1. Cattle, Cotton, & Railroads

3. Unit 9 Vocabulary
Modifications – changes to the environment made by humans so they can live in the area.
Open Range – prairie land where cattle roamed freely, without fences.
Stampede – a sudden, fearful running of a herd of animals, especially cattle or horses.
Joseph Glidden – man who invented barbed wire.
Cattle Drive – moving cattle in a large herd to the nearest railroad to be shipped to the North.
Barbed Wire – cheap fencing material that helped to close the open range.
James Hogg – Governor of Texas who set up the Texas Railroad Commission.
Charles Goodnight – Cattle rancher famous for inventing the chuck wagon and the Goodnight-Loving Trail.
Desalinization – the removing salt from seawater to be used for drinking and irrigation.
Jesse Chisholm – Indian trader, guide, and inventor of the Chisholm Trail, one of the first cattle drive trails.
Chuck Wagon – cabinet placed on the back of a wagon that was used as a moving kitchen for cooks on the cattle trails.
Push-Pull Factors –why people leave an area (push) or are drawn to a new area (pull).

4. Spanish Origins
Spanish vaqueros, or cowboys developed skills in riding, roping, herding, and branding.
They used lariats, or lassos, to round up cattle.
Spanish cows mixed with heavier European animals resulting in the Texas longhorn.

5. Spanish Origins

7. Influence of Civil War Civil War end starts the cattle boom
Longhorns worth $3-$4 in Texas were worth $30-$40 in the Eastern United States
Big supply and high demand means BIG PROFIT!
Helps Texas recover from the Civil War

8. Cattle Trails

9. Cattle Trails
The Northern demand for beef led to the rise of the cattle trails
Cattle drives:
Began with a roundup
Drove the herds to towns with rail stations
Sent by rail to Northern states
Ranchers made LARGE profits moving a herd to market

10. Problems with Cattle Trails
Bandits stole cattle
Farmers complained:
Cattle trampled their crops
Longhorns spread “Texas Fever” to their cows
Some states passed quarantine laws to keep Texas cattle away
Quarantine – isolate or separate to prevent the spread of disease

11. Famous Trails Chisholm Trail
The route from South and Central Texas to Kansas (Abilene and Ellsworth)
Jesse Chisholm used this route to ship goods north from Texas to Kansas
1871 – 600,000 cattle moved north on the trail
1884 – 5 million cattle traveled on the trail

12. Famous Trails Great Western Trail
Opened in 1874 by drover John T. Lytle
Drover – person who moves livestock to market
Developed to the west of the Chisholm Trail
Ran from Indian Territory to Dodge City, Kansas and then north to a rail station in Nebraska

13. Famous Trails Goodnight–Loving Trail
Trail blazed by Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving
Chose this route to avoid the hostile Plains Indians
Ran from West Texas through New Mexico, into Colorado and finally Wyoming
Towns grew up along the trails and were known for violence and lawlessness

14. Famous Trails

16. Cowboys 2/3 were white/Anglo
1/3 were African American, Mexican, or Tejano
Daily life was boring, dirty work
Some rode up to 36 hours in saddle
Storms, dust, heat, rattlesnakes and river crossings made life unpleasant

17. Cowboys

18. Female Cowboys Some women became rich and powerful Lizzie E. Johnson
Early Texas “cattle queen”
First woman to ride the Chisholm Trail with a herd under her own brand
Margaret Heffernan Borland
Took over the family business after her husband died
In 1873, she became the only woman to lead a cattle drive

19. Female Cowboys
Margaret H. Borland
Lizzie E. Johnson

20. Warmup

21. Ranches & The end of the Open Range

22. Ranching on the Open Range
The first West Texas ranchers owned little or no land
Some ranchers bought land along a river or stream to have a reliable water source
Livestock grazed on the open range
Open range – vast area of undeveloped public land held by the state government for future sale
Ranchers marked animals with a brand to show ownership

23. Big Ranches
By the late 1870s, land and cattle companies owned more than HALF the land in West Texas
Ranchers soon enclosed nearly all the rangeland in South Texas
This brought an end to the big cattle drives
Huge ranches spread out across Texas

24. King Ranch
Headquarters
Kingsville, TX
Richard
King

25. King Ranch
Richard King started with 15,000 acres in Nueces County in 1852
When King died in 1885, he owned more than 600,000 acres
His widow Henrietta and his son-in-law, Robert Kleberg doubled the size of the ranch
The King ranch grew to more than ONE MILLION ACRES, about as large as the state of Rhode Island

28. JA Ranch
Charles
Goodnight

29. JA Ranch Charles Goodnight’s JA Ranch was located in the Panhandle
It covered more than one million acres by the late 1880s
The ranch supported 100,000 cattle
Goodnight improved his cattle through careful breeding
His ranch produced some of the nation’s finest beef

31. Charles and John Farwell
XIT Ranch
Charles and John Farwell

32. XIT Ranch XIT was another large Panhandle ranch
It enclosed more than 3 million acres, surrounded by 6,000 miles of barbed wire fence
XIT was almost as large as the state of Connecticut
Group of investors from Chicago, John and Charles Farwell, owned the XIT
Received land after building a new capitol in Austin in 1888

