1. Alternative Techniques for Edible Oil Refining
Prof Dr Aytac Saygin Gumuskesen
Assistant Prof Dr  Fahri Yemiscioglu
Res. Assoc. Onur Ozdikicierler
Ege University, Food Engineering Dept., Turkey
Oils & Fats International (OFI) Turkey 2014
Istanbul, May 2014

2. Composition of Oils and Fats
Major Component (%95-99)
Triglycerides
Minor Components (%1-5)
Triglyceride Derivatives
Glycerol
Free Fatty Acids
Mono- and Diglycerides
Non-Triglyceride Derivatives
Phospholipids
Sterols
Pigments
Vitamins
Antioxidants
Oxidation Products
Trace Metals
Hydrocarbons

3. Qualitative Objectives of Oil Refining
Complete removal or reduction of undesired constituents to tolarable limits to preserve quality attributes of oils.
Removal of contaminants for food safety (PAH, pesticides,etc.)
Maximum retention of tocopherols and sterols in refined oils
Prevention of undesired reactions (conjugation, trans formation etc.) together with elimination of processcontaminants (3-MCPD and esters)

4. Quantitative Objectives of Oil Refining
Obtaining refined oil with high yields.
Low overall energy loss for refining system.
Reengineering of refining wastes including minimising water consumption

5. Conventional Principles of Refining Operation
Miscelle formation – Centrifugation
Saponification– Centrifugation
Adsorbtion-Filtration
Steam Distillation

6. Backdraws of Conventional Refining Applications
High Energy Consumption
Excessive water need and waste production
Contact with chemicals
High Temperature Application

7. Novel Techniques Novel Techniques New technologies / modifications
New approaches

8. Enzymatic Deacidification
Enzymatic Techniques
Enzymatic Degumming
Enzymatic Deacidification

9. Enzymatic Degumming Enzymatic Techniques
Specified enzymes break phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)) into water-soluble and oil-soluble fragments, reducing their ability to form an emulsion. Less emulsion means less oil loss due to entrained oil, and lower gum content enables cleaner separation of oil and heavy phases, with more efficient removal.

10. Enzymatic Techniques
Enzymatic Degumming

11. Enzymatic Techniques
Deacidification
(Makasci et al. 1996)

12. Removal of pigments and waxes
Membrane Techniques
Phospholipid Removal
Micro-nano filtration
Deacidification
Removal of formed soap stock
Liquid-liquid extraction
Removal of pigments and waxes

13. Classification of Membrane Separation

14. Membran Application in Oil refining
Refined Oil
Crude Oil
Seed Preperation
Solvent Extraction
Solvent Recovery
Water/Phosphoric acid
Degumming
Deacidification
Bleaching
Dewaxing
Deodorization
Phospholipids
Soap Stock
Alkaline
Pigments
Hexane
Distillate
Seed Preperation
Solvent Extraction UF
Phospholipids
Solvent
Solvent
Oil + Solvent
NF/RO
FFA + Solvent RO RO
FFA
Deodorization
Refined Oil

15. Nanotechnology
Definition: Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. (Wikipedia definition)

16. Nanotechnology in Oil Refining
Deacidification
Generated by passage of a liquid through a constriction.
Mechanical and chemical effects
- Formation of very fine emulsions - Increased surface area
- Strong shear forces
- Activation of atoms, molecules
- Formation of radicals
- Initiation of chemical reactions
NaOH
Nano-
reactor
Greyt at al., 2011, 102nd , AOCS Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH

17. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Supercritical fluids can be used to extract analytes from samples. The main advantages of using supercritical fluids for extractions is that they are inexpensive, extract the analytes faster and more environmentally friendly than organic solvents.
For these reasons supercritical fluid CO2 is the reagent widely used as the supercritical solvent.
Examples on the use of supercritical fluids in vegetable oil refining include;
Refining of palm oil (Ooi et al. 1996)
Refining of olive oil (Brunetti et al. 1989; Gonçalves et al. 1991; Bondioli et al. 1989)
Degumming of soybean oil (List et al. 1993)
Deacidification of rice bran oil (Dunford et al. 2000; Dunford et al. 2003)
Extraction-fractionation and deacidification of wheat germ oil (Zacchi et al. 2006)

18. Molecular Distillation
Deacidification process in oil refining was investigated;
Physical refining using molecular distillation ;
specified values of phosphorus, peroxides and FFA content, with good tocopherol preservation.

19. Minimization of Energy Loss
Exergy: Exergy is the portion of energy that can be converted into useful work. It is a new developed concepts whichaims to distinguish between quantity of energy and quality of energy. Quantity of energy is a basic tool that can be monitored through basic calculations considering first law of thermodynamics. Quality of energy is a new concept that can be defined by using second law of thermodynamics.

20. Recovery of pigments from spent earth,
Waste Treatment
Recovery of pigments from spent earth,
A few studies using membrane technology
Recovery of waxes from cold neutralisation soap or winterization waste
Recovery of bioactive compounds (phytosterols, squalene, tocopherols etc.) from deodorizer distillates.
Some developments for squalene recovery and studies especially using supercritical fluid extraction and molecular distillation.

21. Process design with limited use of chemicals/less energy consumption
FUTURE PROJECTIONS
Process design with limited use of chemicals/less energy consumption
Environment friendly processes
Focus on process contaminants and food safety
More economic and safe packaging materials and technologies
Cold pressed oils/SCFE oils

22. Thank you for your attention…