1. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: 1763-1783

2. Structure of Colonial Society
1760s an optimistic post-war period
60% of population under 21 years old
high level of post-war prosperity
wealth unevenly distributed 2

3. Breakdown of Political Trust
1760--George III ascended throne at age 22.
Suspicions on both sides of the Atlantic that Crown wished to enlarge its powers
Conflict over Parliamentary sovereignty
English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority
colonists tried to reserve internal colonial authority for their own legislatures 3

4. No Taxation Without Representation: the American Perspective
Colonists assume their legislatures equal in some ways to Parliament
Americans not represented at all in Parliament
Colonists insist only colonial assemblies could tax Americans 4

5. Eroding the Bonds of Empire
Large, expensive army left in America at the end of the French and Indian War.
Colonists doubted the army’s value
Pontiac’s War
exposed the British army’s weakness
revealed the desperate situation of Native Americans after withdrawal of French
Colonists determined to settle West of Appalachian Mts. 6

6. Bell Ringer 9/16 The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to
1)Allow American farmers to use the Mississippi river
2)Outlaw slavery in the Ohio river valley
3)Prevent France from expanding in the Great Lakes region
4)Avoid conflicts with Native American Indians west of the Appalachian Mountains

7. Paying off the National Debt
Revenue Act of 1764 (the Sugar Act)
1765--Stamp Act requires that colonists purchase stamp to validate documents
Merchants and gentry protest, most colonists ignore. Protest includes mob riots, boycotts

8. Failed Attempts to Save the Empire
Declaratory Act of 1766
Parliament sovereign over America "in all cases whatsoever"
1767—Townshend Act Duties tax American imports of paper, lead, glass, and tea 8

9. Fueling the Crisis: Response to the Townshend Duties
Sons of Liberty organize boycott of English goods
Circular letter from Massachusetts House of Representatives urges protest 10

10. Fatal Signs of Force
English government moves troops from frontier to Boston to save money
Tensions increased (Quartering Act 1765)
March 5, English soldiers fired on Boston mob, killed five Americans
incident labeled the “Boston Massacre”
Paul Revere engraving a best-seller 11

12. The Final Provocation: The Boston Tea Party
1773--Parliament passes Tea Act
designed to help the East India Company by making its sale cheaper in America
Americans interpret as a subtle ploy to get them to consume taxed tea
December Boston protestors dump the tea into the harbor (Boston Tea Party) 13

13. Bell Ringer 9/17 What was the main cause of the French and Indian war?
Disputed land claims in the Ohio river valley between French and the British.
Conflicts between American colonists and the French over control of the Great Plains.
Taxation of American colonists without representation in Parliament
Violation of trade agreements between European nations and Native Americans

14. Bell Ringer 9/18
Which economic policy was based on the idea that the American colonies existed primarily to supply resources
(1) mercantilism
(2) socialism
(3) free trade
(4) laissez-faire capitalism

15. The Final Provocation: The Coercive Acts
Port of Boston closed until tea paid for
Accused officials to be tried in England, not America
Army authorized to quarter troops wherever needed (Quartering Act) 14

16. The Final Provocation: The Ultimate Crisis
Parliament’s insistence on supremacy would make rebellion unavoidable
Ben Franklin suggests Parliament secure colonial loyalty by renouncing claim to supremacy
Parliament rejects Franklin’s advice 16

18. Continental Congress
First Continental Congress- 56 delegates from all colonies, except Georgia. These delegates adapted measures for the colonies, appealed to the King, renewed boycotts of British goods, called for people to take up arms and join militias.
Second Continental Congress- Included newcomers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson. Still divided on whether to drive for independence.

19. Bell Ringer 9/22
The Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses are most closely associated with
(1) abuses by absolute monarchs
(2) establishment of religious toleration
(3) steps toward colonial self-government
(4) adoption of universal suffrage

20. Shots Heard Around the World
April 19, skirmish breaks out in Lexington, Massachusetts
Fighting spread along road between Lexington, Concord, Boston
English retreat to Boston with heavy losses 18

21. Beginning “The World over Again:” Early War Effort
June Congress appoints George Washington commander of Boston force
English government blockades colonial ports, hires German mercenaries 19

22. Beginning “The World over Again:” Decision for Independence
January Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urges independence
July 2, Independence voted by Congress
July 4--Declaration of Independence issued 20

23. Fighting for Independence
The British entered the war confident of a full and complete victory
English task
meet the challenge of a long supply line
use better-trained army to occupy territory
crush the popular spirit of independence
They underestimated the Americans’ commitment to their political ideology 21

24. Bell Ringer 9/23
Since the late 1700s, the Mississippi River has been a vital waterway because it
(1) divided the northern territories from the southern territories
(2) allowed American farmers direct access to Canadian markets
(3) connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
(4) provided farmers and merchants an outlet to the Gulf of Mexico

25. Bell Ringer 9/24
In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was influenced most by John Locke’s idea of
(1) due process of law
(2) natural rights
(3) the rights of the accused
(4) the right to privacy

26. The American Revolution, 1775-1781

27. Building a Professional Army
Washington’s task
defend territory as well as possible
keep his army intact
The Continental Army would be a fighting force and symbol of the republican cause
Militia’s role: compel support for Revolution

28. Testing the American Will
American army routed on Long Island
New York City captured
Washington forced to retreat through New Jersey
British obtain thousands of “Oaths of Allegiance” in wake of retreat 22

29. "Times That Try Men's Souls"
December 25, Washington captures Trenton
January 3, Washington captures Princeton
Victories rekindle wartime patriotism
British consolidate forces, leave territory in patriot control 23

31. Bell Ringer 9/25 Primary sources of information about the colonial
era would include a
(1) journal entry by a member of the Second
Continental Congress
(2) textbook passage about the settlement of
Pennsylvania
(3) recent newspaper article commemorating the
birth of Patrick Henry
(4) television program about the Declaration of
Independence

32. Victory in a Year of Defeat
British campaign for New York under John Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga
British capture Philadelphia under General William Howe
Washington's army winters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania 24

33. The Final Campaign
February Americans ally with France to secure full independence
Nathaniel Greene’s forces deal several defeats to English under Cornwallis
October 19, Cornwallis surrenders to Washington’s combined forces at Yorktown 26

34. The Loyalist Dilemma Loyalists treated poorly by both sides
English never fully trusted Loyalists
Patriots seize property, imprison, execute some
More than 100,000 Loyalists leave U.S. at war’s end 27

35. Loyalist Strongholds

36. Winning the Peace
Peace Treaty of 1783 negotiated by Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay
Terms secured by playing France against England, include
independence
U.S. gains all territory east of Mississippi River, between Canada and Florida
U.S. secures fishing rights in North Atlantic 28

37. Preserving Independence
The American Revolution begins construction of new form of government
Question remains: a government of the elite or a government of the people? 29