1. OVERVIEW OF MICROBES

2. Taxonomy is the science of classification and the goal of it is to group organisms into categories based on their evolutionary relationships.
However, this is difficult because we do not always know the evolutionary relationships of organisms and often are methods are based on criteria that do not accurately reflect actual relationships.

4. DOMAIN ARCHEA The Archeabacteria: Are prokaryotes
differ from the eubacteria
are the “leftovers” of the first living organisms
generally are found in harsh environments

5. Some Archeabacteria Extreme thermophiles Methanogens Sulfolobus
Pyrodictium occultum
Methanogens
Methanobrevibacter
Methanobacterium

7. DOMAIN BACTERIA

8. Anaerobic chemoorganotrophs (fermenters)

9. Clostridia - spore formers, Gram positive, bacilli, strict anaerobes
Clostridia - spore formers, Gram positive, bacilli, strict anaerobes. Serious diseases such as gangrene (Clostridium perfringens), botulism (C. botulinum), and tetanus (C. tetani)

10. Lactic Acid - Gram positive organisms, produce lactic acid, catalase negative organisms. From mouth, vagina, milk and diary products. Medically significant species: Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) & Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (erysipeloid).
Also, Streptococcus, Enterococcus etc. that are microaerophiles. Medically important species: Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat, rheumatic fever etc.), S. agalactiae (severe infections in newborns), & S. pneumoniae (otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis)

11. The genus, Propionibacterium, contains Gram + bacilli some of which are important in the dairy industry

12. Anoxygenic Phototrophs, probably the earliest photosynthetic bacteria.
Anoxygenic Phototrophs, probably the earliest photosynthetic bacteria

13. Purple sulfur bacteria are large and are found in sulfur rich habitats but purple non-sulfur bacteria do not use sulfur.
There are also green sulfur and non-sulfur bacteria.

14. Oxygenic Phototrophs include the cyanobacteria.

15. There are more than 60 genera.
Some fix nitrogen, others oxidize hydrogen and others are nitrifiers.

16. Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
include the Sulfur oxidizing bacteria
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Bright spots are intracellular sulfur globules. Photo by A.S. Engel.

17. Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
Some are obligate aerobes
Others are facultative anaerobes

18. Obligate aerobes

19. The pseudomonads - motile rods with polar flagella
The pseudomonads - motile rods with polar flagella. Many produce pigments. Many are free-living, but some such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cause infections esp. in immunocompromised.

20. Micrococci - Gram positive, spherically shaped bacteria, found on human skin, on dust, inanimate objects, and in soil. Micrococcus luteus

21. Mycobacteria include harmless species and those that are medically important (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae). They typically stain poorly with the Gram stain

22. Facultative anaerobes

23. Staphylococci - arranged in clusters, catalase positive
Staphylococci - arranged in clusters, catalase positive. Staphylococcus aureus (sepsis, Toxic Shock Syndrome etc.).

24. Enterobacteria – coliforms or that are free-living, possess peritrichous flagella. Medical significant species: Escherichia coli (normal flora but also meningitis, diarrhea, utis), Klebsiella pneumomiae (normal flora but also pneumonia), Proteus mirabilis (normal flora, utis), Serratia marcescens (normal flora, utis), Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever), S. typhimurium (food poisoning), Shigella dysenteriae (dysentery), & Yersinia pestis (plague).

25. Corynebacterium - Gram + bacilli
Corynebacterium - Gram + bacilli. Some species are part of the normal flora, while there are some disease causing species e.g., Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

26. Miscellaneous bacteria

27. Spirochetes -spirally shaped bacteria, flexible cell wall and axial filaments. Medically significant spirochetes include: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), T. pertenue (yaws), Leptospira interrogans (leptospirosis), Borrelia recurrentis and B. hermisii (relapsing fever), and B. burgdorferi (Lyme disease).

28. Curviform Gram - Bacteria include many saphrophytic species that live in aquatic habitats and bdellovibrios (which prey upon other species of bacteria). Medically significant curviform bacteria include: Campylobacter jejuni (bacterial gastroenteritis), and Spirilium minus (rat bite fever).
Source: Contracted from untreated drinking water, infected pets, and when contaminated meat, poultry, milk, or shellfish is eaten raw or undercooked. Symptoms (after eating): Onset: 2-10 days; severe diarrhoea (possibly bloody), cramps, fever, and headache lasting 1-10 days.

29. Vibrios - curved or straight Gram – bacteria. Some are luminescent
Vibrios - curved or straight Gram – bacteria. Some are luminescent. The medically significant vibrios include: Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus.

30. Rickettsias – small, generally unable to reproduce outside of their host’s cells. The rickettsias are responsible for such diseases as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsia) and Q disease (Coxiella burnetii).

