1. MEASURING AND CUTTING
Chapter 4

2. Reading a ruler powerpoint
Go over this powerpoint first:
s/math-resources
Give students the ‘ruler’ diagram and tape in notebooks
Fill in the sixteenths
Write down info on last slide
Students work on the 2 measurement drawing wksts as their ‘problem of the week’
Due Next Monday.

3. When making measurements- you must answer these questions….
How thick? How wide? How long? What are the angles? What are the diameters and depths? ***Accurate measurement and cutting are key processes in successful woodworking.

4. Helpful Hints: “Measure twice, cut once”
Use proper cutting tools for the type of cut

5. Systems of Measure Customary (U.S.)
SI Metric System (System International)

6. Customary Measurement
Measures used are the inch and foot
Sometimes the yard
Used most in the U.S.
Uses fractions of an inch
Half, quarter, eighths, and sixteenths

7. SI Metric System Units are millimeters, centimeters, meter
No fractions required
Uses decimal system
Measures from one system can be converted to the other
Woodworking- using one or the other

8. Measure Tools
Rules
Squares
Others- level, plumb, wood caliper

9. Rules Most measuring is done using Rules
Come in 3 kinds- customary, metric or customary-metric combination

10. Reading a Customary Ruler
Most rules are divided into major inch divisions
Each inch is divided into smaller measurements (fractions of an inch)
Eighths or sixteenths are the smallest

11. Lets examine a ruler Longest line between 0 and 1
Divides inch in 2 equal parts (1/2)
Each ½ inch is divided into 2 equal parts (quarters)
-1/4, 2/4 (1/2), ¾
Each quarter line is divided into 2 equal parts (eighths)
- 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8, 7/8, 8/8
Each eighth line is divided into 2 equal parts (sixteenths)
- 1/16, 2/16, 3/16, 4/16, 5/16, 6/16….etc.

12. Measuring Short Lengths
*Bench Ruler
1, 2 or 3 ft long
Folding Ruler
8” long when folded
unfold to varying lengths up to 6’

13. Measuring Long Lengths
Tape Measure
Metal tape rolled up inside a case
Tape is retractable
Lengths 6 to 30 feet

14. Squares
Squares- used for checking the squareness of stock, cuts, or joined pieces
Pieces are square when they form a right angle (90 degrees)
Combination Square

15. Try Square
metal blade, metal or wood handle

16. Framing Square used in general building work
Used when marking wide stock

17. Combination Square Has level and scratch awl
Sliding head adjusts for both 45 and 90 degree angle edges
Can be used as a square, marker, level, rule or gauge

18. Center Square Locate center of any circle
Used for checking 90 degree measurements
Used as a protractor

19. Other tools- Level
Used to check a horizontal surface to see if it is level
Used to check vertical surface to see if it is plumb (straight up and down)
Hardwood or aluminum frames
Glass tubes contain liquid with an air bubble
Marks on the glass show where bubble should be located when level

20. Tools for Marking Sharp tool good for accurate marking
Pencil- most common
Easy to see, easy to remove, doesn’t scratch
Utility Knife
Sharp tool good for accurate marking
Scratch Awl
Marking & punching the location
of holes to be drilled

21. Measure Stock
The thickness, width and length of stock must be measured carefully
Thickness- edge
Width- shorter of the 2 sides
Length- longer of the 2 sides
Usually with the grain direction

22. SAWS

23. Cutting with Handsaws 4 basic types of cuts crosscut- across the grain
Rip cut- with the grain
Miter cut- angled cuts across the grain
Bevel cut- angled cuts along the edge or end
GRAIN
DIRECTION

24. Saw Blades Described by the number of points to an inch
Points- tips of the saw teeth
The more points- the finer the cut
Always 1 more point to the inch than there are teeth

25. Handsaws- Crosscut saw
Kerf- thickness of saw cut - cuts against the grain - teeth are bent alternately right and left -makes kerf bigger than saw thickness - available in different length (20-26 inches is easiest to handle)

26. Using Crosscut Saw Use freehand to grasp the stock
Hold the saw at 45 degrees
Begin cutting- applying light pressure
Make sure cut is square
Use long, even strokes to product a smooth cut
Follow the cut marks
Provide support for part being cut off

27. Rip Saw Used to cut stock to width Chisel- like teeth
Usually- 24 to 26 in long with 5 ½ points per inch
Cuts are made with the grain
Hold saw at 60 degrees
Make several short cuts

28. Backsaw Very thin blade with fine teeth
Used to make fine cuts- with and against the grain
Name from extra piece of metal along its back
Start cutting at an angle, then gradually lower until it is parallel with the workbench

29. Dovetail Saw Similar to a backsaw Has a narrower blade anf finer teeth
Used for extremely accurate work

30. Coping Saw U-shaped frame Wood handle
Replaceable blade with ripsaw like teeth
Blade- pointed away from handle for thick stock (blade facing down)
Blade- pointed towards the handle for thin stock (blade facing sideways)
Take full easy strokes
Guide blade to avoid breakage

31. Compass Saw Used for sawing curves or irregular shapes
Narrow point at end- to cut small curves
Cut internal openings