1. Research Concepts 1 Approaches and Methods
LSS 1123
Research Methods
Research Concepts 1 Approaches and Methods

2. Research Types Questions
Secondary research
Journals, newspapers, websites
Summarizing, paraphrasing, quoting
Citations, bibliographies
Primary research
Questionnaires, interviews, observations, experiments
Tabulating, interpreting meaning
Making conclusions

3. Questions

4. Primary Research Approaches QuestionsV
Quantitative Closed data
Mixed Methods
Open data
Qualitative

5. Quantitative Research Back
Closed data
Questionnaires
Select and arrange items for the research topic
Tabulate the results
Interpret
Experiments
Control and manipulate conditions
quantify the results
Observe, record and

6. Qualitative Research Back
Open data
Interviews
Look for patterns of meaning
Categorize (themes)
Interpret
Observation
Look for patterns of behavior

7. Example - Questionnaire data Back Questions
How often do you smoke? N= 142
Never (34%)
Once and while (24%)
A least once a day (12 %)
A few times a day (18 %)
When ever I have a chance (12%)
On a scale of 1 to 5 rate your sense of satisfaction when smoking.
No satisfaction Total satisfaction
Ave= 2.4

8. Example - Experimental design Back Questions
Control conditions > Introduce treatment > Observe outcome
Phase 1: Pictures were ranked by 100 participants on a scale of 1 (not stressful) to 10 (very stressful).
Phase 2: Twenty five heavy smokers were shown the same pictures. On a scale of 1 to 5 (not at all to very much) the smokers rated their desire to smoke because of seeing the picture.
A strong association (70 covariance) was found between stress ranking of the picture and the desire to smoke among the smokers

9. Example - Interview analysis Back Questions
Interviewer: What sorts of situations make you feel like smoking?
Smoker: When I have test coming or an assignment due I start smoking more. I find when I have a smoke I can relax.
Interviewer: What other situations make you want to smoke?
Smoker: Around the time the teacher puts the scores on the portal I want to smoke more. It helps me deal with the stress.
Topic:
Theme:

10. Example - Observation Back Questions
People were recorded on video sitting in the smoking area outside the college cafeteria. Analysis of the videos indicates that people sitting alone were more likely to be smoking and were smoking their cigarettes more quickly than people who were sitting and talking to other people.
This might suggest that situations in which the smoker is feeling socially isolated may stimulate him or her to smoke.

11. Review Questions
The research process involves both primary and secondary research T / F
What part of the research process will definitely involve secondary research?
Which two phases of the research process are definitely classified as primary research?
In which phase does the researcher compare his results to his/her secondary research information?
What is likely meant by a mixed methods research design?

12. Review Questions
In what type of research are you likely to describe your findings using numbers?
What type of research controls the information you get?
What conclusion might the researcher draw from the data on the questionnaire slide?
Most of the respondents smoke and they definitely do it because they enjoy it.
Most of the respondents smoke and enjoyment of smoking may not be the main reason.
People smoke because they feel stress.
What do the results in the experimental slide seem to indicate?
Stress may lead to smoking behavior in smokers
Stress may lead to smoking behavior in smokers and non smokers
There is no association between stress factors and smoking

13. Review questions
What might be the topic from the analysis of the interview transcript?
Why I started smoking
Why I want to stop smoking
What makes me want to smoke
What might be the theme from the text highlighted in red in the interview analysis transcript?
Stress at home
Stress at work
Stress in college
In the observation description, what does the researcher think might be associated with smoking?
Talking to people
Sitting alone and perhaps feeling isolated
Having no friends