1. COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS
CABI TOURISM TEXTS
4th Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning
A. J. Veal
COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS

2. Policy and Planning in Particular Sectors
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition
CHAPTER 16
Policy and Planning in Particular Sectors
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

3. Outline Introduction Sport and other forms of physical recreation
Arts, culture, entertainment
Outdoor recreation in natural areas
Urban outdoor recreation
Tourism
Events
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

4. Introduction Each sector to be discussed under: scope
rationale and policy goals
measurement of participation
institutional factors
planning
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

5. Rationales compared: multiple goals in public leisure policy (Table 16
Excellence goal
Description
Associated professionals/ performers
Sport/physical recreation
High levels of sport performance
Coaches, professional and/or
elite athletes
Arts/heritage/ entertainment
a. Excellence in the arts
a. Artists, performers, directors,
producers
b. Heritage conservation
b. Curators, archaeologists
O/D recreation – natural
Conservation of flora/fauna
Biologists, ecologists
O/D recreation –
Urban
Horticultural excellence
Horticulturalists
Tourism
Any of the above, but mainly participation goal
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

6. Associated professionals/ performers
Rationales compared: multiple goals in public leisure policy (Table 16.1)
Participation goal
Description
Associated professionals/ performers
Sport/physical recreation
Grassroots ‘Sport for All’
Public sports facility managers
Arts and entertainment
a. Audiences
a. Facility managers/marketers
b. Visitors
b. Facility managers/marketers
c. Amateur participation
c. Community arts workers
O/D recreation – natural
Public access
Natural area/facility managers
O/D recreation –
Urban
Public recreation
Urban park managers
Tourism
Tourist numbers/income
Tourism managers/marketers
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

7. Measurement – data sources – surveys
England and Australia: Table 16.2
Note sport/physical recreation updates, from 2016
England: Active Lives survey (Sport England)
Australia: AusPlay (Australian Sports Commission)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

8. Sport and other forms of physical recreation
Scope:
sport: competitive/challenging physical activity, ranging from informal to highly formal
other physical recreation: e.g. walking, non-competitive cycling or water-based recreation
Australian term: ‘activity for exercise, recreation and sport’ (ERAS)
UK term: ‘sport and active recreation’ (Active People survey)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

9. Sport: policy rationale and goals
mass participation: maximize – ‘Sport for All’ campaign
elite success: maximize
Rationale/benefits:
health
community cohesiveness and pride
economic development factors (e.g. sport tourism)
‘Trickle down effect’: Does it work?
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

10. Sports participation pyramid (Fig. 16.1)
Elite
National competition
Local/regional competition
Mass participation
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

11. Sport and selective elitism (Fig. 16.2)
International/ national elite
Regional/ local elite
Mass participation
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

12. Sport: measurement of participation
Traditional measure: % participating at least once in previous year
Health-related measure: % participating with at least minimum frequency, duration and intensity – e.g. at least ‘moderate’ exercise, for at least 30 minutes, most days
N.B. taking account only of health-qualifying activity will not cater for all demand
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

13. Sport: institutional: examples (Table 16.6)
Sport organizations
Government
Commerce
International
International Federations of Sport
International multi-sport organizations (Olympics, Paralympics, Commonwealth Games etc.)
World Anti-Doping Agency
Professional sports organizations
European Union
Multi-national leisure clothing, media corporations, sport management agencies, sponsors
National
National governing bodies of sport/franchises
National Olympic and Paralympic Committees
Ministries of Sport
Sports commissions
Universities (in USA)
National leisure clothing, media corporations, sport management agencies, sponsors
State/provincial/regional
State/provincial/regional sport organizations
State/provincial governments: ministries of sport and recreation, sports commissions
State/provincial media, sport businesses and sponsors
Local
Sporting clubs
Local government parks, sports etc. departments
Local sport businesses and sponsors
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

14. Sport: planning
All the approaches discussed in Chapter 8 have been applied.
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

15. Arts and entertainment
Scope:
arts/entertainment: performing arts, painting, sculpture, craft activities, literature, architecture /design, film, TV, radio
Rationale and goals:
public support justified on market failure grounds – see Ch. 5
also: growing significance of the ‘cultural industries’ in the economy
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

16. Arts/entertainment: rationale and goals (cont’d)
Financially profitable sector often classified as ‘entertainment’, publicly subsidized sector seen as ‘the arts’
Some interesting differences between the arts and sport:
subsidies often aimed at reducing costs for audiences (spectators) rather than participants
‘amateur’ has a relatively low status in the arts
there is often disagreement about what is considered ‘excellence’, and between the ‘popular’ and excellence
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

