1. Chapter 1 The Meeting of Cultures

3. How many Native Americans were there in 1492?
We don’t know for sure
Historians disagree
Estimates range from million

4. Why are historians unable to come to an agreement?
There are no written records on population and the natives were devastated by disease before Europeans had contact with most natives

5. Natives
of the
South

7. The Aztecs, Mayas and Incas all had cities and were agriculture based economies
What will the economies of the European settlers be based on?

8. Mayan ruins in Belize

9. Inca ruins at Machu Picchu

11. Aztec ruins

12. agriculture Natives of the North Not large empire as in the South
Some utilized : hunting/gathering/fishing
Most groups:
agriculture

14. Geography had great impact on economics and lifestyle
Large game hunters had to move
Pacific coast tribes based on salmon fishing built permanent settlements
Southwest tribes used irrigation on dry lands

15. Eastern Woodland Indians
Primarily agricultural
This allowed many to be settled
Some moved due to overproduction of land

16. Groups were linked by common linguistic roots
The largest Algic or Algonquin
Spoken from East coast to Rockies by 30 different sub-groups

17. The most elaborately organized group was the Iroquois Confederation
Seneca
Onondaga
Oneida
Cayuga
Mohawk

18. Like other people around the world religion was tied to the natural world
Natives often had gods associated with crops, game and weather

19. Work was often divided by gender, but not all tribes divided the same way
All tribes had women care for children, cook and gather certain foods
All tribes had men do the hunting, clear land and fight

20. Some tribes had the men do the farming: Pueblos
Others had the women farm: Algonquin, Iroquois, Muskogee

21. Men could be gone for extended periods for hunting or war
Since the women were always around they often controlled the social and economic organization for a band

22. 1. Countries are getting more united under a stronger government
Why does Europe expand?
1. Countries are getting more united under a stronger government
2. Trade
= $
$ = POWER
Trade = POWER

23. Trade means profit for both the individual and the country

24. From the crusades and adventurers like Marco polo the West knew of exotic goods like spices and silk

25. Overland trade route was limited by its length and was dominate by the Italians

26. The first to search for a new route were the Portuguese who go around Africa

27. Columbus sails for Spain and tries a new route

28. 3 Stages of the Spanish Empire
Discovery and Exploration
Age of Conquistadores
Organization of colonies

29. Conquistadores did very well- Spanish America produced 10 times the amount of gold and silver from as the rest of the world

30. After the conquistadores came, others set up for profit agricultural society and wanted to establish European civilization

31. The Church plays a big part in spreading European culture when the Jesuits come
Why do they come?
Reformation

32. Catholic missions established all through the empire

33. The first settlement in what is now the U. S. was St
The first settlement in what is now the U.S. was St. Augustine in Florida
A more successful effort was started in 1598 in the southwest (New Mexico)– inhabited by the Pueblo Indians

34. Spanish used Encomienda – licenses to force natives to perform labor and give tribute
What European system is this based on?
Feudalism

35. Bartolome Las Casas
Juan de Sepulveda

36. Tension are calmed when:
Spanish use less harsh methods
Church is successful in converting natives

37. By 1680 there are 2000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblo
Economy based around cattle and sheep

38. While many natives have converted, they still follow some traditional religious practices
When Catholic priests attempt to stop this, the natives rise up and drive the Spanish out of Santa Fe
Pueblo Revolt 1680

39. Spain returns in 1696 and gets control back
Change tactics to keep natives in line
Assimilate Indians
* baptize Indian children at birth
* enforce Catholic rituals but look other way at Indian religion

40. 2. Allow Indians to own land and stop forcing labor
By 1750 there are 4000 Spanish and 13,000 Pueblo
Why?

41. Spanish empire was top-down in structure
The crown had control and colonists has no real input in government

42. Economics were based on for profit enterprises especially mining and plantations
Spain does not worry about fostering trade or food production

43. The tight control and regulation of the crown restricted economic development
Example: limited the number of ports that could be used

44. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, diseases, technology and ideas between the Americas and Europe following the voyage to the Americas by Columbus in 1492,

45. What had the greatest impact from this exchange?
Disease

46. Diseases such as measles, influenza and especially small pox had devastating effect on natives
Hardest hit were the islands and isolated areas
Hispaniola is estimated to have lost 99% of its population

47. Disease mixed with the conquistador policy of subjugation and extermination resulted in a dramtic decline in population

48. Another result was a mixing of the culture as a result of the attempt to restrict(crush) native culture and the spread of Christianity

49. As Spanish men outnumbered women there were mixed marriages
The children were known as mestizo
Casta System established

50. Each side received new crops and livestock
Europeans brought: sugar, banana, cattle, pigs, sheep and horses
Got: corn squash, potato, tomato and beans

51. Indians were the primary labor source at first
With disease killing so many there was a need to find a new source
This is especially important on the islands

52. The solution to this for Spain was the African slave trade
Dominated at first by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch

53. Escaped slave attempt to set up free settlements called Maroon Communities found in Central and South America and the Caribbean