1. The Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe, 1350–1550
Chapter 12
The Renaissance in
Italy and Northern
Europe, 1350–1550

2. Learning Objectives: Questions to Consider
How did perceptions of painters, sculptors, and architects change over the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
What is the purpose of applying linear perspective to painting?
What were the differences in the ways painters in Italian cities and those in Flanders achieved depth and dimension in their work?
How did the scholarly interests of humanists in Italy differ from humanists in northern Europe?

3. A New Climate of Cultural Expression
The Spirit of Humanism and a Passion for Antiquity Create a Renaissance
Petrarch ( )
Interests in Poetry (Latin and Vernacular) and Manuscripts (a Bibliophile)
The Emulation of Classical Authors
Byzantine Refugees and the Greek Tradition
Emmanuel Chrysoloras ( )
Patronage by Merchants and Autocrats
Lorenzo de’ Medici (r )
Civic Humanism and Republicanism

4. A New Climate of Cultural Expression
From Artisan to Artist
Giotto di Bondone ( )
Skilled Artisans and Functional Art
Businessmen and Their Workshops
Gentile Bellini (ca )
Changing Values
Giorgio Vasari ( ) on Artists’ Lives

5. A New Climate of Cultural Expression
Perspectives and Techniques
The Career of Filippo Brunelleschi ( )
Painter, Metalworker, Engineer, and Architect
Experiments with Linear Perspective
The Vanishing Point and Depth
The Work of Masaccio ( )
Creating the Dome for Florence’s Cathedral
Leonardo da Vinci ( )
A Genius with Expertise in Many Fields
The Artistic Celebration of the Human Body

6. A New Climate of Cultural Expression
The Pleasure of Things
Economic Revival and Acquisitive Spirit
Domestic Spaces
A Society of Consumers
Clothing
Sumptuary Laws and Social Distinction

7. The Northern European Renaissance
Northern European Art
Manuscripts and the Representation of the World
Book of Hours
Psalters
Jan van Eyck (ca )
Italian vs. Flemish Techniques
Tempera/Oil
Perspective/Color
Architectural Framing/Inclusion of the Viewer
Symbols

8. The Northern European Renaissance
Northern Humanists
New Scholarship
New Methods for Textual Analysis
Interests in Churches and Doctrine
Patristics
Desiderius Erasmus ( )
Updated Translation of the New Testament
Jewish Scholarship
Kabbalah

9. The Northern European Renaissance
Printing, a New Medium
Printing Technology
Johannes Gutenberg (d. 1468) and the Printing Press
The Need for Paper
Increasing Availability
Books and Pamphlets
Aldus Manutius ( ) and Greek Texts

10. The Cities of Renaissance Italy
The Medici Florence
Cosimo de’ Medici ( )
From Papal Banker to Florentine Power Player
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Girolamo Savonarola ( )
Attempted Reform, Turmoil, and Execution
Maritime Republics: Venice and Genoa
Government by Council and Doge
The War of Chioggia, 1380
Venice Victorious: the Most Serene Republic

11. The Cities of Renaissance Italy
Autocrats and Humanists
Urban Violence: Vendetta and Condottieri
The Courtier of Baldassare Castiglione, 1528
Niccolò Machiavelli ( ) and The Prince
The Strategies of Practical Statecraft
Milan
The Rule of the Visconti
Francesco Sforza (r ): From Condottiere to Duke

12. The Cities of Renaissance Italy
The Papal States and the Church
Proving the Donation of Constantine a Fraud
Lorenzo Valla ( )
The Expense of Maintaining the Papal States
The Borgias
Pope Alexander VI (r ) and Son Cesare Borgia
The Power of Pope Julius II (r )

13. Renaissance Ideals in Transition, 1400–1550
The Court of Francis I of France (r )
Attempted Conquest of Italy Helps Create a Renaissance Prince in the North
Fontainebleau and Christian Humanism
England Before Its Renaissance
Arthurian Legends
Thomas Mallory and William Caxton
Dynastic Instability: the Wars of the Roses
From Richard III (r ) to Henry Tudor
The Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485

14. Renaissance Ideals in Transition, 1400–1550
The Holy Roman Empire and Eastern Europe
Prince Electors
The Golden Bull of Charles VI (r )
A Seven-Elector Plan for Imperial Stability
The Hanseatic League
A Combination of Commercial and Political Power
Decline: Lack of Centralization and Rivals
Poland and Lithuania’s Defeat of the Teutonic Knights
Moscow and the Russian Principalities
Unification Under Basil I (r )