1. Minerals: Macrominerals and Microminerals

2. Minerals are Inorganic Chemicals
More than 18 mineral elements are believed to be essential for mammals.
Minerals are divided into two groups: Macrominerals-required in large amts.
Microminerals-required in small amts., also known as “trace elements”.

3. Macrominerals: these minerals account for most of the body’s mineral content and are required in the diet in large amounts.

4. Phosphorus (P) (Anion)
Aids in bone and teeth formation
Muscle formation
Energy producing nutrient metabolism
Energy production
Reproduction

5. Phosphorus Deficiency
Decrease appetite (across the board)
Decreased growth
Dull hair coat
Decreased fertility (across the board)
Spontaneous fractures
Rickets
* across the board means that it can happen regardless of what mineral is deficient)

6. Phosphorus Excess Bone loss Urinary calculi
Calcification of soft tissue
Secondary hyperthyroidism

7. Calcium (Ca) (Cation) Aids in bone and teeth formation Blood clotting
Muscle function
Nerve transmission
Membrane permeability

8. Calcium Deficiency Decreased growth Decreased appetite
Decreased bone mineralization
Lameness
Spontaneous fractures, rickets
Loose teeth
Tetany (steady contraction of a muscle without distinct twitching, continuous spasm)
Convulsions

9. Calcium Excess Decreased feed efficiency
Nephrosis (any kidney disease)
Lameness
Enlarged costochondral (rib/cartilage) junctions
Effects bone and cartilage maturation

10. Calcium Phosphorus Ratio
Should be maintained at 1:1
Imbalance of this ratio, such as an increase of phosphorus to calcium, can lead to serious bone malformation.
However, nutritional excesses are far more common than deficiencies. High levels of calcium and phosphorus are harmful. They can cause hip dysplasia and Wobbler syndrome.

11. Potassium (K) (cation)
Aids in muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Osmotic balance
Energy transfer

12. Potassium Deficiency Anorexia Decreased growth Lethargy
Locomotive problems
Hypokalemia
Heart and kidney lesions
emaciation

13. Potassium Excess
Rare
Paresis (slight or incomplete paralysis; does include frequent falling, stumbling)
Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

14. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Na=cation Cl=anion
Aids in maintaining osmotic pressure
Transmission of nerve impulses
Nutrient uptake
Waste excretion
Water metabolism

15. Sodium Chloride Deficiency
Inability to maintain water balance
Decreased growth
Anorexia
Fatigue
Hair loss

16. Sodium Chloride Excess
Thirst
Pruritus (itching)
Constipation
Seizures
Hypertension, and death
(ghetto McDonalds)

17. Magnesium (Mg) (cation)
Component of bone, intercellular fluids
Neuromuscular transmission
Active component of several enzymes
Carbs and lipid metabolism

18. Magnesium Deficiency Muscle weakness Hyper-irritability Convulsions
Anorexia
Vomiting
Decreased mineralization of bone
Calcification of aorta

19. Magnesium Excess
Urinary calculi (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine)

20. Microminerals: also know as trace minerals
Or trace elements.
These are present in body in small amounts.
These minerals are required in small amounts in the diet.

21. Zinc (Zn)
Activator of 200 known enzymes including protein synthesis and carb metabolism, skin and wound healing, immune response, fetal development, and growth rate.

22. Zinc Deficiency Anorexia Alopecia Impaired reproduction Vomiting
Hair depigmentation
Conjunctivitis

23. Zinc Excess
Relatively non-toxic, there are reported cases of toxicity due to consumption of pennies.

24. Manganese (Mn)
Activation of enzyme, lipid, and carb metabolism, bone development, reproduction and cell membrane integrity.

25. Manganese Deficiency Decreased growth (rare in cats and dogs)
Impaired reproduction

26. Manganese Excess
Relatively non-toxic

27. Selenium (Se)
Immune function, interacts with vitamins E to help prevent cellular damage.

28. Selenium Deficiency Muscular dystrophy Reproductive failure
Subcutaneous edema
Renal mineralization

29. Selenium Excess Ms. Huff’s super bad day!!
Vomiting spasms
Staggered gait
Salivation
Decreased appetite
Dyspnea
“Garlicky breath”
Nail loss

30. Iodine (I)
Aids in thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

31. Iodine Deficiency Goiter Fetal resorption Rough hair coat
Enlarged thyroid glands
Alopecia
Apathy
Myxoedema (A mucinous degeneration with thickening of the skin-hypothyroidism)
Lethargy

32. Iodine Excess
Similar to deficiency

33. Iron (Fe)
Aids in activation of O2 and CO2 transport (hemoglobin and myoglobin)

34. Iron Deficiency
Anemia
Rough hair coat
Listlessness
Decreased growth

35. Iron Excess Anorexia Decreased serum albumin concentrations
Hepatic dysfunction
What does hepatic mean?

36. Copper (Cu)
Catalyst of hemoglobin formation , cardiac function, cellular respiration, connective tissue development, pigmentation, bone formation, myelin formation, immune function.
Copper mineral water

37. Copper Deficiency Anemia Decreased growth Hair depigmentation
Bone lesions
Aortic rupture
Reproductive failure

38. Copper Excess
Hepatitis and increased liver enzyme activity.

39. Macrominerals-vs-Microminerals
Macrominerals are measured in the diet as a percentage (%).
Microminerals are measured in part per million (ppm) or mg/kg.
Never just consider the amt of mineral in a food, think about how much of that mineral can be used by the animal.
Considerations: solubility, metabolic interaction with other nutrient compounds, signalment of the animal, and the animal’s ability to store the mineral. What does signalment mean?

40. Antagonist
These reactions are defined as the presence of one mineral reducing the transport or efficacy of another.
So in other words, one is acting against the other.
Most mineral reactions are antagonistic and can occur during processing, digestion, storage, or transport.