2. Session 1 – Fasteners
Session 1 - Fasteners

3. Session 1 Objectives and Performance Tasks
Related Performance Tasks
From a selection of threaded fasteners, select the correct fastener(s) for one or more instructor specified applications.
Drill a hole and install a toggle bolt.
Install a nut and bolt and torque to an instructor-specified value.
When trainees have completed this lesson, they should be able to do the following:
Identify threaded fasteners and explain how they are used.
Identify various types and the uses of threaded fasteners.
Explain how to install and torque threaded fasteners to a specific value.
Fasteners

4. Section 1.1.0 – Threaded Fasteners
Threaded fasteners to be presented:
Machine bolts, machine screws, stud bolts, and cap screws
Nuts
Toggle bolts
Thread inserts
Flat and lock washers
Set screws
Screws
Identify the various threaded fasteners to be presented in the section.
Fasteners

5. Section 1.1.1 – Thread Designations
THREAD SERIES
Unified National Coarse (UNC) Thread
Unified National Fine (UNF) Thread
Unified National Extra Fine (UNEF) Thread
Metric screw threads are designated either M for coarse threads or MJ for fine threads.
Define thread standards and identify the three main Unified National standards. Explain the differences in the three thread types. Discuss the methods used to identify bolt and screw threads. Point out the differences between Imperial and metric methods of identifying threads. Compare fine-pitch and coarse-pitch fastener threads.
Fasteners

6. Section 1.1.2 – Grade Designations
Metric bolts are directly marked with their grade. The Grade 8.8 is roughly equal to the Imperial Grade 5 bolt.
Use the figure to describe how to interpret the markings on steel bolts and screws. Explain that quenched and tempered bolts, designated Grade 5 and Grade 8, are used when higher pressure or stress is involved. Point out that lower-grade substitutions are not acceptable and that bolts without grade marking are generally of less quality than those with grade markings. Use the figure to explain how to interpret the markings on metric bolts.
Fasteners

7. Sections 1.1.3-1.1.5 – Threaded Fasteners
Eye bolts are commonly used as lifting devices, wire guides, or points of cable connection rather than assembly.
Machine bolts are used for general assembly when close tolerances are not required.
Explain that machine bolts are used to assemble parts when close tolerances are not necessary. Use the figure to show the different types of machine bolts and the different types of heads available for machine screws. Give examples of how cap screws might be used. Describe how studs bolts are used.
Describe eye bolts and explain how they are typically used. Allow trainees to examine different types of threaded hardware.
Fasteners

8. Section – Nuts
These specialty nuts are used in light-duty applications where access to the opposite end of the fastener is not practical or possible. The J- and U-nuts are generally used with screws rather than bolts.
Describe the different types of nuts used with threaded fasteners. Refer the trainees to the text and discuss each of the special types of nuts listed. Provide examples of these nuts for the trainees to examine. Explain the purpose of a jam nut and point out that it is installed before the standard nut.
Fasteners

9. Section – Toggle Bolts
The hole must be large enough for the toggle, so the mounted fixture or washer must be large enough to cover the hole and still have good surface contact.
Although the toggles are virtually the same, a variety of head styles can be found.
Describe the different types of toggle bolts and discuss their functions. Point out that toggle bolts are generally used to secure light objects to sheet rock, concrete block, and other porous surfaces. Explain how to install a toggle bolt.
Fasteners

10. Section 1.1.9 – Washers LOCK WASHERS
Split ring – Commonly used with bolts and cap screws
External – Provides the greatest resistance
Internal – Used on small screws
Internal-external – Used for oversized mounting holes
Countersunk – Used with flat or oval-head screws
Describe the different types of washers and their uses. Discuss the different types of lock washers and their uses.
Fasteners

11. Screws are generally referred to by their head or drive type.
Section – Screws
Screws are generally referred to by their head or drive type.
Lag bolts are often used in wood, but a lag shield makes them usable in materials like concrete.
The thread-cutting screws shown are also considered machine screws due to their bolt-like threads.
Explain that screws can be used to fasten materials such as wood and sheet metal. Discuss the different head and slot configurations and show examples of screwdriver bits used with the different heads. Explain how screws are identified using a gauge system. Describe how lag screws are used and provide examples for the trainees to examine. Explain thread-forming and thread-cutting screws.
Fasteners

12. Section – Set Screws
Set screws come with a variety of tip shapes. The hex-head, or Allen, drive is probably the most common head style.
Explain what set screws are and how they are used.
Fasteners

