1. Female Reproductive System1

3. Ovaries
Female gonads
2 small almond-shaped glands, located in the abdominal cavity, attached to the uterus by ligaments
Contains thousands of small sacs called follicles
Each follicle contains an immature egg or ovum
Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics – breasts, hips widen, body hair 3

4. Ovulation The maturing and release of an egg Occurs every 28 days
If egg is not fertilized, the body sheds the lining of the uterus and menstruation occurs 4

5. Fallopian Tubes 2 of them 5 inches in length
Attached to the upper part of the uterus
Function
Move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Cilia and peristalsis keep the ovum moving
Site of fertilization, the union of the egg and sperm 5

6. Uterus Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ 3 parts Function
Fundus – top
Body – middle
Cervix – narrow bottom
Function
Organ of menstruation
Site where the blastocyst implants
Allows for the development and growth of the fetus
Contracts during birth to aid in the expulsion of the fetus 6

7. Vagina
Muscular tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body
Function
Passageway for menstrual flow
Receives sperm and semen from the male
Female organ of copulation
Birth canal during delivery of the infant 7

9. Bartholin’s Glands
2 small glands on either side of the vaginal opening
Secretes mucous for lubrication during intercourse
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10. Oviduct Ovary Uterus (Urinary bladder) (Rectum) (Pubic bone) Cervix
LE 46-9a
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Cervix
Urethra
Vagina
Shaft
Glans
Clitoris
Bartholin’s gland
Prepuce
Labia minora
Vaginal opening
Labia majora

11. Vulva Collective name for the external female genitalia Includes
Mons pubis - pad of fat
Labia majora – outer folds of tissue
Labia minora – inner folds of tissue
Perineum – area between the vagina and anus 11

12. Breasts Mammary glands Contain lobes that surface at the nipples
Function
Secrete milk – lactate after childbirth 12

14. Female Reproductive System
Diseases
Female Reproductive System 14

15. Breast Tumors
American Cancer Society recommends Self-Breast Examination every month for adult females at the end of menstruation 15

16. SBE 16

17. Breast Cancer (FYI) Most common malignancy of US women
1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer.
Arises from epithelial cells of the ducts, small clusters of cancer cells grow into a lump in the breast from which cells eventually metastasize.

18. Risk Factors (FYI) Risk factors: early onset of menopause
no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
history of breast cancer
silicone breast implants
high estrogen concentrations
cigarette smoking
excessive alcohol intake
hereditary defects
70% of women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors for the disease.

19. Early Warning Signals (FYI)
Changes in skin texture
Puckering
Leakage from nipple
Lumps in breast

20. Early Detection (FYI) Monthly self breast exam Mammogram
x-ray that can detect cancer smaller than 1 cm, recommended every 2 years from women between and then yearly from age 50.

21. Mammograms
ACS recommends a baseline test between 35-40 21

22. Treatment (FYI) Radiation Chemotherapy
Surgery followed by radiation or chemo
Lumpectomy- only cancerous lump removed.
Simple masectomy- removal of breast tissue only.
Radical mastectomy- removal of entire affected breast, muscles, fascia, and lymph nodes.

23. Surgeries Lumpectomy - only cancerous lump removed.
Simple mastectomy -removal of breast tissue only.
Radical mastectomy -removal of entire affected breast, muscles, fascia, and lymph nodes. 23

24. Cancer of the Cervix Detected by a PAP smear Treatment
Hysterectomy - removal of cervix and uterus 24

25. Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus 25

26. PMS Premenstrual Syndrome
Group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days before menstruation
Related to hormonal changes or biochemical imbalance 26

27. Oogenesis
Production of ova in females
Begins prior to birth

28. LE 46-11 Ovary Primary germ cell in embryo Differentiation Oogonium
in ovary
Oogonium
Mitotic
division
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
Primary
oocyte
Completion of meiosis I
and onset of meiosis II
Growing
follicle
Secondary
oocyte
First polar body
Ovulation
Entry of sperm
triggers
completion
of meiosis II
Mature follicle
Ruptured
follicle
Second polar body
Ovum
Ovulated
secondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degen-
erating corpus luteum

29. Oogenesis differs from Spermatogenesis
A start – stop process
Begins prior to birth, stops, and then is completed at fertilization
Spermatogenesis
Continuous
Begins during puberty