1. LATIN AMERICAN ANCIENT and COLONIAL HISTORY
Lesson #2

2. Three Ancient Civilizations
(there are more – these are the biggest)
Three Civilizations
Aztec
Maya
Inca
What skills will the Inca’s need?
Why?

3. Ancient Cultures Maya (250-900) (no one knows why they died out)
Inca ( ) (conquered by Spanish)
Aztec ( ) (conquered by Spanish)
Look at the time period of each.
What was happening in Europe during the Mayan times?

4. Religion in Ancient Latin America
Leaders were God on earth
Blood sacrifice - Barbed rope
Tongue, lips, penis, or a whole heart
Aztecs demanded human sacrifice
20,000 a year
Arms and legs eaten
Christians also refer to blood and sacrifice… describe…
Describe “real” sacrifice.
Describe how Americans “give to God” in our biggest religions.

5. RELIGION Bloodshed was viewed as a means of pleasing the gods
Piercing body parts, human sacrifice, etc.

6. Society & Religion RITUALS ★ Human Sacrifice - Captives
(the heart was eaten to
obtain the courage of the
prisoner)
- Losers of sporting events

7. MAYA

8. Current location of Cancun
YUCATAN

9. Mayan Kings and Cities 1000 BC to 900 AD
Smaller tribes existed into the early 1500s

10. Society & Religion GOD Absolutism
★ KING = ____________ and he could communicate with other gods.
This is very similar to the idea of
____________________
in Medieval Europe.
P.S. – Like my nose ring?
Absolutism

11. Society & Religion ★ Polytheistic & Warlike
(Often warred with other Mayan city-states)

12. MAYAN TEMPLES

13. Maya
The ONLY fully developed written language of Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Ate mainly ________
Used cities ONLY for _______________________
Stopped using cities in year 900 (no known reason)
corn
Religious purposes
Pyramid at Chichen Itza

14. Achievements 365 Day Calendar ★ _____________________
(less than days off!)
★ The number ZERO
★ Picture language
(Glyphs)
(1.5m descr. of calendar)

15. Mayan Calendar (Mesoamerican Long Count calendar)
Start date: August 11, 3114 BC
End date: _________________
related to lunar data
Completely accurate
World was created five times
World was destroyed ____times
Dec 21, 2012 4
3m – 2012 end times)

16. Mayan Calendar wheel
(2m description of why 2012 is silly)
(2m description of calendar)
The system of using the wheel to predict events is called THE LONG COUNT

17. Maya Never disappeared; just stopped using cities
Cities had been used ONLY for religious purposes
Blood letting
Some human
sacrifice

18. What happened to the Mayan Civ.?
Various theories exist as to why the Mayan Empire declined …but no one is certain.
Warfare?
Abusive Kings?
Drought?

19. Maya today

20. INCA

21. INCA
1400s A.D. to 1532 A.D.
Andes Mountains

22. Inca Corn and potatoes Llama and Alpaca
Rigid structure – royal family had absolute power
King had absolute power: “Sapa Inca” (father Inca)
Most people had no power and little wealth

23. Government 12 million Controlled an enormous empire!
(Population of ___________!)
Maintained power by:
delegating power to
local leaders who
were loyal to the
Incan Empire
12 million

24. ACHIEVEMENTS Road System Transportation Communication
Intricate ___________________ vital for:
1) ______________________
2) ______________________
3) ______________________
Transportation
Communication
Government Control

25. ACHIEVEMENTS
The Inca road network stretched 14,000 miles and rose from sea level to almost 12,000 feet in elevation!!!
Stairs led to higher areas
and suspension bridges
spanned canyons and
impasses

26. Achievements
Trained runners would carry messages and orders of the empire between carefully spaced stations along the roads. This created a one-day delivery time for each 140 miles!!!

27. Inca
Central power
Build Roads and bridges
Machu
Picchu

28. MACHU PICHU

29. AZTEC

30. Aztec Metropolitan Up to 300,000 people in a city
Montezuma – the last king – had total power
Human sacrifice
Conquered neighboring tribes –
took prisoners for blood sacrifice
Big city: Tenochtitlan
(now Mexico City)

31. SOCIETY
★ Farmers
★ ____________
provided most of
the labor
Slaves

32. INFRASTRUCTURE Tenochtitlan ★ ______________________
Built on a swampy island on a lake

33. INFRASTRUCTURE
Chinampas
★ ______________________
“FLOATING GARDENS”

34. INFRASTRUCTURE Causeways
★ _____________________ connected the city to surrounding areas

35. ECONOMY
People came to the market from all over the empire to trade goods and food such as corn

36. jewelry and sculptures
ACHIEVEMENTS
jewelry and sculptures
BEAUTIFUL _____________________
Writings and glyphs

