1. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

2. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

3. Animal-like protists consume other organisms.
heterotrophs
single-celled

4. Plantlike protists are photosynthetic.
single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
no roots, stems, or leaves

5. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms.
heterotrophs
can move, whereas fungi cannot

6. Endosymbiotic Theory -How Eukaryotes came to be-
Scientists think protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve.
Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host)
Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells
Formed cell organelles
chloroplast
mitochondria

7. Protists are difficult to classify.
Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

8. Protist classification will likely change.
Some protists are not closely related.
Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

9. KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move. They are classified by how they move.

10. Animal-like protists move in various ways.
Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

11. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates
PHYLUM Zoomastigophora
flagella help zooflagellates swim
more than 2000 zooflagellates

12. D. PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGOPHORA
Flagellates- move using flagella
Free living by absorbing dead or decaying organic matter OR some are parasites
EX:Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood)
Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

13. Zoomastigophora
Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in other words, it’s a Vector for African Sleeping Sickness
American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug

14. Phylum Zoomastigophora

15. Some protists move with pseudopods.
change shape as they move
amoebas

16. Pseudopods- (“fake feet”) used for feeding and locomotion.
Saltwater and freshwater
Asexual reproduction
Food vacuole
pseudopods
nucleus

18. Some protists move with pseudopods.
change shape as they move
amoebas PHYLUM Rhizopoda
Forams – PHYLUM Foraminifera

19. Cliffs of Dover

20. Some protozoa move with cilia PHYLUM Ciliophora.
cilia help protists swim and capture food
more than 8000 ciliates
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

21. Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement.
A. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement.
found in fresh and salt water
Draw and label p.543

22. Phylum Cilophora
paramecium

23. Phylum Cilophora

24. Phylum Ciliophora
TWO KINDS OF NUCLEI:
Macronucleus – controls daily functions such as feeding, eliminating waste, and maintaining water balance
Micronucleus – used for reproduction

25. Phylum Ciliophora
Reproduce Asexually, but maintain genetic variation through Conjugation: exchange genetic info

26. Phylum Apicomplexa
Protists that do not move.
Form sporozoites
Ex. Plasmosdium

27. It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito
C. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA
Sporozoans- Form spores at some point in their life cycle.
Lack locomotion
Sexual and Asexual reproduction
Intestinal parasites
Plasmodium (Malaria)
It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito

28. Some animal-like protists cause disease.
sporozoites
human liver
liver cells
developed
parasites
red blood
cells
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes.
Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by Tsetse flies.
American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug
A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water.
Malaria Infection

29. KEY CONCEPT Algae are plantlike protists.

30. Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
Most perform photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and possibly secondary pigments
Classified by their pigment color
colony
daughter colony

31. Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.
Phylum Euglenophyta
mostly photosynthetic
some heterotrophic
single-celled
one or two flagella
some animal like traits
pellicle
nucleus
chloroplast
eye spot
contractile
vacuole
flagellum

32. Euglenoids
Have an “eye spot” that is sensitive to light.

33. have stiff protective plates can cause red tide
Phylum Dinoflagellata - Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists.
have two flagella
may be bioluminescent
have stiff protective plates
can cause red tide
Produce a lethal nerve toxin
Dinoflagellates

34. Phyla of Algae Dinoflagellates- “The spinning ones”
2 flagella at right angles to each other, causes it to spin as it moves.
Mostly found in saltwater.
Can be bioluminescent: Glow

35. ALGAL BLOOMS: In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers.
Dinoflagellates
ALGAL BLOOMS:
In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers.
Clog fish gills
Die, decompose, and deplete the oxygen supply, suffocating marine life.

36. Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells.
shells made of silica (glass)
produce large amounts of oxygen
Phylum Bacillariophyta

37. Phyla of Algae Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes”
A. DIATOMS
Phyla of Algae
Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes”
Made of chlorophyll (green) & carotenoids (golden-yellow)
Reproduction- sexual and asexual.
Cell wall- made of hard silica (glass)

38. Diatoms
Made of 2 halves: The smaller half fits inside the bigger half, like a box and lid.
Store their food as oil, so they float at the top of the water where they can get sunlight for photosynthesis.

39. Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments.
Yellow/green algae contain carotenoids
Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b.
Brown algae contain chlorophyll c.
Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

40. Chrysophytes- “The Colonists”
D. Phylum Chrysophyta
Chrysophytes- “The Colonists”
Yellow-Brown secondary pigments (carotenoids)
Form colonies- a group of cells that live in close association.

41. Phylum Phaeophyta E. Brown Algae Brown algae- “The Brown Ones”
Fucoxanthin pigments
Multicellular
Largest algae
Ex: Giant Kelp can grow up to cm a day.

42. Brown Algae
Used to make a variety of products
As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream
Used as food for animals (processed)
Ex. Giant Kelp

43. Brown Algae

44. F. GREEN ALGAE
Phylum Chlorophyta
Green algae- “The Green Ones”
Mostly freshwater
Very similar to plant cell walls
Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll pigments

45. Green Algae
Scientists think the first plants may have evolved from green algae.

46. Phylum Rhodophyta Red algae- “The Red Ones” Warm saltwater habitats
G. RED ALGAE
Phylum Rhodophyta
Red algae- “The Red Ones”
Warm saltwater habitats
Perform photosynthesis
Even at depths of 100 meters!
Red & blue secondary pigments (phycobilins).

47. Red Algae
Seaweed

48. Red Algae
Example: Red moss

49. Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
All algae can reproduce asexually.
Multicellular algae can fragment.
Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

50. Some algae produce sexually.
Some species alternation of generations.
Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

51. KEY CONCEPT Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

52. Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists.
Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits.
decomposers, like fungi - absorb nutrients through cell wall
can move, like animals - use spores to reproduce
classified by body form

53. Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular.
Plasmodial slime molds (Phylum Myxomycota) are giant cells with many nuclei.
Cellular slime molds (Phylum Acrasiomycota) contain independent cells.

54. Myxomycota - plasmodium
KNOW This Cycle!

55. Myxomycota

56. Phylum Acrasiomycota
colony & fruiting body
aggregating amoebas

57. Acrasiomycota Life Cycle
KNOW this Cycle!

58. Water molds (Phylum Oomycota) are freshwater, funguslike protists.
one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s
made of branching strands of cells
can be parasites of plants or fish

59. Oomycota Life Cycle
Examples:
water molds
downy mildews
white rusts

60. Water mold
Downy mildew
White rust

61. Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains
PROTISTS
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS
ECOLOGICAL ROLES
Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains
Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesis
Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in check