17. Arts/entertainment: measuring participation
See Table 16.2
+ DCMS ‘Taking Part’ survey
Emphasis given to participation as audience + some data on amateur participation
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

18. Arts/entertainment: institutional
N.B. many arts organizations are semi-independent statutory bodies/trusts (see Ch. 6).
Some income is generated from admissions/box office.
Funding also sought from local, state/provincial and national governments to make up the shortfall.
Often there is disagreement over whether public funding is to support mass audiences (‘popular’) or ‘excellence’, which may not be popular.
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

19. Arts/entertainment: planning
Planning for the arts generally ad hoc rather than systematic
Planning guidelines often use the terms ‘cultural planning’ and ‘cultural industries’, with ‘culture’ defined very widely (e.g. including sport, media) … but, in practice, dealing almost invariably with traditional arts
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

20. Outdoor recreation: natural areas
Scope:
national parks, country parks, forests, coast, footpaths and ‘driving for pleasure’/sightseeing and heritage etc. attractions in rural areas
Rationale/goals:
potentially conflicting goals: conservation of the environment versus recreational access
but what is ‘natural’?
see, for example, sheep grazing in national parks in UK, and fire-managed outback landscape in Australia
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

21. Outdoor recreation: natural areas (cont’d)
Participation:
England Leisure Visits survey covers all leisure trips not including an overnight stay
no such survey conducted in Australia
Institutional
In UK, much countryside outdoor recreation takes place on private property – e.g. in large parts of national parks and on public footpaths.
As with tourism, the population being planned for is, mostly, not the resident population but visitors (see Fig. 1.3d), giving rise to questions of funding of provision.
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

22. Outdoor recreation: natural areas (cont’d)
Planning:
designation and zoning processes – e.g. wilderness areas with limited human access
concentration of recreational use in high-density zones
in UK: country parks, state-owned, designed to take pressure off more sensitive areas, such as national parks
because most outdoor recreationists are urban dwellers, there is a need for a regional approach to planning, covering urban origins and rural destinations
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

23. Urban outdoor recreation
Scope:
use of parks, playing fields, playgrounds, squares and plazas
provision of urban open space is the largest single public leisure service expenditure item (see Table 1.3 , including parks and part of sport)
probably also the most heavily used service (see Box 11.1)
Rationale/goals:
urban parks created for recreation
some larger parks also play a conservation role and botanic gardens play a scientific/horticultural role
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

24. Urban outdoor recreation (cont’d)
Institutional:
typically owned/managed by local councils
but in large cities, sometimes special agencies: e.g. London: Royal Parks Agency; Australia: Parks Victoria
Planning:
one of the earliest forms of leisure planning, based on ‘open space standards’ (see Ch. 8)
opportunity for new park provision is often limited in existing urban areas: the emphasis is then on management/design to get the most out of existing provision
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

25. Tourism: scope
The people for whom tourism planning is undertaken are not local residents but visitors.
A trip involving an overnight stay away from home.
Some definitions include day trips.
Leisure trips distinguished from business trips.
International travel is often high-profile, but domestic tourism is generally the larger sector.
Mass tourism versus specific markets, e.g:
ecotourism/nature-based
cultural tourism
meetings, incentives, conventions, events (MICE)
urban tourism
wine tourism
backpacker market
sports tourism
short breaks
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

26. Tourism: rationale/goals
The aim is to maximize the net benefits that residents obtain from tourism to the area
Benefits are almost exclusively economic – jobs and incomes.
Costs include costs of infrastructure, congestion and environmental pressures.
Public sector may be a major provider/manager of attractions – e.g. beaches, historic sites.
Social tourism: holidays for relatively deprived groups in the community – arranged by some welfare agencies.
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

27. Tourism (cont’d) Measurement: Institutional:
customs record international arrivals/departures
in most countries public bodies fund substantial domestic and international tourism surveys
Institutional:
promotion of tourism generally in the hands of private sector and public tourism commissions
environmental planning generally the responsibility of local councils
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

28. Tourism (cont’d) Planning: Demand forecasting is a key input.
National/state/provincial tourism agencies often set tourism numbers/income targets as part of tourism strategies.
Problems can arise with regard to the capacity of tourism sites/areas (see Ch. 11).
A key concept is sustainability – the idea that tourism should not irreversibly damage the environment, which is often the prime attraction.
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts