1. SYMBIAN OS Embedded Operating System
Prof. Antonette Daligdig
Operating Systems
Atienza, Lemuel Jay
Bacarra, Dan Paolo
Dulatre, Michael Angelo
Jimenez, John Edward
Llorca, Bryalle

2. Origin/History 1980 1984 1986 Psion founded by David Potter
Handheld devices evolved
1984
Psion Organizer – the world’s first handheld computer – launched
1986
Vastly improved Psion Organizer II launches, with a simple-to-use database programming language, OPL (Open Programming Language)

3. Origin/History
1987
Psion begins development of its SIBO (SIxteen Bit Organiser) family of devices and its own new multitasking operating system called EPOC to run its PDA products
1989
First EPOC16 devices, the MC400 and MC200, ship with a primarily 1-bit, keyboard-operated graphical interface

4. Origin/History 1990 1991 Dramatic increase in use of mobile phones
Psion Computers manufactured devices that were PDAs
1991
Psion produced the Series 3: a small computer with a half-VGA, monochrome screen that could fit into a pocket

5. Origin/History 1996 1997 Series 3c with additional infrared capability
Psion started to design a new 32-bit operating system that supported pointing devices on a touch screen, used multimedia and was more communication rich
Introduction of the system as EPOC Release 1
1997
The first version of EPOC32 Release 1 appeared on the Psion Series 5 ROM v1.0

6. Origin/History
1997
EPOC32 operating system, at the time simply referred to as EPOC, was later renamed Symbian OS
1998
In June, Psion Software became Symbian : a major joint venture between Psion and phone manufacturers Ericsson, Motorola, and Nokia.
EPOC became known simply as Symbian OS

7. Origin/History
1999
The Psion Series 5mx, Psion Series 7, Psion Revo, Diamond Mako, Psion netBook, netPad, GeoFox One, and Ericsson MC218 were released using EPOC Release 5
2000
The first phone : the Ericsson R380 was released using ER5u (Symbian OS v5.1. u = Unicode) in November

8. Origin/History
2000
Manufacturers were searching for a new & advanced operating system for its next generation of devices
Psion and the leaders in the mobile phone industry : including Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Matsushita (Panasonic), formed a joint venture, called Symbian
Develop the EPOC operating system core, new core design was called Symbian OS

9. Origin/History
2001
The first open Symbian OS phone : the Nokia 9210 Communicator, was released in June and Bluetooth support was added
Almost 500,000 Symbian phones were shipped in 2001, rising to 2.1 million the following year
Symbian OS debuted at version 6

10. Origin/History
2003
First shipment of Symbian OS 7.0 and 7.0s, an important Symbian release which appeared with all contemporary user interfaces including UIQ (Sony Ericsson P800, P900, P910, Motorola A925, A1000), Series 80 (Nokia 9300, 9500), Series 90 (Nokia 7710), Series 60 (Nokia 3230, 6260, 6600, 6670, 7610) as well as several FOMA phones in Japan
It also added EDGE support and IPv6
One million Symbian phones were shipped with the rate increasing to one million a month by the end of 2003

11. Origin/History 2004 2005 Psion sells its stake in Symbian
Symbian OS version 8, enhanced the performance of Symbian OS, particularly for its real-time functions
2005
Symbian OS version 9, added concepts of capability-based security and gatekeeping installation
Symbian OS version 9 also added the flexibility for hardware that Symbian OS version 7 added for software

12. Origin/History
2006
Symbian helped bring forth the explosion of mobile device innovation—with Symbian software at the base of more than 100 million phones
2008
The next step of Symbian evolution took place, with Nokia purchasing all Symbian assets and starting the software down the path to open source
Symbian acquired by Nokia; Symbian Foundation formed

13. Characteristics : Processing
Threads
Threads : form the central unit of multitasking
Process is simply seen by the operating system as a collection of threads with a process control block and some memory space
Thread support in Symbian OS is based in the nanokernel with nanothreads

14. Characteristics : Processing
Nanothreads
Run in privileged mode and need a stack to store their runtime environment data
Cannot run in user mode
Nanothreads can be in the following states:
Suspended
Fast Semaphore Wait
DFC Wait
Sleep
Other

15. Characteristics : Processing
Processes
Concepts of process state and process scheduling have already been defined by Symbian OS threads and nanothreads
Scheduling a process, then, is really implemented by scheduling a thread and initializing the right process control block to use for its data needs

