original passage and see if your paraphrase accurately expressed the main ideas in a new way.
Record the source (author, date).

9. HELP! I Can’t Paraphrase an Idea
It is okay if you cannot paraphrase some ideas.
At times, there is no other way to express someone else’s idea. Maybe the author chose language that you cannot reword and still maintain its original meaning.
Ex. “Entrepreneurs are risk-takers.”
Risk-takers is hard to reword. The only way to rewrite this is to say, entrepreneurs take risks. This is too close to the author’s original words. Don’t panic. In this case, it is okay to use a direct quote.

10. Paraphrasing Activities
Let’s take a look at some incorrect and correct paraphrases and direct quotes. *After you choose to paraphrase or quote, you must give credit to the original source.
Hand out paper of examples and then handout of activity to paraphrase 1 direct quote. Will do on their own and then share with a partner. Fix if needed and pick one per partner to share with class. Do not worry about the author and date yet. We will get to that after slide 15.

11. How Do We Give Credit to a Source?
2 Musts: 1. In-text citations in the body. 2. Reference list: the corresponding and more detailed version of where you found the in-text citations listed at the end of your paper. Formatting will depend on your source - where you found your information. Books, journals, websites, etc. are all cited and referenced differently.

12. How Do We Give Credit to a Source?
The easiest way to remember how to cite, is to follow the author-date method.
This method requires the author's last name and the year of publication to appear in every in-text citation.
Paraphrases include: (Jones, 2013)
Direct quotes include: (Jones, 2013, p. 45)
*all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the references list at the end of your paper.

13. In-Text Citations: Incorporating Sources
Once you find the author, date, and page number of your citation, work on introducing your citation.
A simple way to introduce a quotation or paraphrase is with a signal phrase.
A signal phrase includes: the author’s name and the year of publication (and the page number if you are directly quoting).

14. Signal Phrase Examples for Direct Quotes
According to Jones (2010), “the iPhone is better than the Android” (p.4).
Jones (2010) argued that “the iPhone is better than the Android” (p.4).
According to Jones, “the iPhone is better than the Android” (2010, p.4).
Jones argued that “the iPhone is better than the Android” (2010, p.4)
Do we have all three pieces of information we need?

15. Signal Phrase Examples for Paraphrases
Jones suggests that Androids are not as efficient cell phones as their counterparts, Apple’s iPhones (2010).
In 2010, Jones argued that Androids were not as efficient cell phones as their counterparts, Apple’s iPhones.
Do we have both the author and date? Go back to activity they just did and have them add signal phrases.

16. I Have My Source Information and Chose My To Paraphrase or Quote, Now What?
Formatting!

17. Formatting Short Quotes
When directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199, 1998).
What happens if my source does not have an author? That’s okay. You can use the title of the source.
According to Essays in Education, “students often had difficulty using APA style" (1998, p. 199).

18. Formatting Long Quotes
Place direct quotations that are more than 40 words in a free-standing block; omit quotation marks.
Begin the quotation on a new line, indented .5 inches from the left margin.
Type the entire quotation on the new margin. Indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation .5 inches from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout.
The source information comes after the closing punctuation mark.
Example:
Jones's (1998) study found the following:     Students often had difficulty using APA style,     especially when it was their first time citing sources.     This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many     students failed to  purchase a style manual or to ask        their teacher for help. (p. 199)

19. Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase
You only have to reference the author and year of publication in your in-text citation.
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
Or,
According to Jones, APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (1998).
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
There are many ways to include the author and date. Your preference is up to you. I like to use the least amount of parenthesis to make the page look cleaner. My suggestion is to choose one way and use this throughout your paper. This will maintain consistency and make your paper easier on the eye to read.

20. Creating a Reference List
Type References at the top of the last page of your project. Center it. Do not bold. (See References handout)
Entries should all be double-spaced and in alphabetical order.
Flush left the first line of the entry and apply hanging indents to subsequent lines. (See References handout)
There a lot of rules and it can be overwhelming. In the packet are the most common concerns and rules to help you. This is not a complete list, but contains information about the most used sources and most common formatting issues.

21. How Do I Format My Sources in the Reference List?
1. Identify the type of source. Is it a journal? A book? A webpage?
2. Find a sample of the source that you need.
3. Write down all the source’s information that you have. (author, publication date, title of document, pages, etc.)

22. How Do I Format My Sources in the Reference List?
4. Format your reference according to the sample you found in step 2.
*If you are missing any of the information that is included in the sample, that is okay. Simply omit it from your reference and continue.
Jones, A. (1998). Essays in education. Literacy Journal, (10)3, doi: fajfj82400anf7.
No issue #:
Jones, A. (1998). Essays in education. Literacy Journal, 3, doi: fajfj82400anf7.
When in doubt, follow the guidelines in the APA style guide. We encourage you to come to WC for help with this. Refer to handouts or APA book for help formatting specific source types. Come to WC with any questions.

23. References
Hacker, D. & Sommers, N. (2011). A Writer’s Reference (2nd ed.). Boston: MA Bedford/St. Martin’s. Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from