1. WORLD HISTORY Unit #7 – Late Modern Euro History Lesson #703 Wars and Revolutions of the 1800s

2. Congress of Vienna Ultimate goal: create a lasting peace
Why is this needed?
How will they do that?
Members at this “Congress” represented the “old order”
What is the “old order”? (Old Regime)
Who do you think they blamed?
Congress saw the rising Middle Class as dangerous – what will they do about it?
War had been used to benefit a nation
But now, war is feared – why?
(hint: Napoleon’s wars were “total” wars)
New goal: avoid war at all costs
Congress created mechanisms to prevent war
Reaction: laws and leaders to encourage conservative values; repress all mid. class ideas
Congress of Vienna

3. Congress of Vienna Formation of Quadruple Alliance
Formation of new states (as kingdoms)
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Switzerland
Reinstatement of Bourbon dynasty in France
Poland put back on the map
Napoleon had created the Dutch of Warsaw
German Confederation (39 states)
Napoleon had created Confed of Rhine from the Holy Roman Empire
Leadership: Austrian Empire
Formation of Quadruple Alliance
Congress of Vienna
3m diag description

4. Redrawing the map of Europe
Congress of Vienna

5. What does it show about the direction of a Post-Napoleon Europe in terms of political leadership?
For all his faults, what did Napoleon do FOR European leadership and organization, quite by accident?

6. Problem for the Conservatives… Liberal Middle Class was on the rise, and taking hold in some pockets.
Liberal rebellions and Nationalism would flair up in parts of Europe wanting a new direction. For example…

7. France, post Napoleon Louis XVIII (1815-1824) Charles X (1824-1830)
Brother to Louis XVI
Constitutional Charter (1814)
Two house legislature
Limited suffrage (0.3%)
Died 1824
Charles X ( )
Brother of Louis and Louis
Repudiated charter
Restricted press
Paris mob attacked July REBELLION

8. France, 1830 Charles X (1824-1830) Louis Philippe (1830-1848)
Charles forced to abdicate
Parliament chose new king
Cousin to Charles – house of Orleans
Louis Philippe ( )
new king is chosen by legislature
“Citizen King” since he was chosen
“July Monarchy” since it happened in July
Increased suffrage to 0.5%
but, was a rather corrupt government
And, it only helped “haupt bourgeois”
Sets France up for… what do YOU think?

9. This is the Les Mis French Revolution, often called the “SECOND FRENCH REV”

10. How is this similar to the original French Revolution?
If only the very rich middle class would benefit, what will eventually happen?

11. Other Rebellions in 1830 and 1848

12. Liberal Rebellions in 1830 Italy Mazzini pushed the Young Italy
EXTREMELY nationalistic
CRUSHED by the Austrian army (up north)
Russia supported independence
Poland
Hated the new control the Russians had over them
Army officers rose up
Rebellion CRUSHED by the Russian army
Germany & Britain
Not at all violent
Germany – not at all organized
Britain – led to a change in voting – suffrage for Liberal (factory owners) – Great Reform Bill 1832

13. How is France going to become the symbol for all of Europe?

14. Successful Rebellions in 1830
Serbia
Formed from Ottoman Empire
EXTREMELY nationalistic
Strove to unite all Serbs into one nation-state
Russia supported independence
Belgium
Requested independence from Kingdom of Netherlands
Had to remain neutral
Not allowed a robust military
Will become an issue prior to WWI

15. Formation of Greece, 1830 Greece Formed from Ottoman Empire
EXTREMELY nationalistic
Maintained own culture, language, history
Sparked inspiration from Romantic circles
Lord Byron
War for independence broke out 1821
Supported by Russia
Fully independent
1830
(DBQ 2002)

16. Rebellion broke out AGAIN in 1848
Guess where?
Why?

17. Revolution in France, 1848 Poor harvest in 1847 Poor effected most
Louis Philippe – stubborn inaction & complacency
FEBRUARY DAYS
Yet another Rebellion broke out in Feb. 1848
Workers and students tore up cobblestones
Created barricades
National guard joined commoners
Louis Philippe abdicated – in favor of grandson
France declared itself a republic

