1. Scientific Investigation
Measurements are the basis of scientific research/investigation.
Phenomena are observed, resulting in questions of how or why these phenomena occur.
Scientists assume that the universe is orderly and can be understood.
Section 1.2

2. Scientific Method
Scientific Method – general methods of observations, rules for reasoning, and making predictions
Can be broken down into:
Observations & Measurements
Hypothesis
Experiments
Theory
Law
Section 1.2

3. Observations & Measurements
Quantitative data are gathered
Section 1.2

4. Hypothesis Hypothesis – a possible explanation for the observations
Example: Matter consists of small particles (atoms) that simply rearrange themselves
A tentative answer or educated guess
New experiments are designed to test the validity of the hypothesis.
The Hypothesis is supported if it correctly predicts the experimental results
Section 1.2

5. Experiments
The testing, under controlled conditions, to determine if the results support or confirm the hypothesis
Experimental results can be duplicated by other researchers
No concept or model of nature is valid unless the predictions are in agreement with experimental results.
Section 1.2

6. Theory
Theory – tested explanation for a broad segment of basic natural phenomena
Example: Atomic Theory – This theory has withstood testing for 200+ years.
Depending on continued experimentation, theories may be accepted, modified, or rejected.
Section 1.2

7. Scientific Law
Scientific Law – after a series of experiments a concise statement (words/math) describes a fundamental relationship of nature
Example – Law of Conservation of Mass (no gain or loss during chemical reaction)
The law simply states the finding, but does not explain the behavior.
Section 1.2

8. The Scientific Method
Section 1.2

9. Everyday Scientific Thinking
Observation: The sound from a CD in a CD player skips.
Hypothesis 1: The CD player is faulty.
Experiment 1: When I replace the CD with another one, the sound from this second CD is OK.
Hypothesis 2: The original CD has a defect.
Experiment 2: When I play the CD in another player, the sound still skips.
Theory: My experimental results indicate the
original CD has a defect.

10. Learning Check
The step of scientific method indicated in each of the following examples is 1) observation 2) hypothesis 3) experiment 4) theory A. A blender does not work when plugged in. B. The blender motor is broken. C. The plug has malfunctioned. D. The blender does not work when plugged into a different outlet. E. The blender needs repair.

11. Solution
The step of scientific method indicated in each of the following examples is 1) observation 2) hypothesis 3) experiment 4) theory A. (1) A blender does not work when plugged in. B. (2) The blender motor is broken. C. (2) The plug has malfunctioned. D. (3) The blender does not work when plugged into a different outlet. E. (4) The blender needs repair.