1. Developing as an Ethical Reasoner
Presented by:
Farah AlDossary
Zainb AlNassar
Mariam AlAli
Instructor:
Dr. Ali AlGhazo
ASSE 3211 Learning Outcome Assessment II

2. Outline Introduction - Ethical reasoning
Why people are confused about ethics
The fundamentals of ethical reasoning
Ethical concepts and principles
The universal Nature of Ethical Principle
Distinguishing Ethics from other Domains of Thinking

3. Ethical reasoning
Ethical reasoning is the concept of making decisions by including hard rules based on your moral beliefs.
In understanding ethical reasoning, the following foundations are essential:
1- Ethical principles are not about subjective preference.
2- To reason well through ethical issues, we have to apply ethical concepts and principle reasonably to those issues.
3- The most significant barriers to sound ethical reasoning is the egocentrism and socio-centrism of human being.

4. Why people are confused about ethics
Human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others.
We are capable of helping and harming others.
Children make inferences and judgments on the basis of that ethical awareness.
That’s not fair! He got more than me!
He hit me and I didn’t do anything to him, he’s mean!
The main problem it is not about the difficulty of deciding what is helpful and harmful but, instead, our natural propensity to be egocentric.

5. What to do?
Strongly motivated to do what is ethically right, people can do so only if they know what is ethically justified. By knowing what is social mores, personal desires and what is ethically right.

6. The fundamentals of ethical reasoning
When people start thinking through an ethical issue they must be able to identify the ethical issue itself so they can be able to find the best principle for the situation. Every situation has its on principle depending on the issue that is happening.

7. strategies to deal with those complexities
Mastering the most important ethical concepts and the principles inherent in ethical issues.
Learning to distinguish between ethics and other domains of thinking with which ethics is commonly confused.
Learning to identify when native human egocentrism and socio-centrism are impeding one’s ethical judgments.

8. Ethical concepts and principles
Some of the most basic ethical concepts include:
honesty
Integrity
justice
respect.
In some cases application of the principles implied by these concepts is simple. In some cases it is difficult.

9. The universal Nature of Ethical Principles
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights set out several principles to guide nations in protecting human rights and preventing barbarous.
Some principles are :
1. All humans are born free and equal in dignity and right.
2.Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

10. The universal Nature of Ethical Principles (cont.)
3. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. 4. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family. 5. Every one has the right to education.

11. The universal Nature of Ethical Principles (cont.)
Most countries signed the declaration and support it in theory however, there are numerous counties are violating it in practices.
The Amnesty International stated that the United States violated the declaration and was treating people in inappropriate way.

12. Distinguishing Ethics from other Domains of Thinking
We can’t take the practices of the society in Nazi Germany as being ethical.
What is Nazi Germany?!
Nazi Germany is group of people were think that they are the best in the country and all others are slaves to them.

13. Ethics and Religion
It’s about confusing ethics with other disciplines.
In this situation people rather than understanding this as an ethical question, they take it to be religious question.
An example for this category is the euthanasia
What is Euthanasia? (mercy-killing)

14. Ethics and Religion
Some religious beliefs that ethical concept take priority over religious beliefs when they conflict.

15. Religious Beliefs are socially or culturally
The encyclopedia Americana, lists over 300 different religious belief systems.
These traditional ways of believing adopted by social groups or cultures take on the force of habit and custom.

16. Ethics and social Conventions
An example that shows the relationship between ethics and social conventions is:
Over hundred years ago most people in the United States considered slavery to be justified and desirable.

17. Practices that are Socially or Culturally relative
There are unlimited number of alternative ways for people in social groups to go about satisfying their needs and fulfilling their desires.
Those traditional ways of living are handed down from one generation to another.
Many of these traditions are neither right nor wrong, but simply represent social preferences and subjective choices.

18. Ethics and the Law Law – Often emerges out of social conventions.
Whatever is acceptable and expected in social groups becomes the foundation for many laws.
Because..
We cannot assume that social conventions are ethical  we cannot assume that human laws are ethical.
Laws are ultimately made by Politicians
 Primary motives are often power, vested interest, or expediency.

19. Understanding Our Native Selfishness
Humans naturally develop a narrow-minded, self centered point of view.
We do not naturally develop the ability to empathize with others, to consider points of view that conflict with our own.
We are often unable to reason from a genuinely ethical perspective.
With the right practice, we can acquire the skill of considering situations from opposing ethical perspectives.

20. Conclusion To develop as an ethical reasoner:
Ethical principles are not a matter of subjective preference.
All reasonable people are obligated to respect clear-cut ethical concepts and principles.
To reason well through ethical issues, we must know how to apply ethical concepts and principles to those issues.
Ethical concepts and principles should be distinguished from the norms and taboos of society and peer group, religious teaching, political ideologies, and the law.
The most significant barriers to sound ethical reasoning are the egocentrism and socio-centrism of human beings.

21. Thank you for listing ;* Do you have any questions?