18. Revolution in France, 1848
Provisional government opened national workshops in Spring, 1848
Wrote new constitution – powerful executive
To be elected in fall
New National Assembly elections in June
Thousands swarmed Paris for jobs
New government was conservative
Closed workshops down
Caused new rebellion: JUNE DAYS
Conservative Government punished rebels

19. Revolution will now spill into other areas of Europe
The saying goes, when France sneezes, Europe gets a cold. What does that mean?
Revolution will now spill into other areas of Europe

20. Revolution in Austria, 1848 March 1848 Vienna broke out in rebellion
Hungarians rejected Vienna’s leadership
Students led rebellion
Metternich fled in disguise
Emperor fled
Czechs joined rebellion
Italians joined rebellion for independence
Austrian army responded by bombarding capital
Russians provided troops
Rebellion crushed; order restored

21. Revolution in Prussia, 1848 March 1848 Popular disturbances in Berlin
King FW refused to attack civilians with army
Frederick William allowed for Prussian constituent assembly to write a constitution
FW suggested he’s support a Const. Monarchy
FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT met, wrote a constitution – wrote in FW as head of state
FW refused crown in 1849
Rebellion just fizzled out

22. Revolution in Italy, 1848 November 1848 Italy targeted by Nationalists
Nationalists asked Pope for help to remove French and Austrians
Pope refused, then fled
Italy declared a Roman Republic
END OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE
French arrived in 1849
Wrested control
Remained until 1870 war against Prussians

23. Austria had been the leadership of the Conservative controlled Europe, post-Napoleon.
What do you think is happening?
What do you think will happen next? Why?

24. France will become a Republic, and will never have a king again.

25. Conclusion to 1848 Rev in France
Election for President in Fall, 1848
Constituency chose a strong man with a strong name with a history of taking charge
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected to Pres
Nephew of Napoleon I
Responsive to the people
Would clash with the conservative National Assembly his whole four year term office
WHY WILL THIS MATTER?
Will lead to a new rebellion, and new emperor

26. (A strange transition)
France,
(A strange transition)

27. French Nationalism Feb 1848: February Days
Leads to the end of the July Monarchy
Start of a new Republic
June 1848: election of new National Assembly
Conservatives elected (leads to June Days)
Sep. elections
Several 1848 l Bonaparte's elected
Dec Presidential Election
1852 – Presidential Coup
1853 – France transforms back to an Empire

28. France becomes an Empire, again
President Louis Napoleon ( ) nephew to Napoleon born in Fontainebleau 1810 raised in arrogance of Bonaparte's attempted a coup in 1836 – exiled to Switz against Louis Philippe– “Citizen King” returned 1848 – elected in Sept ran for President Dec elected with overwhelming majority (75%) Who do you suppose loved him most? Popular with the poorest workers, farmers and soldiers Promised to stimulate economy also: avoid future rebellion

29. Emperor Napoleon III Focused on Public Works projects Why?
3m Paris rebuild

31. A quick analysis of the wars of the 1800s

32. Crimean War 1854-1856 (time period of US Civil War – same mentality)
Russians pushed into Moldavia to probe Ottoman resistance and British resolve
Br. and Fr. feared Russian expansion into Med.
French and British teamed with Ottomans
Attacked Russian Black Fleet
2/3 of the 20,000 British troops would die on battlefield
First “general war” since 1815 (Napoleon)
Logistical nightmare for British and French
Considered first “modern war”
Use of telegraph
Extensive use of RR
Breach loading rifles and guns
Photography & daily news of war
Field nursing: Florence Nightingale
Russians force to surrender Black Sea fleet

33. Want to see a reaction of Romanticism to this war?
Characterizations:
Purpose: Maintain a Balance of Power
Use of modern weaponry,
but with old style fighting techniques
Senseless death
Ridiculous bravery
Want to see a reaction of Romanticism to this war?

34. Charge of the Light Brigade (Lord Tennyson)
Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
“Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!” he said. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew Someone had blundered.
Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them    Volleyed and thundered; Stormed at with shot and shell,
Cannon to right of them, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of hell   Rode the six hundred.

