1. Classification of Bacteria

2. Taxonomy The science of classification

3. Haeckel’s 3 Kingdoms Plant Animal Protista

4. Carl Woese’s 3 Domains Based on rRNA nucleotide sequences Why use this as a basis for classification?

6. Organisms in the 3 Domains Eukarya - kingdoms: plantae, animalia, fungi, protists Archaea - prokaryotes Bacteria - prokaryotes

7. 2 Types of Prokaryotic Cells Eubacteria –cell walls contain peptidoglycan –different nucleotide sequences in rRNA –different membrane lipids Archaebacteria –no peptidoglycan –rRNA –lipids –live in extreme environments ex. Thermoacidophiles Extreme halophiles Methanogens http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html

8. Comparison of Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya

9. Naming organisms (nomenclature) Binomial system uses 2 names Genusspecies ex. Bacillussubtilis ex. Clostridiumtetani ex. Staphylococcusaureus Is tubercle bacillus the scientific name of an organism or a common name?

11. Taxonomic Categories Order ends in –ales in fungi, plantae & bacteria Family ends in- aceae in fungi, plantae & bacteria

12. Species of bacteria - “population of cells with similar characteristics” Strain of bacteria - “group of cells derived from a single cell” ex. Staphylococcus aureus 13578

13. Classification vs. Identification Techniques Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology uses: microscopic appearance biochemical reactions growth requirements serology phage typing Classification or identification??

14. Biochemical Tests

15. Serology Slide Agglutination Test

16. Phage Typing

17. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology establishes phylogenetic relationships by: amino acid sequencing protein analysis rRNA sequencing – ribotyping –Why is rRNA rather than other types of RNA used? Chapter 10 nucleic acid hybridization Classification or identification??

18. DNA Hybridization

19. Identification vs. Classification

20. Spirochetes Axial filaments for motility Examples: Treponema pallidum - syphillis Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease Leptospira interrogans - leptospirosis

21. Axial Filaments Movement of spirochetes Bundles of fibrils that arise at the end of the cell beneath the outer sheath & spiral around the cell Ex. Treponema pallidum Structure Filament Hook Basal body

22. Campylobacter jejuni microaerophilic motile vibrio Gram negative animals esp poultry & cattle grows @ 42 o C most commonly identified bacterial cause of diarrhea in world (CDC) –unpasteurized milk –food

23. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram negative aerobic rod “bacillus of blue-green pus” –pyocyanin pigment fermented grape smell normal flora –skin & intestine unusual carbon sources antibiotic resistant infections –wound, ear, urinary, respiratory, burns

24. Gram negative aerobic cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pus Neisseria meningitidis Branhamella catarrhalis

25. Enterobacteriales Non-pathogens Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Serratia Etc. Family- enterobacteriaceae Describe the microscopic appearance of these organisms.

26. Enterobacteriaceae cont’d Pathogens Salmonella (typhi) –typhoid fever Shigella (dysenteriae) –bacillary dysentery Yersinia (pestis) –bubonic plague Can you see why the family, enterobacteriaceae, has been referred to as the Colon-typhoid-dysentery group? Can you differentiate the pathogens from the non- pathogens microscopically? All members of Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes. Meaning?

27. Vibrionales Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Shape? Facultatively anaerobic

28. Hemophilus influenzae Aerobic Gram negative rod Normal flora in intestine and respiratory tract Most common cause of meningitis in children –Hib vaccine Also causes otitis media, pneumonia, epiglottitis Why is the name of this organism misleading? What can you learn from the name?

29. Bacteroidaceae - Bacteroides fragilis Gram negative anaerobic rods Found in the human intestine & mouth –95% of the bacteria in a stool specimen & 20% of the weight! –One billion per gram of feces! Most common anaerobe isolated from infections –appendicitis, peritonitis, complicate abdominal surgery

30. Rickettsia & Chlamydia Gram negative obligate intracellular parasites Rickettsia transmitted to humans by insects & ticks Ex. Rickettsia rickettsii - Rocky Mountain spotted fever

31. Chlamydia Not transmitted by insects Chlamydia trachomatis Causes: 1.Trachoma - world’s leading infectious cause of blindness Middle East, North Africa, India 2.Non-gonococcal urethritis common std in U.S.

32. Chlamydia psittaci causes: 1. Psittacosis (“parrot fever”) 2. Ornithosis Chlamydia pneumoniae - pneumonia

33. Mycoplasmas No cell wall –pleomorphic –penicillin sensitive or resistant? Smallest free-living organisms Microscopic fried-egg colonies Ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

34. Gram Positive Cocci StaphylococcusStreptococcus Micrococcus luteus

35. Staphylococcus aureus Gram positive cocci, clusters Yellow pigment Causes –common food poisoning –surgical wound infections resistance –toxic shock syndrome

36. Streptococcus pyogenes Gram positive cocci in chains Diseases –pharyngitis (sore throat) –scarlet fever * –erysipelas * * look for a description of this disease

37. Endospore-Forming Gram Positive Rods Bacillales - Bacillus –aerobes or facultative anaerobes –common in soil –ex. Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis Clostridiales - Clostridium –obligate anaerobes –found in soil –diseases tetanus (Clostridium tetani), botulism (C. botulinum), gas gangrene (C. perfringens)

38. Spore-Forming Organisms Bacillus cereus - spore stain Clostridium tetani - Gram stain

39. Corynebacterium Characteristics of Corynebacterium sp.: pleomorphic Gram positive rod metachromatic granules unusual arrangements –palisades –Chinese letters C.diphtheriae causes diphtheria

40. Mycobacteria Characteristics of Mycobacterium sp. Gram positive small rods acid-fast –mycolic acid complexed with peptidoglycan (waxy) diseases: –tuberculosis –leprosy (M. leprae) Acid-fast stain of sputum showing Mycobacterium tuberculosis

41. Streptomycetes Characteristics of Streptomyces: mold-like bacteria –branching, spores produce geosmin –soil smell several species produce antibiotics –ex. streptomycin

42. The End!