1. BIT115: Introduction to Programming
Lecture 7
Instructor: Craig Duckett
“OUTPUT”

2. ASSIGNMENT 2 is due LECTURE 9 uploaded to StudentTracker by midnight
Lecture 7 Annoucements
ASSIGNMENT 2 is due LECTURE 9
uploaded to StudentTracker by midnight
Assignment 2!!!

3. Assignment Dates (By Due Date)
Assignment 1 (LECTURE 5) Section 1: Wednesday, October 11th Section 3: Thursday, October 12th
Assignment 2 (LECTURE 9) Section 1: Wednesday, October 25th Section 3: Thursday, October 26th
Assignment 1 Revision (LECTURE 11) Section 1: Monday, November 6th Section 3: Thursday, November 2nd
Assignment 2 Revision (LECTURE 13) Section 1: Monday, November 13th Section 3: Thursday, November 9h
Assignment 3 (LECTURE 15) Section 1: Monday, November 20th
Section 3: Thursday, November 16th
Assignment 3 Revision (LECTURE 18) Section 1: Wednesday, November 29th Section 3: Thursday, November 30th
Assignment 4 (LECTURE 21) NO REVISION AVAILABLE! Section 1: Monday, December 11th Section 3: Tuesday, December 12th
The Fickle
Finger of Fate

4. REMINDER: ICE Solutions Are Available 
"Possible" solutions to ICEs are now available for the previous lecture starting with Lecture 4 (located at the bottom of the Lecture "slider" areas). Solutions will be made available two (2) days after the current lecture.

5. How Much Outside Work/Time Per Week for a 5-Credit Class?
The Short Answer: It depends on the class (math vs humanities vs science vs development, etc.)
Rule of Thumb:
Absolute Bare Minimum: 5 Hours
Average: 10 Hours
Technical/Developer Classes: (occasionally)
Upper-Level Classes: 15-20
Looking Ahead: Graduate School: 20+
This is College. The amount of time you spend on schoolwork also goes up with every class level you advance. If you are pursuing a degree, and if you have a job, and if you want to do well, then don't expect to have any free time except for the occasional Saturday or Sunday, and the between-quarter breaks (then make the most of them!)

6. Assignment 2 Part 3 Hints

7. Assignment 2 Part 3 - Hints
If heard that some of you are still struggling with Assignment 2 Part 3 even though it is imminently due, so I thought I'd give you some 'hints".

8. Create a class that extends Robot and a constructor
Create a class that extends Robot and a constructor. Remember if you do it all in one class (the same class that contains main, then the file name, the class name, and the constructor name all have to be the same. For example:
public class A2_Part_3 extends Robot { public A2_Part_3(City theCity, int avenue, int street, Direction aDirection, int item) { super(theCity, avenue, street, aDirection, item); }

9. When you create a new instance of the robot down in main, then it too has to have this same name ( and not Robot). For example: A2_Part_3 rob = new A2_Part_3(wallville, 1, 2, Direction.EAST, 0);

10. Create a turnRight() and turnAround() method, which you will use with three other methods (which I'll talk about one at a time).
Create a movetoWall() method which moves while the front is clear

11. Create a doEverything() method which will do the following:
Initialize a counter to 0
Use the counter in a while loop four times
Call movetoWall()
Pick up a Thing
Turn around
Call moveToWall()
Turn left
Move
Increment the counter by //second part of doEverything continued on next slide

12. [doEverything continued] Next, use a while loop to count things in the backpack, and as long as the count is greater than zero, move and put a thing down. // third part of doEverything continued on next slide

13. [doEverything continued] Finally, call the returnToStart() method to go back to where the robot start [end of doEverything]
The returnToStart() method will do the following:
turn around
Call moveToWall()
Turn right

14. Head’s up! MID-TERM MID-TERM is LECTURE 10
Please be prompt, and bring a pencil … don’t worry, I’ll supply the paper

15. Mid-Term Mid-Term is scheduled for LECTURE 10
It will cover everything learned up through today, Lecture 7
It is scheduled for the entire session, so you will have enough more than enough time to work through each of the questions, however most students finish in about 90 minutes.
When you are finished, you can hand it in and you are done for the day, so feel free to go home or the nearest pub for a celebratory pint ;-)
It will be done entirely with pencil-and-paper (no .java files).
Mid-Term Study Guide is available now on the main page of BIT115 website (located in the right-hand column)

16. Mid-Term, continued… Mid-Term is scheduled for LECTURE 10
The Mid-Term Exam will focus on three learning outcomes:
• conceptualize the logical steps needed to accomplish a task,
• apply structured programming techniques to accomplish a task,
• test and debug a program
Exam Topics:
• Setting up a city with walls, things, robots
• Using the robots built-in services
• Extending a robot to include new services
• Tracing code and pinpointing where it goes wrong
• Explaining the compile/run process
• Selecting when to use different programming structures like loops, decisions, and services
• Writing syntax for loops, decisions, local variables, and parameters
Again, the exam will be similar to the quiz format (i.e., pencil-paper, from memory, individual work).