35. Last part of the Romantic poem…
Flashed all their sabres bare, Flashed as they turned in air Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army, while
All the world wondered. Plunged in the battery-smoke Right through the line they broke; Cossack and Russian
Reeled from the sabre stroke Shattered and sundered. Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred.
…While horse and hero fell. They that had fought so well Came through the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred.
When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wondered.
Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!

36. French 19th C. wars
Italian campaign
Defended Pope, 1848
French troops crushed rebellion
Crimean War – 1854
Joined by British
French and English crushed the Russians
Restored balance of power – prevent expanding Russia
War against Austria in N. Italy – 1859
Joined Italian monarchists to crush Austria – they won this one, too.
How will success in these wars affect their attitude?
In other words… how do the French think of France after all these victories?
Franco-Prussian War – 1870 – totally different

37. France was a part of three wars in a single decade, winning all three.
What do you think this taught the French about their position in Europe?
Is it justified?
How is it tied to Nationalism?
Why will this become a problem for them?

38. Franco-Prussian War
Napoleon III insulted by Germ. Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck (The IRON CHANCELLOR)
A Hohenzollern prince invited to throne of Spain
France insists on redress… or they will declare war – France got goaded into war
They were SURE they could quickly defeat Prussia (who now led North Germ. Confed.)
Instead, the technologically superior Germans defeated and humiliated the French in 6 weeks
France was forced accept defeat in Versailles
France forced to pay reparations, give up land, and Napoleon forced to Abdicate
German states united to defeat France
France will seek revenge

39. Extra Emphasis: German states united to defeat France
WHAT WILL GERMAN VICTORIES BY GERMANS OVER THE ARROGANT FRENCH DO FOR GERMAN EGO?
WHAT WILL MAKE THIS UBER DANGEROUS?
France will be HUNGER for revenge
HUNGER!!!
Remember these facts:
France was forced accept defeat in Versailles
France forced to pay reparations
France lost a bit of land
Napoleon forced to Abdicate
PREMINITION… WORLD WAR I

40. Italian Unification

41. Italian Nationalists Goal: create an Italian Republic
Free of Austrians, French and Papal control
Started with Mazzini’s Young Italy
Declaration of Roman Republic in 1848
Crushed by French troops – and they stayed
Camillo Cavour appointed PM of Sardinia
Served his king, Victor Emmanuel
Goal: create monarchial Italian state
VE was a prince and a general
Ascended to king – turned power over to Cavour 1852

42. Giuseppe Garibaldi Kingdom of Italy declared in 1860
What was Cavour’s plan for Garibaldi?
How did Victor Emmanuel get
all power in Italy?
click

44. German Unification

45. Otto von Bismarck The “Iron Chancellor”
German unification by BLOOD AND IRON
Loyal Prime Minister to Prussian King William I
Appointed 1862
Used Zollverein for Prussia
Prussia dominated this trade union
Austria remained outside
Prussia modernized
Austria lagged behind

46. Unification of Germany
Otto von Bismarck – was like Cavour
Step #1 – economic development
Step #2 – become the dominant section of Germans
Step #3 – inspire other regions to join
Actions…
Step #1 – Zollverein
Step #2 – force Austria into an unwinnable war
Step #3 – goad the French into declaring war

47. Bismarck’s wars Were limited in size, region and length Denmark (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein
Seven Weeks War (1866)
Austro-Prussian War
Proved Prussian dominance
VERY soft on Austrians
Goal: develop friendship with Prussians as dominant, not create enemy
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Six weeks
Unified all Germans
Treaty of Versailles – insult to the French

48. 3m explanation of German Unification

49. New German Nation The “second Reich” Bismarck transformed
From a IRON CHANCELLOR (of war)
To powerful, pragmatic diplomate of peace
became a diplomat and man of peace
Europe became a German continent
German industry booming
Bismarck dominated international politics
Ex: several Berlin Conferences in coming years

50. Videos of 19th Century History
Romantic vs. Classic art
Congress of Vienna – Crash Course (fake)
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
Crimean War