33. Other Texas Ranches Sheep industry thrived in Central and South Texas
By 1886, Texans owned nearly 5 million sheep
Goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the late 1800s
Some Texans owned mustang ranches
Mustangs are wild horses and thousands lived on the plains

34. Warm Up
Why did some states pass quarantine laws to keep Texas cattle away from areas? A. to keep the cattle from destroying private property B. to keep children from being hurt by cattle C. to prevent crops from being trampled D. to prevent the spread of disease Spanish cowboys used lariats to … A. brand their animals B. round up the cattle from horseback C. secure their supplies to the saddle D. make coffee over an open fire

35. Warm Up Who was Joseph Glidden? Where was the XIT ranch Located?
A. Started the JA Ranch
B. Started the King Ranch
C. Invented Barbed Wire
D. Blazed the Chisholm Trail
Where was the XIT ranch Located?
A. In South Texas
B. In the Texas Panhandle
C. In North Texas
D. Along the Rio Grande

36. An End and a Beginning
The end of the open range brought an end to cattle drives
Open Range Fenced in with Barbed Wire
Railroads were built connecting Texas making cattle drives unnecessary
Some states banned Texas cattle out of concern for the “Texas Fever” disease

37. Changes for Cowboys
Setting fence posts and stringing barbed wire made them feel like ranch hands
In 1883, cowboys went on strike.
Strike- work stoppage to force an employer to meet certain demands
The Strike failed
This Marked the start of modern ranching industry

38. Closing the Frontier
The Big Die-up

39. The Big Die-up
Ranchers built a series of “drift fences” from New Mexico to Indian Territory
These fences prevented cattle infected with “Texas Fever” from “drifting” and mingling with healthy herds
In 1885, a huge blizzard struck, cattle fled and drift fences trapped them
Thousands of cattle froze to death long fence line – called the Big Die-up

40. Railroads Change Ranching
Rail lines in Texas changed the cattle business
In 1873, the Texas rail system linked to the nationwide rail network
By 1890, the railhead at Fort Worth became collection point for Texas cattle

41. Railroads Change Farming
Farmers who grew more than his family needed could ship the surplus to market
After the Civil War, Texans practiced commercial agriculture
Commercial agriculture – is the growing of crops for sale in order to make a profit

42. Changes in Texas Farming
Tenant
Farming

43. Changes in Texas Farming
When slavery ended, few plantation owners had money to hire workers
The number of tenant farmers grew
Tenant farmers (sharecropper) – person who rents a plot of land from its owner and pays for its use with a share of the crop
They kept 2/3 of crop and paid the rent for the land with 1/3 of the harvest

44. Changes in Texas Farming
It was hard to succeed at tenant farming:
Droughts and floods made crop prices unpredictable
Tenant farmers paid interest on the money they borrowed on credit
Interest – price paid for the use of money borrowed

45. Changes in Texas Farming
For tenant farmers to succeed, the price of cotton had to be high and amount of cotton to be produced had to be great
When demand was high and supply was low, prices went up
When demand was low and the supply was high, prices went down

46. Farming New Lands
Much of West Texas could not support farming without irrigation
Irrigation-supplying water to land by artificial means
The U.S. experienced 3 economic depressions between s
Depression – period of low economic activity and high unemployment
Thousands of West Texas farms failed

48. Cotton and Corn Technology changed how farmers harvested cotton
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.
Cotton Gin – machine that removes the seeds from cotton
Farmers found new uses for cottonseeds removed – cottonseed oil

49. Cotton and Corn
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney
Cottonseed
Oil

50. Quiz
What industry came to Fort Worth in the late1800s? A. coal mining B. lumber mills C. meatpacking D. textile mills What two things brought an end to the cattle drives? A. farmers and cattle ranch investors B. barbed wire and railroads C. railroads and land speculators D. barbed wire and farmers

51. Quiz
What caused the death of the cattle in the Big Die-up? A. they were all slaughtered for food B. they froze to death because they were trapped by drift fences C. they starved to death because they could not eat on open range D. they all died from disease and drought What is a strike designed to do? A. drive up the cost of production B. temporarily end work so workers can get a rest C. force an employer to meet certain demands D. create a friendly work atmosphere

52. WHY IMMIGRANT GROUPS CAME TO TEXAS AND WHERE THEY SETTLED
19th century
Mexicans
Why – bordered Mexico, vast amounts of land for ranching
Where – settled South Texas
Germans
Why – available cheap land, good climate
Where – settled in New Braunfels, San Antonio, and central Texas

53. WHY IMMIGRANT GROUPS CAME TO TEXAS AND WHERE THEY SETTLED
Swedish
Why – economic opportunities
Where – Williamson County
Irish
Why – potato famine and poverty
Where – The Rio Grande Valley, San Patricio, Refugio, and Victoria
French
Why – took advantage of the Colonization Laws of 1841
Where – Castroville

54. WHY IMMIGRANT GROUPS CAME TO TEXAS AND WHERE THEY SETTLED
Polish
Why – economic opportunities
Where – Panna Maria
Czech
Why – available cheap land and poverty
Where – Cat Spring, Fayette County
Italians
Why – economic depression
Where – urban communities along the Texas coast
Chinese
Why – helped build the railroad
Where – El Paso, Houston, and other urban areas