13. Section 1.2.0-1.2.1 – Torqueing Fasteners
The most commonly used torque wrench for instrumentation applications is the click-type.
Torque values are stated in foot-pounds or Newton-meters.
TORQUE TERMS
Breakaway Torque – The torque required to loosen a fastener.
Set or seizure – Occurs when the fastener locks up and cannot be tightened further.
Run-down resistance – The torque needed to overcome the resistance and friction of the threaded surfaces.
Explain what torqueing is and why it is done. Use the charts provided in the text as a basis to discuss the Imperial and metric units of measure used for torqueing and explain how to convert one to the other.
Discuss torqueing force and the units of measure. Describe how to convert from one unit to another. Explain the difference between dry and lubricated torque values and how they affect torqueing. Describe the different types of torque wrenches and provide examples of one or more torque wrenches for the trainees to examine. Explain the terms breakaway torque, seizure, and run-down resistance. Discuss the importance of selecting the correct size of torque wrench; i.e., one that reads in the 25-75% range of the required torque.
Fasteners

14. Section 1.2.2 – Tightening Sequences
Before torquing begins, snug (lightly tighten) each fastener in the correct sequence.
Explain that the correct tightening sequence is important when torquing flanges and other objects with multiple fasteners. Point out that tightening must be done in small increments and that care must be taken to avoid over-tightening. Describe the torquing method required when jam nuts are used.
Fasteners

15. Wrap-Up – Trade Terms Set or seizure:
In the last stages of rotation in reaching a final torque, the fastener may lock up; this is known as seizing or set. This is usually accompanied by a noticeable popping effect.
Tensile strength:
The maximum stress a material can endure before being pulled apart.
Thread classes:
Threads are distinguished by three classifications according to the amount of tolerance the threads provide between the bolt and nut. The different classes are designated by a number and letter combination that indicates the degree of fit for a thread. Higher numbers indicate a tighter fit.
Break-away torque:
The torque required to loosen a fastener. This is usually a higher value than the torque to which the fastener has been tightened.
Nominal size:
A means of expressing the size of a bolt or screw. It is the approximate diameter of a bolt or screw.
Run-down resistance:
The torque required to overcome the resistance of associated hardware, such as locknuts and lock washers, when tightening a fastener.
Thread series:
The combinations of diameter and pitch in threads which are applied to specific thread diameters to identify the coarseness or fineness of a thread.
Thread standards:
An established set of standards for machining threads.
Torque:
Applying a specific amount of twisting force to a threaded fastener.
Have the trainees define the term, and then click to have the definitions appear, one at a time.
Fasteners

16. Anchors and Non-Threaded Fasteners
Next Session…
Anchors and Non-Threaded Fasteners
Read Sections through Complete the and Section Reviews.
Fasteners

17. Session 2 - Anchors and Non-Threaded Fasteners
Session 1 – Fasteners
Session 2 - Anchors and Non-Threaded Fasteners

18. Session 2 Objectives Related Performance Tasks
From a selection of non-threaded fasteners, select the correct fastener for one or more instructor-specified applications.
Install a blind rivet using a rivet gun.
When trainees have completed this session, they should be able to do the following:
Identify threaded fasteners and explain how they are used.
Identify and describe the installation of various types of anchors and anchor bolts.
Identify non-threaded fasteners and explain how they are used.
Identify various types of retainers and pins and describe how they are used.
Identify and describe the installation of blind rivets.
Identify and describe the use of various devices used to secure instrumentation tubing and hoses.
Fasteners

19. Section 1.3.0 – Anchors and Anchor Bolts
Concrete and Masonry Anchors
Concrete/masonry screws
Hammer-driven pins and studs
One-step anchors
Bolt anchors
Self-drilling anchors
Epoxy anchoring systems
Identify the various types of anchors used with concrete and masonry.
Fasteners

20. Section 1.3.1 – Concrete and Masonry Screws
A correctly sized pilot hole is required. Over-tightening often results in the head of a fastener snapping off.
Describe how concrete and masonry screws are used. Point out that a pilot hole must be drilled before installing these screws. Emphasize that the pilot hole must be of the correct size as specified by the screw manufacturer.
Fasteners

21. Section 1.3.2 – Hammer-Driven Pins and Studs
One advantage of these pins is that they do not require a pilot hole.
Describe how hammer-driven pins and threaded studs are installed. Point out that the installation needs to be done with a heavy hammer and that the concrete or masonry needs to be of a minimum thickness. Provide examples of hammer-driven pins and studs for the trainees to examine.
Fasteners

22. Section 1.3.3 – One-Step Anchors
Remove dust and debris from the pilot hole before installing the anchor.
Identify each of the different types of one-step anchors and discuss its uses. Review the text related to each type. Point out that drilling debris needs to be removed from the hole before inserting the anchor. Also point out that the depth of the hole is critical on some types of anchors.
Hole diameter and depth are critical for most of these anchors. For sleeve anchors, only the hole diameter is truly critical.
Fasteners