16. Characteristics : Processing
Processes
Symbian OS threads organized under a single process work together in several ways:
First, there is a single main thread that is marked as the starting point for the process
Second, threads share scheduling parameters. Changing parameters, that is, the method of scheduling, for the process changes the parameters for all threads

17. Characteristics : Processing
Processes
Symbian OS threads organized under a single process work together in several ways:
Third, threads share memory space objects, including device and other object descriptors
Finally, when a process is terminated, the kernel terminates all threads in the process

18. Characteristics : Memory Management
Systems with No Virtual Memory
Only storage available to the operating system on these platforms is memory; they do not come with a disk drive
Do not support a demand paged virtual memory
Memory space used in most small platform devices. Typically, have two types of storage: RAM and flash memory

19. Characteristics : Memory Management
Systems with No Virtual Memory
RAM
Stores the operating system code (to be used when the system boots)
flash memory
used for both operating memory and permanent (file) storage
it is possible to add extra flash memory to a device (such as a SD [Secure Digital] card), and this memory is used exclusively for permanent storage.

20. Characteristics : Memory Management
Systems with No Virtual Memory
Absence of demand-paged virtual memory does not mean the absence of memory management
Smaller platforms are built on hardware that includes many of the management features of larger systems includes features such as :
Paging
Address Translation
Virtual /Physical Address Abstraction

21. Characteristics : Memory Management
Systems with No Virtual Memory
Memory management consists of the following tasks:
Management of application size
Heap management
Execution in-place
Loading DLLs
Offload memory management to hardware

22. Characteristics : Memory Management
How Symbian OS Addresses Memory
Symbian OS is a 32-bit operating system, addresses can range up to 4 GB
Symbian OS divides memory into virtual pages and physical frames
Symbian OS adopts a two-level page table strategy (shown in next slide)

23. Characteristics : Memory Management
How Symbian OS Addresses Memory
Symbian OS uses a two-level page table to reduce table access time and storage

24. Characteristics : Input/Output
Device Drivers
Device driver in Symbian OS is split into two levels:
A logical device driver (LDD)
Presents an interface to upper layers of software
A physical device driver (PDD)
Interacts directly with hardware

25. Characteristics : Input/Output
Kernel Extensions
Kernel extensions are device drivers that are loaded by Symbian OS at boot time
Provided for two reasons:
First, it matches the object-oriented design abstractions we have come to see as characteristic of microkernel design
Second, it allows the separate platforms that Symbian OS runs on to run specialized device drivers that enable the hardware for each platform without recompiling the kernel

26. Characteristics : Input/Output
Direct Memory Access
Device drivers frequently make use of DMA and Symbian OS supports the use of DMA hardware
DMA hardware consists of a controller that controls a set of DMA channels

27. Characteristics : Input/Output
Special Case: Storage Media
Media drivers are a special form of PDD in Symbian OS that are used exclusively by the file server to implement access to storage media devices
The file server in Symbian OS can support up to 26 different drives at the same time
Local drives are distinguished by their drive letter, as in Windows

28. Characteristics : Input/Output
Blocking I/O
Symbian OS deals with blocking I/O through active objects
The weight of all threads waiting on I/O event affects the other threads in the system
Active objects allow blocking I/O calls to be handled by the operating system rather than the process itself
Active objects are coordinated by a single scheduler and implemented in a single thread

29. Characteristics : Input/Output
Removable Media
Removable media needs a controller, a driver, a bus structure, and will probably communicate to the CPU through DMA
Symbian OS provides software controllers that control each supported card
Symbian OS provides a series of events that occur when state changes happen

30. Features Client-Server Architecture Event Management
In Symbian OS, clients are programs that have user interfaces, and servers are programs that can only be accessed via a well defined interface from other programs
Event Management
Event management has long been considered core strength of Symbian OS - reflecting the fact that Symbian OS was designed from the start to have event based time sharing in a single thread

31. Features Object Oriented Design
Because Symbian OS has an object oriented design, it is easy to configure for different sorts of hardware, and being component based, it allows manufacturers to add or remove components
This will provide a stable base as the telecommunications industry moves from 2G to 2.5G to 3G to 4G, with the further introduction of new technologies such as SyncML, BlueTooth, and Multimedia Messaging amongst many

32. Features Power Management
Symbian OS users are used to the performance of mobile phones - and so demand similar performance in terms of weight and operating times when they adopt new devices
Power management is built into the kernel of Symbian OS and is designed to make efficient use of the processors and peripherals and so minimize power usage

33. Features Robust and Dependable
Devices should not lose user data, crash or require rebooting
Symbian achieves this in two ways:
Each process runs in a protected address space, thus it is not possible for one application to overwrite another’s address space. The kernel also runs in a protected address space, so that a bug in one application cannot overwrite the kernel’s stack or heap.