17. And Now … The Quiz

18. Output

19. Output

20. Chapter 6.6.1: Output (Printing Text Messages To The Screen)
Info we get from the user is input
Either from the keyboard, mouse, or something else like a network connection or other type of cable
We will be looking at input in the next Lecture
Info we show to the user is output
This can be a message, additional information, even a request that the user perform some kind of action
These messages and information are typically “hard-coded” into the program itself, then pushed out to the screen, console, or monitor using specific print-to-the-screen mechanisms (services) that are a part of Java

21. Back in the Day…

22. Back in the Day…

23. Back in the Day…

24. Back in the Day…

25. Back in the Day…

26. The Console Window
The console window that starts a Java application is typically known as the standard output device.
The standard input device is typically the keyboard.
Java sends information to the standard output device by using a Java class stored in the standard Java library.
In jGRASP, this output is displayed as part of Compile Messages
Java classes in the standard Java library are accessed using the Java Applications Programming Interface (API).
The standard Java library is commonly referred to as the Java API.

27. “Hello World!”

28. String, print and println Methods

29. String
String is the programming term for all characters that are printed to the console or screen (and the space between characters is also part of the string). In Java and other programming languages, string is represented by lines of text contained in between double quotation marks " "
System.out.print("This is string");
System.out.println(" and so is this
"This is a string!"

30. println and print Example:
System.out.println("Programming is great fun!");
This line uses the System class from the standard Java library.
The System class contains methods and objects that perform system level tasks.
The out object, a member of the System class, contains the methods print and println.

31. Difference Between print and println
System.out.print("Programming is great fun!");
System.out.println("Programming is great fun!");
See: print_and_println.java example

32. println (“Print, then drop down a line”)
The print and println methods actually perform the task of sending characters to the output device. We’ll look at println first…
The line:
System.out.println("Programming is great fun!");
is pronounced: System dot out dot printline
The value inside the parenthesis will be sent to the output device (in this case, a string).
The println method places a newline character at the end of whatever is being printed out.
The following lines would be printed out on separate lines since the first statement sends a newline command to the screen:
System.out.println("This is being printed out");
System.out.println("on two separate lines.");

33. print (“Print, and stay on same line”)
The print statement works very similarly to the println statement.
However, the print statement does not put a newline character at the end of the output. Using print will continue going on the same line.
The lines:
System.out.print("These lines will be");
System.out.print("printed on");
System.out.println("the same line.");
Will output: These lines will beprinted onthe same line.
Notice the odd spacing? Why do some words run together?

34. RECAP: print vs. println
Using System.out.print(“Some string.”) Continues on the SAME LINE after it’s done printing
println
Using System.out.println(“Some string.”) Drops down to the NEXT LINE after it’s done printing
So: Think of the ln in println standing for “line next” or “line new”

35. Special Characters in String
For all of the previous examples, we have been printing out strings of characters.
Later, we will see that much more can be printed.
There are some special characters that can be put into the output. System.out.print("This line will have a newline at the end.\n"); System.out.print("This doesn’t show up on the same line.");
The \n in the string is an escape sequence that represents the newline character.
Escape sequences allow the programmer to print characters that otherwise would be unprintable.

36. Java Escape Sequences ("Special Characters")
newline
Advances the cursor to the next line for subsequent printing \t
tab
Causes the cursor to skip over to the next tab stop \b
backspace
Causes the cursor to back up, or move left, one position \r
carriage return
Causes the cursor to go to the beginning of the current line, not the next line \\
backslash
Causes a backslash to be printed \'
single quote
Causes a single quotation mark to be printed
\"
double quote
Causes a double quotation mark to be printed

37. Java Escape Sequences ("Special Characters")
Even though the escape sequences are comprised of two characters, they are treated by the compiler as a single character.
System.out.print("These are our top sellers:\n");
System.out.print(“==========================\n");
System.out.print("\t- Computer games\n\t- Coffee\n ");
System.out.println("\t- Aspirin");
Would result in the following output:
These are our top sellers:
==========================
- Computer games
- Coffee
- Aspirin
With these escape sequences, complex text output can be achieved.

38. The + Operator The + operator can be used in two ways.
(1) as a concatenation operator
(2) as an addition operator
If either side of the + operator is a string, the result will be a string.
System.out.println("Hello " + "World!");
Hello World!
System.out.println("The value is: " + 5);
The value is: 5
System.out.println("The value is: " + value);
The value is: <whatever value is>
System.out.println("The value is" + ": \n" + 5);
The value is: 5

39. String Concatenation
Java commands that have string literals must be treated with care.
A string literal value cannot span lines in a Java source code file.
System.out.println("This line is too long and now it has spanned more than one line, which will cause a syntax error to be generated by the compiler. ");
The String concatenation operator can be used to fix this problem.
System.out.println("These lines are " +
"now ok and will not " +
"cause the error as before.");
String concatenation can join various data types.
System.out.println("We can join a string to " +
"a number like this: " + 5);

40. String Concatenation
The concatenation operator can be used to format complex String objects.
System.out.println("The following will be printed " +
"in a tabbed format: " +
"\n\tFirst = " + 5 * 6 + ", " +
"\n\tSecond = " + (6 + 4) + "," +
"\n\tThird = " ".");
Notice that if an addition operation is also needed, it must be put in parenthesis.

41. Printing as Part of Program Decision-Making
int newNum = 3; if( newNum >= 5 )
{ System.out.println( newNum + “ is larger than 4”);
} else
{ System.out.println( newNum + “ is smaller than 5.”); }
Basic Output Demo.java
Two Points: 1) ‘+’ for concatenation
2) spaces in “ ”double-quotes
Demo:
Basic Output Demo.java

42. In-Class Exercises
Lecture 7 > Output (Printing Text Messages To The Screen)
Basic Output Demo.java DEMO
In-Class Exercises Directions
Output Trace Table
Basic Output Trace.java ( Example Note )