23. Section – Bolt Anchors
Standard drop-in anchors are heavy-duty performers. Hollow-set anchors are used in hollow concrete and masonry.
Identify the different types of bolt anchors and explain the differences in the applications and installation methods for drop-in and hollow-set anchors. Point out that the drop-in anchor has a setting tool that is supplied with the anchor. Explain how expansion anchors are used and installed. Point out that both drop-in and expansion anchors must have holes drilled to the depth and width specified by the manufacturer.
Double-expansion anchors are used when the concrete or masonry is of limited strength.
Fasteners

24. Section 1.3.5 – Self-Drilling Anchors
Self-drilling anchors include a cutting sleeve that drills the hole.
Explain that self-drilling anchors have a cutting sleeve that is used to drill the hole in the concrete or masonry. Describe how self-drilling anchors are installed.
Fasteners

25. Section 1.3.6 – Drilling Anchor Holes
Review the guidelines for drilling anchor holes in concrete and masonry, including hole size, minimum embedment, material thickness, and load capacity. Point out that the area where the anchor is to be installed must be smooth and level. Describe the proper method for drilling in concrete and masonry. Warn trainees about the need for eye, ear, respiratory, and hand protection when drilling in concrete or masonry.
WARNING!
Drilling in concrete generates noise, dust, and possible flying objects. Always wear safety glasses, ear protectors, respiratory protection, and work gloves. Ensure that others in the area also wear the appropriate PPE.
Fasteners

26. Section 1.3.7 – Epoxy Systems
Special guns, like caulking guns, mix and dispense this type of epoxy.
Describe how a two-part epoxy is used to install threaded rods, dowels, and non-expanding anchors. Explain how to properly use a two-part epoxy gun. Point out that an anchor screen is used when inserting epoxy into a hole in a vertical surface.
Fasteners

27. Sections 2.1.0-2.1.1 – Retainers and Lock Rings
Give examples of how retainers and locking rings are used. Explain that internal and external retaining rings are installed and removed with special pliers designed for the purpose. Provide examples of the rings and pliers for the trainees to examine.
Fasteners

28. Section – Pins
Pins that fit tightly, like dowel and taper pins, can provide precise alignment of components.
Discuss the different types of pins and their uses.
Fasteners

29. Section – Pins
Cotter pins are better suited to loose-fitting applications to simply keep parts from becoming separated.
Describe the different types of cotter pins. Point out that cotter pins are not used in precision-assembled equipment because they are designed to fit rather loosely. Point out that some types of cotter pins can be retained, while others, such as the humped and cinch types are generally discarded and replaced with new ones.
Fasteners

30. Section – Blind Rivets
Explain that blind rivets are used to fasten parts when only one side is accessible. Discuss the common applications of blind rivets, such as sheet metal, fiberglass, and plastics. Use the figure to show how a blind rivet works. Describe how to install and remove blind rivets.
Fasteners

31. Section 2.3.0 – Hose and Tube Clamps
Spacer clamps can provide elevation changes to clear perpendicular tubing or hose runs.
Different sizes of yoke clamps can be stacked.
Gang clamps can be used with or without a backplate.
Bundle-lock clamps are much like common
hose clamps with an added mounting feature.
Point out that hose and tubing may need to be secured on a variety of surfaces and in different ways.
Describe yoke clamps. Use the figure to show how they may be stacked.
Describe spacer clamps and use the figure to show why they are so named.
Describe bundle-lock clamps and show how they are much like hose clamps with a fixed attachment point.
Describe gang clamps. Point out that they may be used with a back. Show how their mounting holes set them apart from yoke clamps.
Fasteners

32. Section – Tie Wraps
Tie wraps have a variety of uses for securing hoses, as well as electrical cabling.
Describe the different types of tie wraps and the different ways in which they are used to secure bundles of hose or electrical cables. Explain that colored tie wraps can be used to identify different cable or hose bundles.
Fasteners

33. Wrap-Up
3-2-1
Write down three important things you learned during the two sessions on Fasteners.
Write two questions that would help further your understanding of the material.
Write one specific thought you have about fasteners in general.
After allowing a sufficient amount of time, call on individuals to share their thoughts with the class.
Fasteners

34. PERFORMANCE TESTING, REVIEW AND EXAM
Next Session…
PERFORMANCE TESTING, REVIEW AND EXAM
Review the complete module to prepare for the upcoming laboratory session and module exam. Also complete the Module Review and Trade Terms Quiz.
Fasteners