37. SCULPTURE

38. Aztec

39. RELIGION Human Sacrifice ★ _______________________
(up to 20,000 victims per year!)
★ TEMPLES stood in the center of the city near the King’s palace

42. Aztec Temple

44. Spanish Exploration Spanish kings had won back control of Spain
Sent Columbus to explore to the West
Gold, God and Glory
Four voyages
hit Central America on 4th
Conquistadores arrived 1517

45. Spanish Conquerors Called CONQUISTADORES Goal: take gold and silver
Hernando Cortez
conquered the Aztecs 1517
killed Emperor Montezuma
Francisco Pizarro
conquered the Incas 1519
killed Emperor Atualpa

46. Hernando Cortez
Conqueror of the Aztecs
Killed Montezuma

47. Francisco Pizarro Conqueror of the Incas Killed Atualpa
Threatened burning at stake
Garrote

48. Spanish then controlled Indians
Claimed most of Latin America
Sent Peninsulares to rule over Indians
Demanded Indians mine for silver and gold
Demanded Indians become Christian

49. Why did the Central American Indians quickly accepted the idea of a “blood sacrifice” the Church offered?

50. PATERNS OF LIFE
Society was divided into classes
Africans arrived after the Indian population was diminished
Peninsulares – pure Spanish
Criollos – Spanish born in America
Mestizos – Spanish + Indian
Indians (made into slaves)
Africans (imported slaves)
Spanish wanted someone to work in the gold mines

51. Click – John Green

52. Columbian Exchange What was the Columbian Exchange?
What was exchanged?
Trading of goods (and other things) from Europe to Americas
[p. 462]
click

53. Columbian Exchange

54. Effect of Columbian Exchange
How were the Americas effected?
How was Europe Effected?
American Indians Died
The remaining would be enslaved
They got cheap stuff, like gold
Corn and potatoes

55. The Tastes of Latin America

56. 1. What are the tastes? Ham Wheat (bread) Sugar Grapes Onion
What foods would you find on a Latin American on your plate?
What foods did the Europeans bring?
Peanuts Corn Cocoa (chocolate) Strawberry Squash Sweet potato Potato Pepper berries tomato
Ham
Wheat (bread)
Sugar
Grapes
Onion

57. 3. Impact of Columbian Exchange
What foods do you think most changed Europe, once they were introduced to society?

58. SPANISH COLONIES in AMERICA win INDEPENDENCE

59. Questions to ponder… What do we know about Latin American society…
Before the Spanish arrived
Once the Spanish got there
What is your impression of what Latin Americans think of USA?
How do you know?
Why do you suppose so many Latin Americans?

60. You already know about…
How the Columbian Exchange worked
And how the Spanish conquered the Aztecs and Incas
click
click

61. Stages of Latin American History
Powerful Civilizations controlled population ( )
Aztecs
Incas
Spanish arrived (1500s), conquered Civilizations
75% of Indians killed by disease
Remainder forced into slavery
Creoles won independence from Spain (1800s)
Issues they created still exist today…

62. Early 1500s in Latin America
Spain took control of more and more land
Goal: hunted for more civilizations to conquer
Searched for Gold and Silver
Each new mine claimed for Spain
Spaniards flooded Americas
Gold and silver made Spain wealthy
Wealth meant large Army and Navy

63. Life in Spanish America
Creoles lived WELL
Mestizos lived poorly
Native Americans forced to labor
Forced to labor to death
Replaced by more and more African slaves

64. Life in Spanish America
To control population, Creoles had to keep class system rigid
Rich were very rich, poor were impoverished

65. 1600s in Latin America Spanish settlers learned that
Cash crops could sell in Europe
Native Americans died off from European diseases
Spaniards needed new laborers
Forced Africans into slavery
Most Slaves worked on
plantations
click

66. What do you think?
Why did the Spanish resort to Slave Trade by the end of the 1500s?
What does this say about the European attitude toward anyone not European?

67. 1700s in Latin America Spain started losing winning edge
Spanish no longer strongest nation in world
Pirates raided shipments of gold to Spain
Settlers (Creoles) no longer proud to be Spanish
Some Creoles rebelled against

68. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
LEADERS IN LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE Toussaint L’Ouverture) Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Jose Morelos

69. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Former slave on island of Haiti Organized a slave rebellion against French control

70. Simon Bolivar An Educated military general – a Creole.
Was called “the Liberator”
Won independence for most of South American from Spain

71. Jose de San Martin Also a creole.
Won independence for Argentina and Chile from Spain.
Helped Bolivar in the North.

72. Jose Morelos A priest and a Mestizo.
Helped Creoles win independence by creating discipline.

73. So, what will they do with their independence?