1. Introduction to Human Movement Systems

2. Human Movement
Human movement is accomplished through three systems within the human body: the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
All components must work together to produce movement
These three systems are referred to as the kinetic chain
If one component is not working properly, it will affect the other systems
Discuss the Human Movement System as the Kinetic Chain. Ensure that the students are fully aware of how the three different systems interact and affect each other, positively and negatively.

3. The Nervous System
The Nervous System is one of the main organ systems of the body and contains specialized cells that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the body.
The nervous system is comprised of two main components
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the nerves that communicate with the CNS

4. The Nervous System Sensory Integrative Motor
The nervous system is a communication network within the human body.
It allows us to gather information about our internal and external environments, process and interpret the information, and respond.
Three primary functions
Sensory
Integrative
Motor

5. The Nervous System Sensory Integrative Motor
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Integrative
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, producing the appropriate response.
Motor
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

6. Proprioception
Is the body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body. Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities will improve balance, coordination, and posture, and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about movement. Thus, it becomes important to train the nervous system efficiently to ensure proper movement patterns which enhances performance and decreases the risk of injury

7. The Nervous System
Movement is a response to our sensory information and is therefore dictated by the nervous system.
This reflects the importance of training in a multisensory environment.
The most effective way to create positive long-term results in a client is to directly affect (properly train) his or her nervous system.

8. The Neuron Cell body Axon Dendrites
The functional unit of the nervous system is known as the neuron.
Neurons are composed of three main parts:
Cell body
Cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi complex)
Axon
Provides communication from the brain or spinal cord to other parts of the body
Dendrites
Responsible for gathering information from other structures of the body

9. The Neuron
There are three main functional classifications of neurons determined by the direction of their nerve impulses:
Sensory
Transmits afferent nerve impulses from receptors to the brain or spinal cord
Motor
Transmits efferent nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or organs
Interneuron
Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

10. Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

11. Peripheral Nervous System
Contains 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (that branch out from the brain and spinal cord, respectively) as well as all sensory receptors.
Function
Provide a connection for the nervous system to activate different bodily organs, such as muscles (motor information).
Relay information from the bodily organs back to the brain, providing a constant update of the relation between the body and the environment (sensory information).

12. Peripheral Nervous System
Two further subdivisions of the PNS include the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.
The autonomic nervous system supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body
The autonomic system is further dived into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

13. Sensory Receptors
Specialized structures located throughout the body and designed to transform environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into sensory information that the brain or spinal cord can interpret to produce a response.
Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure).
Nociceptors respond to pain (pain receptors).
Chemoreceptors respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste).
Photoreceptors respond to light (vision).
For relevance to this course, we will focus attention on the mechanoreceptors.

14. Mechanoreceptors Muscle Spindle Golgi Tendon Organ Joint Receptors
Sensitive to change in length and rate of length change in muscle fibers. Causes muscle to contract.
Golgi Tendon Organ
Sensitive to changes in muscular tension (Force) and rate of tension (Force) change. Cause muscle to relax.
Joint Receptors
Respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

15. Physical Activity and the Nervous System
Early stage improvements to physical activity are largely due to changes in the way the CNS and PNS coordinate movement.
Early gains in wt. lifting
Unsuccessful activity can be modified with sensory input to improve performance

16. Body’s Framework
The skeletal system serves many important functions. It provides:
The shape and form for our bodies
It supports and protects our bodies
It allows bodily movement
It produces blood for the body
It stores minerals
Discuss the skeletal system. The students should fully understand what the functions of the skeletal system are and why each is important to the function of the body.

17. Skeletal System Functionality
The growth, maturation, and functionality of the skeletal system are affected by:
Posture
Physical activity
Nutrition status
Question: how as a
Personal Trainer can you
Combat problems from
Poor posture, physical
Inactivity & malnutrition?
Discuss how each of these affect the skeletal system over time. Have the students discuss ways that the trainer may help to combat the potential problems that are associated with poor posture, physical inactivity, and malnutrition.

18. Divisions of the Skeletal System
The skeletal system is divided into two divisions:
Axial (axis)―made up of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. It contains about 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton―made up of the upper and lower extremities and the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It contains about 126 bones
Discuss the two divisions of the skeletal system. Ensure that the students have a good idea of what the two divisions are as well as how to differentiate between the two.

19. Bone Growth
Remodeling―a process of the constant renewal of bones through resorption and formation
Osteoclasts―special cells that remove and break down old bone tissue during resorption
Osteoblasts―special cells that lays down new bone tissue to replace the old during bone formation
Question: Can you, the personal trainer effect bone growth?
Discuss how bones grow. Discuss the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts.Discus the importance of remodeling and how this is affected by physical activity. Why is remodeling important for clients? Ensure that students understand what resorption is.

20. Types of Bones Five major types of bones in the skeletal system:
Long―long, cylindrical shaft and irregular or widened ends
Short―similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
Flat―thin, protective
Irregular―unique shape and function
Sesamoid―small, often round bones
High light the different bones within the body that represent the different types of bones listed. Have the students palpate the different bones pointed out.

