1. Make sure you view the PowerPoint in PRESENTATION mode!
Prenatal Development
Make sure you view the PowerPoint in PRESENTATION mode!

2. Female Reproductive Organs

3. Conception Every 28 days, an ovum, lasts 24 hours
Millions of sperm, viable for up to 6 days
Conception in the fallopian tube
Tubal pregnancy
Conceptions most likely: on day of ovulation or the two days preceding ovulation

4. Conception

5. The Period of the Zygote or the Germinal Stage
First Two weeks following conception
From fallopian tubes to attachment to the uterine wall
Blastocyst, cells, 4th day
Embryonic disk (organism)
Outer Ring (umbilical cord & placenta)
Implantation between days 7 & 9

6. Zygote Period Continued
Amnion Membrane, amniotic fluid
Yolk sack produces blood cells
Chorion Membrane
Placenta - Food, oxygen, waste
Umbilical cord
30% of zygotes do NOT survive

7. The Period of the Embryo
5.5 Weeks
9 Weeks
From 2nd week through 2nd month
Very rapid prenatal development
Embryonic disk folds into three layers
Ectoderm - Nervous system (fast develop.) & skin
Mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, circulation
Endoderm - Digestion, lungs, urinary tract

8. Embryonic Period Cont. Many body parts develop the 2nd month
Fingers, toes, facial features, nervous system cells fire, teeth buds have formed
Embryo’s posture becomes upright
The embryo can move
The embryo responds to touch (mouth & feet)

9. 11 Week Fetus

10. The Period of the Fetus Growth and finishing Third month
Organs, muscles & nervous system organize and connect
External genitals – visible with ultrasound
End of first trimester

11. Second Trimester 13-24 weeks - first movement felt
Vernix covers fetus, prevents chapping
Lanugo hold vernix to skin
Trillions of brain neurons produced
Stimulated by sound and light

12. Third Trimester Age of viability - 22 to 26 weeks
Cerebral cortex enlarges
Responsive to external stimulation
Fat layer develops for temp. reg.
Moves to the upside-down position
Fetus moves less

13. Teratogens
Environmental influences or agents that can damage the developing organism

15. Influence of Teratogens
Larger doses, over time, more negative
Genetics can help or hinder teratogens
Several negative factors increase impact
Sensitive periods especially important
Embryonic period most susceptible
Physical and psychological effects

16. Drugs
Aspirin - low birth weight, infant death Poor motor develop., lower IQ
Heavy caffeine use – miscarriage, Premature births, irritability

17. Illegal Drugs Cocaine, heroin, methadone
Prematurity, low birth weight
Physical defects, breathing problems,
Drug addiction & death
Cocaine - lasting difficulties
Genital, urinary tract, kidney, heart deformities
Brain seizures

18. Crack babies Lowest birth weight Central nervous system damage
Fathers on cocaine may pass it on
Multiple harmful effects of more than one drug

19. Tobacco use Low birth weight and premature births Impaired breathing
Miscarriage & infant death
Placenta doesn’t work correctly
Greater concentration of carbon monoxide
Passive smoking also injurious

20. Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Large amounts of alcohol, whole pregnancy
Mental retardation
Slow physical growth
Facial abnormalities
Alcohol interferes with cell duplication
Especially neural cells
Draws oxygen away from organism

21. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

22. Hormones Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1945-70 Vaginal cancer
Malformation of the uterus
Miscarriage, low birth weight
In males, genital abnormalities, cancer

23. Radiation Hiroshima & Nagasaki X-Rays - avoid during pregnancy
Miscarriage, slow physical growth
Underdeveloped brains
Malformation of skeleton & eyes
X-Rays - avoid during pregnancy

24. Environmental Pollutants
100,000 in common use
Mercury
Mental retardation, speech problems
Difficulty chewing & swallowing
Uncoordinated movements
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Lower birth weight, smaller heads
Poor memory, lower verbal IQ

25. Maternal Disease Viruses - Most not harmful Rubella HIV & AIDS
Heart defects, cataracts, deafness
Genital, urinary & intestinal problems
HIV & AIDS
20-30% Mothers pass to infants
Fast growth in infants
Most survive 5 to 8 months

26. Maternal Disease Cont. Herpes viruses Bacterial & Parasitic Diseases
Babies infected during pregnancy or at birth
Bacterial & Parasitic Diseases
Toxoplasmosis from meat or cats
40% transmission
Eye & brain damage

27. Positive Health Activities
Moderate, low impact exercise
Healthy diet - vitamin supplements
Malnutrition causes problems
WIC Program
Low stress
Intense anxiety >> miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, respiratory illness, Cleft palate & Pyloric stenosis

28. Rh Factor Mother Rh -, father Rh+, Child Rh+
Antibodies against foreign Rh protein
RhoGam within 72 hours

29. Prenatal Health Care Every month of pregnancy visit MD
2X/Month for the last two months

30. Watch For . . . Diabetes complications Toxemia
Get vaccinations before becoming pregnant

31. Prenatal Courses
Information: Birth & Parenting
Exercises
Support