1. Unit 2
ISLAMIC CIVILISATION

2. Arab-muslim-islamic
Arab: relative to people. Semitical group originally from the Arabian Peninsula
Muslim: relates to a person who follows or receive the religion of Islam.
Islamic: cultural aspects from the historical muslim people.

3. The five pillars of Islam
1- Faith. There is no God but Allah and Muhammad His prophet.
2- Prayer. Muslims have to pray 5 times a day oriented toward Mecca and on Fridays go to the mosque.
3- Charity. (Zakat). Give money and provide goods to unprivilege or poor people.
4- Fasting. No eat during the month of Ramadan (9th month of muslim calendar), from dawn to dusk.
5- Pilgrimage. Muslims have to go to Mecca at least once in their life.

5. Muslim Calendar
The current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October to 21 September 2017.[2]
It started in 622 when Muhammad was expelled from Mecca and he went to Medina

6. Timeline
622 CE Hijira - Muhammad and followers flee to Medina. Islamic calendar (AH, Anno Hegirae) begins.
632 Death of Muhammad. Abu Bakr chosen as caliph
656 Uthman is murdered; Ali becomes fourth caliph.
661 Ali is murdered; Muawiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate ( ). h.
711 Arab armies enter Spain from North Africa.
732 Muslim empire reaches its furthes extent. Battle of Poitiers prevents further advance northwards.

7. 750 Abu Abbas becomes caliph in Iraq
929 Umayyad Abd al-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba.
1031. Taifas Kingdom in al-Andalus
1258 Mongols capture Baghdad; city is sacked and caliph is killed. End of Abbasid caliphate.
1453 Mehmet Fatih conquers Constantinople..
1492 Castile and Aragon capture Granada. All Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain.

8. Expansion of Islam. Orthodox Caliphs (632-661)
Abu Bakr ( ).
Umar ).
Uthman ( ).
Ali ( ).

9. Umayyah Caliphate (661 – 750)
Umayyah was a syrian dinasty, from Damascus. They were arabs and ruled the empire for almost one century.
Umayyah family was assasinated by Abbasid family (from Baghdad) in 750 and only one member of this dinasty was able to escape: ABD-AL –RAHMAN. He hid in al-Andalus, in Cordova and there settled the new political organisation of the emirate. ( , Independent emirate). .

10. Abbasid Caliphate ( )
A family from Baghdad (Iraq). The took the power after the killing of Umayyah dinasty in 750.
During this period, Islamic empire spread across Europe, Asia and Africa. Most splendourous period with this dinasty. They have to fight against different enemies (Christians, Byzantines, Mongols, persians, etc.
Finally, in 1258, ottomans, from Anatolian Peninsula (Turkie), defeated abbasids and with them, started a new era in Islamic political evolution.

11. Political organisation
Empire was divided in koras (provinces)
Empire was ruled by the CALIPH. The highest political and religious authority, consider the Prophet´s successor.
Officials of the Caliphate:
Vizier. Central administration
Valis (wali). Governor of the province of the empire
Diwan: Royal treasurer. Collecting taxes
Cadi (Qadi): Justice administration according to the rules of Koran.

12. Al- Andalus
(711 – 1031)

14. Andalusi Society

16. Population on the Iberian Peninsula from 8th century
Arabs (syrians) – Predominant and privileged people.
Berbers (from Northern Africa, not arabs but Muslims)
Hispano-romans (visigothic) could be:
Muladis (converted into Islam)
Mozarabs (Christians in Islamic territory)
Jews (People of the Book)
Christians and Jews were tolerated but paying taxes.

17. Political organisation
Al-Andalus

18. Al- Andalus during Middle Ages
Dependant emirate ( )
Dependant of Damascus. Ruled by an emir
Independant Emirate ( )
Independant of Baghdad after the murderer of the Umayyad dinasty. Abd-al-Rahman
Caliphate of Cordova. Umayyah Caliphate ( ) Abd-al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph.
The most splendorous period in Middle Ages in al- Andalus (political, economic and cultural relevance)

20. Islamic cities

21. Islamic city

23. Muslim Art and culture
Cultural splendour: Islamisation and arabisation
Fusion culture: Greek and Rome, as well India and China.
Mathematics: Geometry and Algebra. Number 0.
Astronomy: Astrolabe for sailing. Compass, Islamic calendar
Philosophy: Aristotle , Averroes
History: Al-Tabari . First book of Universal History
Literature: Ibn Hazm de Cordoba
Alchemy: discovered alcohol, sulfuric acid, etc.
Medicine: Averroes. Hospital fundations

24. Art Muslims assimilated shapes and techniques from many cultures.
Main buildings were mosques and palaces.
Their buildings are richly decorated with stuccoes, tiles, wooden ceilings...
Horseshoe arch was the most typical in Muslim architecture.
They were iconophobes, they thus did not depict people, just geometrical, vegetal or graphic shapes.
Bronze, pottery, ivory and tapestries were appreciated by Muslims and were widely produced.

25. Andalusí Art
The two most important constructions during this period ( 8th-10th centuries) were the mosque of Cordova and Madinat al-Zahra, also in Cordova.
We can also highlight the most beautiful and important building in the Taifa Nasri Kingdom (Granada): The Alhambra. It was started to built in the last years of 9th century. And from 13th century was used as a royal palace

27. Madinat al-Zahra

29. Islamic Art in Toledo
Mosque Cristo de la Luz (Toledo)

31. ECONOMY
AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND CRAFTS

32. Agriculture

36. Craftwork