1. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES

2. Solar Energy Definition Of Solar Energy
This is energy received from the sun by the Earth in the last 100 years
Hydroelectric power
Wind power
PG & E MW by 1990
SCE MW by 1990
Wood
Ocean currents
Passive and direct solar power

3. Solar Energy Advantages of Solar Power
Solar energy received by the Earth is enormous 17.7 x 1016 watts
100,000 x world electrical output
Infinite supply
Constant supply
No pollution
No boycotts
Biologically compatible

4. Solar Energy
Passive Solar Power
Space heating
Water heating

5. Solar Energy Direct Solar - Converts Sunlight to Electricity
This is very expensive
Modern 1000 MW plant would require 42 sq. km. or 16.2 sq. miles
10,000 MW input
Surface receives watts/cm2
1010 watts/0.024 watts/cm2) = 42 sq. km.
A future approach might involve satellite receivers microwaving the energy to Earth

6. Water Power History and Potential
Large scale generation and transmission of water power started around 1900
Present production is 45,000 MW
Ultimate maximum based on stream flow is 161,000 MW
It appears that some used potential may help compensate for declining fossil fuels

7. Water Power The Problems of Hydroelectric Power
Dams have a large impact on the environment
Most acceptable hydro sites are already developed
Hydroelectric power only supplies a small percent of the nations power

8. Tidal Power Same Basic Principle as Hydroelectric Power
Tidal energy can be exploited in two ways:
By building semi-permeable undersea tidal turbines across estuaries with a high tidal range.
By harnessing offshore tidal streams

9. Tidal Power How it works:
Water flow as basin fills or empties drives turbines
Similar to a wind turbine, but goes in both directions
Requires a daily tidal range of 5-7 meters (~15-21 feet) to be practical
Characterized by low capacity factors, usually in the range of 20-35%.

10. Tidal Power
Locations
240 MW facility has operated in France since 1966
20 MW in Canada since 1984
A number of stations in China since 1977, totaling 5 MW

11. List of World Main Tidal Power Stations
Country
Power Station
Tidal Loss (m)
Capacity (MW)
Operated Since
France
Langce
8.5
240
1966
Canada
Andeboriece
7.1
19.1
1984
Former Soviet Union
Gicelaya
3.9
0.4
1968
China
Jiangxia
5.1
3.2
1980
Baishakou
2.4
0.64
1978
Xingfuyang
4.5
1.28
1989
Yuepu
3.6
0.15
1971
Haishan
4.9
1975
Shashan
0.04
1961
Liuhe
2.1
1976
Guozishan
2.5
1977

12. Tidal Power La Rance, France - world's first tidal power plant
Average tidal range 27 feet
Dam encloses 8.5 sq. miles
Capacity is 320,000 KW

13. Tidal Power Low Production but also Low Environmental Impact
No noxious waste
No consumption of resources
Minimum disturbance to scenery

14. Geothermal Power Source of the Energy Conduction to the surface
Convection by volcanoes and hot springs

15. Geothermal Power Two Methods of Recovery Dry Steam Geothermal Fields
Steam rises to the surface and is used directly to drive a turbine
Geysers, California is an example
Produced 2000MW by 1986
Serves 12 cities & 2 million people around Sonoma County
Ultimate possible is 2500 MW
This type is rare

16. Geothermal Power Two Methods of Recovery (continued)
Wet Steam Geothermal Power
Steam and water come to the surface and must be separated
This type is found and used in New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, Russia, & Iceland
Water may be used for conventional heating before disposal
Disposal method depends on salinity
Pour it into a river
Pipe it to the ocean for disposal
Reinject it

17. Geothermal Power Recovery from Non-thermal Areas
This is more challenging and has not yet been accomplished
Drill 2 adjacent holes
Pump cold water into one
Recover steam from the other

18. Atomic Fusion
Possibility was first recognized by Hans Bethe Nobel Prize)
Concept is to harness the energy of the sun by fusing 1D2 into 2He3 or 2He4
This has already been done in the form of the hydrogen bomb

19. Atomic Fusion Definitions
Proton – a positively charged subatomic particle
Neutron – a negatively charged subatomic particle

20. Atomic Fusion Definitions
Isotope – atom that exhibits variation in its mass number
Mass number – sum of the neutrons plus the protons in an atom
Atomic number – # of protons found in the nucleus
Atomic weight – average of the atomic masses of all the element's isotopes

21. Atomic Fusion Definitions
Fission – the act or process of splitting into parts
Fusion – a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

22. Atomic Fusion The 3 Isotopes of Hydrogen Hydrogen 1H1 Deuterium 1D2
Tritium 1T3

23. Atomic Fusion The Reactions
1D2 + 1D2 --> 2He3 + n Mev 106 electron volts)
This produces a stable end product
1D2 + 1D2 --> 1T3 + H Mev
1T3 is unstable and reacts with 1D2
1D2 + 1T3 --> 2He4 + n Mev
Total energy released is 5 1D2 --> 2He4 + 2He3 + H + 2n Mev

24. Atomic Fusion How Much Resource is Available?
There is 1 1D2 atom per 6,500 H atoms in sea water
One cubic meter of sea water contains 34.4 grams 1D2
Potential energy equals 269 metric tons of coal or 1,360 barrels of oil
One cubic km of sea water equals 269 billion tons of coal or 1,360 billion bbls oil
Exceeds the entire world oil resource