1. Indian Boarding Schools

2. In the late 1800s, Native Americans were losing the U.S-Indian wars,
But there was still the "Indian problem."

3. The choices seemed simple and stark to the reform movement
— either kill all the Indians or assimilate them into white civilization through education.

4. By the 1860s, the federal government set up 48 "day schools" near some of the reservations.
Hope that this system would allow the students to “civilize” their parents,

5. In the late 1870s, the reformers tried a new experiment — reservation boarding schools.
Students lived at boarding schools during the week
Families moved closer
Boarding schools moved far from tribal lands.

6. Requirements
New names & uniforms
Hair cut
Language forbidden
Tribal customs forbidden
Strict Life
Learned reading & writing
Agricultural or trade
Girld – domestic arts training

7. One boarding school student, Lone Wolf of the Blackfoot tribe, remembered:
"[Long hair] was the pride of all Indians. The boys, one by one, would break down and cry when they saw their braids thrown on the floor. All of the buckskin clothes had to go and we had to put on the clothes of the White Man. If we thought the days were bad, the nights were much worse. This is when the loneliness set in, for it was when we knew that we were all alone. Many boys ran away from the school because the treatment was so bad, but most of them were caught and brought back by the police."

8. The students were thrown into a military style regimentation of classes and activities.
They were up at the call of a bugle at 5:45 a.m. with exercise and military drills following. Breakfast was at 6:45. I
Industrial work began at 8:00 and formal school at 9:00.
After lunch there was more industrial work and school with lectures into the evening.
There was less than an hour of free time during each day, and the students were in bed at 9:00 p.m.

9. Prohibited from speaking their native languages.
Required to talk and think in English.
If they were caught "speaking Indian" they were severely beaten with a leather belt.

10. Students were taught to hate who they were born to be
Students were taught to hate who they were born to be. Ojibwe student Merta Bercier wrote:
"Did I want to be an Indian? After looking at the pictures of the Indians on the warpath — fighting, scalping women and children, and Oh! Such ugly faces. No! Indians were mean people — I'm glad I'm not an Indian, I thought."

11. Between 1880 and 1902, 25 off-reservation boarding schools were built
20,000-30,000 Native American young people
Roughly 10% of the Indian population in 1900.
Physically separating children from their homes was a way to “kill the Indian and save the man”.

12. 460 boarding and day schools had been built near the reservations
run by religious organizations with government funds.
Over 100,000 Native Americans were forced by the U.S. government to attend Christian schools
tribal languages/cultures
replaced by English &
Christianity.

13. Despite the negative aspects of boarding schools, many students stubbornly held on to their tribal identities.
Studies have shown that many students went back to their reservations and became leaders in tribal politics.