21. Features of a Long Bone
Epiphysis―the end of long bones
Diaphysis―the shaft portion of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate―the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis
Periosteum―a tough fibrous membrane that coats the bone
Medullary cavity―a space that runs down through the center of the diaphysis and contains fatty yellow marrow
Articular cartilage―covers the ends of articulating bones
Discuss the different features of long bones as well as their functions.

22. Short Bones
Short bones are similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape.
Consist of spongy bone tissue for shock absorption
Examples include the carpals of hand, tarsals of feet
Discuss the features and functions of short bones.

23. Flat Bones
Flat bones are thin bones composed of two layers of compact bone tissue.
Involved in protection of internal structures
Provide attachment sites for muscles
Examples are the scapulae and the patella
Discuss features and functions of flat bones.

24. Irregular Bones Irregular bones are unique in shape and function.
Do not fit the characteristics of the other categories
An example is the vertebrae
Discuss the functions of different irregular bones. Each type of irregular bone is going to have different features.

25. Sesamoid Bones
Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.
Develop within particular tendons at a site of friction or tension
An example is the patella
Discuss the features and functions of Sesamoid Bones.

26. Bone Markings
Bone markings are distinguishing structures known as surface markings, such as depressions and processes:
Depressions― flattened or indented portions of the bone that can be muscle attachment sites
Processes―projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Discuss the importance of knowing about bony landmarks. Discuss how understanding the markings will allow you to locate specific areas of the body for assessment purposes.

27. Vertebral Column Also called the backbone, or spinal column
Consists of a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae
Introduce the vertebral column including its function withink the body.

28. Vertebral Column
Divided into five different categories depending on where they are located:
First 7 vertebrae―starting at the top of the spinal column, called the cervical vertebrae (cervical spine, C1—C7)
Next 12 vertebrae―located in the upper and middle back, called the thoracic vertebrae (thoracic spine, T1-T12)
Below thoracic spine―the five vertebrae comprising the lumbar vertebrae (lumbar spine, L1-L5)
The sacrum―a triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae
The bottom of the spinal column―called the coccyx or tailbone. It consists of three to five bones that are fused together in an adult
Discuss the different parts of the vertebral column. Discuss the Atlas and Axis (C1 and C2). Help the students find ways to memorize the different categories and locations of the spinal column.

29. Joints
Joints are formed by one bone that articulates with another bone.
Joint motion is referred to as arthrokinematics.
Synovial joints―about 80% of all the joints in the body held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and mostly associated with movement in the body.
Nonsynovial joints―do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage and exhibit little to no movement.
Discuss the different types of joints and how they work within the body. Relate the different types of joints to specific joints within the body so the students get an understanding of what they are.

30. Joints Joints have numerous purposes, including: Allowing movement
Roll
Glide
Rotate
Providing stability
Some joints are meant to be stable and others are meant to be mobile.
Discuss the fact that some joints are meant to be stable while others are meant to be mobile. Joints that are meant to be stable that are mobile will cause movement discrepancies and joints that are meant to be mobile that are stable will do the same. This point is vital to understand for preventing injury and improving quality of life.

31. Joint Connective Tissue
Ligaments are the primary connective tissue that:
Connect bones together
Provide stability
Provide input to the nervous system
Provide guidance
Provide limitation of improper joint movement
Discuss the importance of ligaments. Also make sure that the students understand their low vascularity and the impact that has on tissue repair.

32. Exercise and Bone Mass
Bone is a living tissue that responds to exercise by:
Becoming stronger
Contributing to greater peak bone mass
Maintaining muscle strength, coordination, and balance
Wolff’s Law - bones will adapt to stress placed on them.
Ensure that students understand this concept and how it can be applied through exercise. Discuss Wolff’s Law with the students and ensure that they understand the implications with exercise.

33. Module 11: Exercise Science Part II
Fitness Foundations
Module 11: Exercise Science Part II

34. The Muscular System Muscles generate internal tension that under the control of the nervous system manipulates the bones of the body and produce movement.

35. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
The three major muscle types are:
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth muscle
Discuss the three different types of muscle and where they can be found within the body.

36. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibers are combined into bundles
Epimysium―a layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
Perimysium―the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Endomysium―the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
Tendons―connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Discuss the structures of the different layers of muscle tissue. Make sure the students understand the different layers and how they apply to the function of the muscle tissue.

37. Myofibrils
Contain myofilaments that are actual contractile components of muscle tissue.
Actin-Thin Filaments
Myosin-Thick Filaments
Discuss the actin and myosin filaments. Highlight them in the picture and briefly introduce sliding filament theory.

38. Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections actin and myosin
Highlight the major components of the Sarcomere. Describe them on the picture. Make sure to point out the Z line as well as the actin and myosin filaments. Emphasize the point that this is all happening on a microscopic scale.

