1. The English Settle America (Middle and Lower South Colonies)
Lesson 5

2. Essential Idea
The Middle Colonies established more tolerant government than New England
The Lower South Colonies were founded for mostly economic reasons and expanded the institution of slavery.

3. The Dutch Settle New Netherlands
Dutch West India Company
Henry Hudson
New Netherlands
Dutch=People from the Netherlands/Holland (Europe)
After winning independence from Catholic Spain, the Dutch entered a “golden age”
They became to expand their commercial (From Sarah: they had little interest in political or religious power, major difference from other European power) power, established major trade companies in both the East and West Indies
Henry Hudson, an Englishman employed by the Dutch, sailed up the Hudson River in search of a passageway to the Pacific
The Dutch West India Company settled the area along the Hudson River, calling it “New Netherlands,” hoping to get in on the fur trade (remember, it had been profitable for the Puritans further north)

4. New Amsterdam New Amsterdam Patroonships
The Dutch West India Company also bought Manhattan Island from the local Indians for pennies per acre (22,000 acres in all, but at least they actually paid for it, making this colony more like Rhode Island than other colonies) and established the town of New Amsterdam
Patroonships- huge estates settled along the Hudson River, some as big as Rhode Island
New Amsterdam was governed by the company, whose primary interest was profit, and little consideration was given to religious toleration, free speech, or democracy
However, like many seaport towns, it attracted a diverse group of immigrants (setting the precedent for the future of New York City)
History of Wall Street- Named for fortified wall built to protect New Yorkers from Indians in the area

5. New York New York Dutch culture
How would the English react to the settlement of Dutch colonies? (feel invaded or infringed upon)
Seeing the Dutch as invaders, the English pushed them out in 1664
The Dutch were ill-equipped for battle, and the English claimed the territory without a shot being fired
New Amsterdam was renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York in England
New York became a colony in 1664
The Dutch still left their cultural mark: Names like Harlem and Brooklyn, customs like Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf (though Scottish invented golf?)

6. Quakers Quakers Reaction to Quakers William Penn
Quaker were officially called “Religious Society of Friends”
Quaker beliefs and practices: had no class differences or distinctions, saw everyone as equal, they had no paid clergy, a service was conducted by gathering in a room and people who felt inspired spoke (sometimes no one spoke), refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England, pacifists (no violence, war, or fighting)
How is the role of women in Quaker society different from other religious societies in America? (women had equal role in Pennsylvania, women who were “too opinionated” in New England, like Anne Hutchinson, were put down)
How would the rest of the colonies react to Quakers? (both civil and other religious authorities had hierarchy/rank because the Quakers didn’t recognize authority, Quakers were persecuted frequently
William Penn was a wealthy Englishman who was attracted to the Quaker faith as a teenager
Penn was able to secure a massive land grant in America from the king, who owed his father a debt (from gambling)

7. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Indian relations Pennsylvania government
Pennsylvania was established as a colony in 1681
Pennsylvania was heavily advertised in Europe, and conditions are were actually as good as advertised (not always the case)
Pennsylvania attracted many immigrants from many different backgrounds
Penn bought land from Indians, rather than just taking it (paid a fair price too, unlike New York)
Pennsylvanian/Indian relations were good, and Quakers went unarmed among them and even used them as babysitters
However, the open policies of Pennsylvania also allowed non-Quaker Europeans to immigrate, and they undermined the good relations with the natives
Pennsylvanian government: Representative assembly elected by landowners. No tax-supported church. Freedom of worship guaranteed to all. Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt. Death penalty only for treason & murder (Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!)
Attracted many different people Religious misfits from other colonies. Many different ethnic groups. No provision for military defense. No restrictions on immigration. No slavery!
Exception to leniency: “Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws]  against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.
Overall this was a society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom

8. Culture of the Middle Colonies
Land
Government
Industry
Diversity
The Middle Colonies
Land culture in the middle colonies was like a midway between New England and southern colonies. Landholdings were medium sized
Middle colonies did not have the intimate, town meeting style government of New England, but was not as spread out/diffused as southern government
Middle colonies had less industry than New England, more than southern colonies
Middle colonies were more ethnically mixed, more religious toleration, and more democracy (less so in aristocratic New York)

9. New Jersey? New Jersey (1664) East and West Jersey Royal Colony (1702)
Founded in 1664 and made into a royal colony in 1702.
This land was granted to two friends (Sir George Cateret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton) of the Duke of York in exchange for allegiance during the English Civil War
Originally it was two different provinces, East and West Jersey.
Many New Englanders moved here for better soil
Eventually one of the owners sold West Jersey to Quakers
Eventually East Jersey came under Quaker ownership too
However, in 1702, the two Jerseys were merged as a royal colony and Quaker freedom was eliminated and the Church of England became the “official” religion