34. Features Robust and Dependable Symbian achieves this in two ways:
The client-server architecture of Symbian OS allows applications to exchange data without compromising overall system integrity. This meets the requirement to work on stand alone portable devices, even though Symbian devices offer greatly enhanced functionality over standard mobile phones.

35. Features Memory Management
For stand alone portable devices, memory management is important
The need to minimize weight, device size and cost means the amount of memory available on a Symbian OS device is often quite limited
Symbian OS always assumes that the memory available is limited, and minimizes consumption at every turn
Consequently, less memory is actually required by the system also having less memory helps to keep down power consumption

36. Features Full Multitasking An Open Operating System
Symbian OS runs each application as a separate process, allowing multiple applications to run concurrently
An Open Operating System
Symbian OS is an open OS
Open to anyone to license
Open to anyone to develop application
Based on open standards
Owned by the industry

37. Strengths Memory Management Execution in-place
The absence of demand-paged virtual memory does not mean the absence of memory management, smaller platforms are built on hardware that includes many of the management features of larger systems
Execution in-place
Platforms with no disk drives usually support execution in-place
Flash memory is mapped into the virtual address space and programs can be executed directly from flash memory, without copying them into RAM first

38. Weakness No Virtual Memory
The only storage available to the operating system on these platforms is memory; they do not come with a disk drive
Smaller systems, from PDAs to smartphones to higher level handheld devices, do not support a demand paged virtual memory

39. Example of Applications where the Symbian OS is being used
Nokia Series 80 interface
Nokia 9210 Communicator smartphone (32-bit 66 MHz ARM9-based RISC CPU) (2001), 9300(2004), 9500 Communicator (2004) using the Nokia Series 80 interface
UIQ interface
Used for PDAs such as Sony Ericsson P800 (2002), P900 (2003), P910 (2004), P990 (2005), W950 (2006), M600 (2006), P1 (2007),W960 (2007), G700 (2008), G90 (2008), G702 (2008), Motorola A920, A925, A1000, RIZR Z8, RIZR Z10, DoCoMo M1000, BenQ P30, P31 and Nokia 6708 using this interface

40. Example of Applications where the Symbian OS is being used
Nokia S60 (2002) interface
Nokia S60 is used in various phones, the first being the Nokia 7650, then the Nokia 3650, followed by the Nokia 3620/3660, Nokia 6600,Nokia 7610, Nokia 6670 and Nokia 3230
The Nokia N-Gage and Nokia N-Gage QD gaming/smartphone combos are also S60 platform devices
It was also used on other manufacturers' phones such as the Siemens SX1, Sendo X, Panasonic X700, Panasonic X800,Samsung SGH-D730, SGH-D720 and the Samsung SGH-Z600

41. Example of Applications where the Symbian OS is being used
Nokia S60 (2002) interface
Recent, more advanced devices using S60 include the Nokia 6620,Nokia 6630, the Nokia 6680, Nokia 6681 and Nokia 6682, Nokia 6120 classic, Nokia 6121 classic, Nokia 6220,a next generationNseries, including the Nokia N70, Nokia N71, Nokia N72, Nokia N73, Nokia N75, Nokia N76, Nokia N77, Nokia N78, Nokia N79, Nokia N80, Nokia N81, Nokia N82, Nokia N85, Nokia N90, Nokia N91, Nokia N92, Nokia N93, Nokia N95, Nokia N96 and Nokia N97
The enterprise (i.e. business) model Eseries, including the Nokia E50, Nokia E51, Nokia E60, Nokia E61, Nokia E62, Nokia E63, Nokia E65,Nokia E66, Nokia E70, Nokia E71, Nokia E71x, Nokia E78, and Nokia E90 and some of the models of Nokia Xpress music mobiles likeNokia 5320, Nokia 5700, Nokia 5800 and Nokia 5530 XpressMusic
Nokia Series 90 interface
Nokia 7710 (2004) using the Nokia Series 90 interface

42. Screenshots Symbian OS Logo Historic Formation of Industry for Symbian
A screenshot of the UIQ 3 pen- based interface on the P990
Screenshot of a typical Nokia S60 user interface