39. Neural Activation
Skeletal muscles will not contract unless they are stimulated by motor neurons involving:
Neural activation―the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Motor unit―a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Neurotransmitters―chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle (acetylcholine [Ach])
Discuss Neural Activation and highlight the process on the picture.

40. Sliding Filament Theory
Discuss sliding filament theory. Highlight how this works with the table and figure on the slide.

41. All or Nothing Law
Muscles are divided into motor units; a single motor unit consists of one motor neuron (nerve) and the muscle fibers it innervates.
If the stimulus is strong enough to trigger an action potential (nerve impulse), then it will spread through the whole length of the muscle fiber.
If the stimulus is not strong enough, then there will be no action potential and no muscle contraction.
Since motor units cannot vary the amount of force, they either counteract maximally or not at all
Discuss the All Or Nothing Law. Ensure that the students understand this law and how it applies to muscle contraction and human movement.

42. Muscle Fiber Types
Discuss the different muscle fiber types. Relate them to specific types of exercise that each type will be best suited to. Make sure to cover the two sub-types for Type 2 muscle fibers. Make sure the students understand the differences between the muscle fiber types.

43. Muscles as Movers
Discuss the roles of muscles and how they apply. Utilize the picture to discuss the different roles of muscles in different exercises based on the chart.

44. The Endocrine System

45. System of Glands
The endocrine system is a system of glands that secrete hormones into the blood-stream.
This regulates a variety of bodily functions, including:
The control of mood
Growth and development
Tissue function
Metabolism
Discuss the role of the endocrine system and how important it is to human performance.

46. Endocrine Glands Primary endocrine glands are: Hypothalamus Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal glands
Discuss the different glands and their roles within the body.

47. Endocrine Glands Pituitary- Master control gland has three lobes
Anterior- Secretes growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH (adrenal glands) TSH (Thyroid), FSH (sex organs) and LH (sex organs).
Intermediate lobe secretes MSH (skin)
Posterior lobe secretes ADH (fluid retention), oxytocin (childbirth),

48. Endocrine Glands Thyroid gland -regulates metabolism
Adrenal glands -fight or flight hormones and inflammation (epinephrine “adrenaline” and norepinephrine
Testosterone is produced in testes and adrenal glands, men produce 10 times more than women

49. Carbohydrate and Glucose
Carbohydrates―the body’s key source of energy, especially during vigorous exercise
Glucose―the principal fuel for the brain. Control of blood glucose in regulated by the pancreas, which produces two specific hormones:
Insulin―Brings glucose into the cells from the blood stream, results in a net drop in blood sugar levels. Helps regulate energy and glucose metabolism
Glucagon―Signals the liver & muscles to breakdown stored glycogen and release into the blood stream, resulting in a net rise of blood sugar levels helps regulate blood glucose levels
Discuss the hormones of glucose regulation (insulin and glucagon). Emphasize the fact that these two hormones will become very important especially when discussing diabetes.

50. The Effects of Exercise
Understanding the effects of exercise helps to understand the interrelationship between insulin and glucagon.
As activity levels increase, glucose uptake by the body’s cells also increases.
Discuss the inverse relationship between exercise and insulin. Express how glucagon is affected during exercise as well. Make sure the students understand this as it will become important when discussing diabetic clients.

51. Catecholamines Catecholamines: Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline)
Norepinephrine
Both hormones help prepare the body for activity. They are part of the stress response known as the fight or flight response.
Adrenaline:
Increases heart rate and stroke volume
Elevates blood glucose levels
Redistributes blood to working tissues
Opens up the airways
Introduce catecholamines. Discuss the fight or flight response and how that plays a role in exercise. Discuss the effects of adrenaline on the HMS and exercise.

52. Testosterone and Estrogen
Testosterone―produced in the testes of the male and in small amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands of the female
Estrogen―produced primarily in the ovaries in the female and in small amounts produced in the adrenals in males
Discuss the differences between testosterone and estrogen. Express the roles they play in men and women. Make sure the students understand the fundamental differences between male and female clients on a hormonal level and how that will affect adaptation for their clients.

53. Cortisol
Cortisol is typically referred to as a catabolic hormone (associated with tissue breakdown).
Under times of stress, such as exercise, cortisol is secreted by the adrenal glands and maintains energy through the breakdown of:
Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
Discuss how times of stress can cause this hormone to have detrimental effects on the body. This hormone can be good or bad depending on how it is being utilized within the body and for what purposes it is being utilized for.

54. Growth Hormone
Growth hormone is released from the pituitary gland in the brain.
It is regulated by the nearby hypothalamus.
Discuss what Growth Hormone does in the body. Introduce the use of HGH as an ergogenic aid. Discuss effects of the hormone when it is utilized in this manner.

55. Thyroid Hormones
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck just below the thyroid cartilage.
This gland releases hormones responsible for human metabolism.
Discuss the hormones of the thyroid gland and why it is important for a trainer to understand for discussions with a client.

56. The Effects of Exercise
Research indicates that testosterone and growth hormone levels increase after strength training and moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise.
Discuss the effects exercise has on hormone levels and how that leads to adaptation within the human movement system.