10. Delaware? Delaware (1682) “Independence?”
Named after Lord de La Warr, the strict military governor of Virginia.
It was closely associated with Pennsylvania
Delaware was originally settled by the Swedes, but it merged with Pennsylvania in 1682
Delaware resisted being taken in as part of Pennsylvania.
Geographically, it closer resembled the Chesapeake colonies
Penn agreed to allow Delaware to have a separate legislature, though it and Pennsylvania shared the same governor
This was the first “independence” a colony ever successfully “declared”

11. Carolina Carolina (1670) Lords Proprietors Barbados slave code
Carolina formed in 1670 and was named for King Charles II.
The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters (Lord Proprietors). They hoped to use Carolina to supply their plantations in Barbados with food and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe. The English West Indies and Carolina developed a close economic relationship. Both were economically tied to England, as was New England.
People immigrated from the West Indies, bringing with them their form of slavery
Barbados slave code- denied slaves even the most basic rights, gave complete control to masters, and allowed extreme punishments

12. Barbados Slave Code
Account of English sailer describing the loading of African slaves from canoes onto the slave ship:
“so wilful and loth to leave their own country, that they have often leap'd out of the canoes, boat and ship into the sea, and kept under water til they were drowned, to avoid being taken up and seaved by our boats, which pursued them; they having a more dreadful apprehension of Barbadoes than we can have of hell.”
The Barbados slave code (1661):
"If any Negro or slave whatsoever shall offer any violence to any Christian by striking or the like, such Negro or slave shall for his or her first offence be severely whipped by the Constable. For his second offence of that nature he shall be severely whipped, his nose slit, and be burned in some part of his face with a hot iron. And being brutish slaves, [they] deserve not, for the baseness of their condition, to be tried by the legal trial of twelve men of their peers, as the subjects of England are. And it is further enacted and ordained that if any Negro or other slave under punishment by his master unfortunately shall suffer in life or member, which seldom happens, no person whatsoever shall be liable to any fine therefore.“
Carolina Slavery
Analyze. (slavery was so bad for Africans that many chose drowning over it)
Analyze the slave code. (blacks were severely punished, were denied legal rights given to Englishmen, if punishing a black killed or maimed him/her, the Englishman would not be liable at all)
What is the Spanish equivalent of this slave system? (encomienda system)

13. Carolina’s Economy Rice Indigo Charles Town Religious tolerance
Rice became the principle crop grown in Carolina, and it was an exotic food in England
Rice was also grown in Africa, leading to a high demand for West African Slaves with rice-growing experience
Blacks were also immune the malaria, which was a major disease (carried by mosquitoes) that killed English settlers in the area (lower South and Chesapeake area). Rice production flourished.
In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.
Charleston (Charles Town, named for King Charles II) became the busiest port in the South
Charles Town had a lot of religious tolerance (which was true of many southern urban centers), which attracted immigrants from many backgrounds, and many Protestants
Catholic Spain, who occupied nearby Florida, felt invaded upon, and often attacked

14. In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.
Today in the US, the main use for indigo is a dye for cotton work clothes & blue jeans.

15. North Carolina North Carolina Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
Accurate?
Northern part of Carolina shared a border with VA
VA dominated by aristocratic planters who were generally Church of England members.
Dissenters from VA moved south to northern Carolina.
Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712  NC officially separated from SC.
Accurate? (have students discuss if this portrayal is accurate, at least in comparison to North Carolinians today)

16. Georgia Georgia (1733) James Oglethorpe “Buffer Colony”
Founded in 1733, the last of the 13 colonies. Named in honor of King George II.
Founded by James Oglethorpe. Oglethorpe was interested in prison reform after one of his friend’s died in debtor’s prison. A haven for debtors thrown in to prison.
A skilled military leader, Oglethorpe was able to repel Spanish attacks from the South
The main purpose of Georgia was the serve as a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.
Received subsidies (financial aid, basically—the only colony to receive this) from British govt. to offset costs of defense.
Export silk and wine.
The state was majorly anti-slavery, and the institution didn’t reach the colony until 1750 (almost the time of the American Revolution)
How might this effect the economic growth of the colony? (slowed it down, since cheap slave labor wasn’t available)

17. Plantation (Southern) Colonies’ Culture
Plantation Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
Economy
Land
Religion
Indian relations
The Southern Colonies
Colonies were based on agricultural production, including tobacco and rice
Why not cotton? (Cotton gin not invented yet?)
Slave labor ended up as the major way to make agriculture profitable and became a foundation of the Southern economy
Settlers (at least the elite) owned large tracts of land for farming. Land was held mostly by the rich, except in North Carolina and Georgia
As a result of being spread out, cities grew slowly, and schools and churches did not have the priority they had in New England
Religious toleration was more prevalent in the Southern colonies, but the Church of England was the dominant faith
Why wasn’t the area as religiously strict? (no covenant of grace, no Puritans, too spread out to hold each other accountable, primary reason for moving to Southern colonies was economic, not religious)
Poor farming methods (“soil butchery”) resulted from excessive tobacco farming
What does this have to do with Indian relations? (settlers looked further West for “fresh” land to use, leading to confrontations with natives who were living there, and were already being pushed West by the colonies)