31. Chlamydias - lack peptidoglycan, two forms in their life cycle
Chlamydias - lack peptidoglycan, two forms in their life cycle.Medically significant species include Chlamydia trachomatis (the causative organism of a very common STD).

32. Mycoplasmas - a diverse group of bacteria that are grouped together because they all lack cell walls. Some species are free living while others cause disease in both plants and animals (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae)

33. DOMAIN EUKARYA

34. KINGDOM PROTISTA

35. Algae
Many of the algae have a beneficial effect on humans and other organisms (e.g., photosynthesis).
Some algae do produce toxins that cause problems in marine ecosystems (paralytic shellfish poisoning).

36. Red tides can result from large numbers of the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve or be caused by Gonyaulax (more serious).

37. Pfisteria piscida is a protist that causes high mortality in fish and also serious skin and neurological problems in other vertebrates (including humans).

38. Other protists

39. Mastigophora posses one or more flagella
Mastigophora posses one or more flagella. Some species are free living and many are live symbiotically with other organisms (e.g., Trichonympha ). Medically significant flagellates include: Trypanosoma sps. (Chaga’s disease and sleeping sickness), and Giardia lamblia (Hiker’s diarrhea).

40. Ciliata possess cilia. Examples include Paramecium (a free living species) and one parasite, Balantidium coli.

41. Sarcodina move by cytoplasmic streaming which results in amoeboid movement. Medically significant examples include: Entamoeba histolytica (Traveler’s diarrhea) and Naegleria fowleri (encephalitis).

42. Sporozoans are non-motile and form spores
Sporozoans are non-motile and form spores. Examples include: Plasmodium sps. (malaria) and Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)

43. KINGDOM MYCETEAE

44. Many fungi are saphrophytic and play an important role in nutrient cycling.

45. Many species cause disease in plants (e. g
Many species cause disease in plants (e.g., Dutch elm disease) and a few species cause disease in humans.

46. Some species are single-celled organisms (e. g. , yeasts)
Some species are single-celled organisms (e.g., yeasts). Many of the fungi that cause disease in humans are opportunistic (e.g., Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans etc.)

47. a few species (four) are true pathogens (e. g
a few species (four) are true pathogens (e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum).

48. Some species of fungi are also involved in allergies and others are responsible for various skin infections (mycoses).

49. KINGDOM ANIMALIAE

50. Animals
Animals that are included in microbiology or parasitology include:
The helminth worms e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichinella , Dracunculus medinensis , and Wucheria bancrofti
The flukes e.g., Schistosoma (blood fluke) and the Oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis
The other flatworms or tapeworms (e.g., Taenia saginata and T. solium)

51. Dracunculus

52. Ascaris

53. Schistosoma

54. Taenia

55. Viruses

56. The stages of viral infection are:
1. Attachment to the host’s cells
2. Penetration of the host cell (injection of the nucleic acid core)
3. Synthesis of nucleic acid and capsids
4. Assembly of new viruses
5. Lysis of the host cell with release of the viruses

58. Emerging viruses include:
Ebola
Hantavirus
Marburg
SSARs virus

59. Prions diseases include:
BSE, Kuru etc.
"The United States Department of Agriculture tests approximately  .03 percent of U.S. slaughtered cattle for mad cow disease in their random spot tests

60. Creekstone Farms Premium Beef, LLC is a conventional and angus beef producer and limited liability company with livestock based in Campbellsburg, Kentucky and processing and sales in Arkansas City, Kansas. The CEO of Creekstone, John Stewart (who is also the owner of the Triad Foods Group) founded the company in 1995 along with his wife, Carol Stewart. Creekstone Farms is also co-owned by Sun Capital Partners. The majority of their distributors are not chains, but Publix does distribute their products in some states.
Creekstone Farms is most well known for its attempt to test all of its beef for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease"). At a cost of about half a million dollars, Creekstone built a testing lab, the first inside a U. S. meat packing plant, and hired the necessary personnel. In 2004, however, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which controls the sale of testing kits, refused to sell Creekstone enough to test all of its cows.
The USDA's stated position was that allowing any meatpacking company to test every cow would undermine the agency's official position that random testing was scientifically adequate to assure safety. The USDA also claims that testing does not ensure food safety because the disease is difficult to detect in younger animals. An alternative position is that the USDA's objection is the result of pressure from larger meatpacking operations. The president of the National Cattlemen's Beef Association told the Washington Post that "If testing is allowed at Creekstone, we think it would become the international standard and the domestic standard, too." Creekstone Farms says tests cost about $20 per animal, increasing the cost of beef by about 10 cents per pound. The USDA currently tests about 1 percent of cattle slaughtered in the U.S.
From wikipedia

61. End of notes for Exam II