NDIS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

Media manipulation - Propagandising
Propagandising is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument

Promotional merchandise - History
The first known promotional products in the United States are commemorative buttons dating back to the election of George Washington in During the early 19th century, there were some advertising calendars, rulers, and wooden specialties, but there wasn’t an organized industry for the creation and distribution of promotional items until later in the 19th century.

Jasper Meeks, a printer in Coshocton, Ohio, is considered by many to be the originator of the industry when he convinced a local shoe store to supply book bags imprinted with the store name to local schools. Henry Beach, another Coshocton printer and a competitor of Meeks, picked up on the idea, and soon the two men were selling and printing bags for marbles, buggy whips, card cases, fans, calendars, cloth caps, aprons, and even hats for horses.

In 1904, 12 manufacturers of promotional items got together to found the first trade association for the industry. That organization is now known as the Promotional Products Association International or PPAI, which currently has more than 7,500 global members. PPAI represents the promotional products industry of more than 22,000 distributors and approximately 4,800 manufacturers.

The real explosion in the growth of the promotional merchandise industry took place in the 1970s

In later years these catalogues could be over-branded to reflect a distributor’s corporate image and distributors could then give them to their end user customers as their own. In the early years promotional merchandise catalogues were very much sales tools and customers would buy the products offered on the pages.

In the nineties there was also the creation of ‘Catalogue Groups’ who offered a unique catalogue to a limited geographical group of promotional merchandise distributor companies

In the early 21st century the role of a promotional merchandise catalogue started to change, as it could no longer fully represent the vast range of products in the market place

This service is purely for vetted trade promotional merchandise distributor companies & is not available to corporate end user companies.

By 2008 almost every distributor had a website demonstrating a range of available promotional products. Very few offer the ability to order products online mainly due to the complexities surrounding the processes to brand the promotional products required.

Promotional merchandise - Sourcing
Promotional merchandise is, in the main, purchased by corporate companies in USA, Canada, the UK & Ireland through promotional merchandise distributor companies. In the United States and Canada, these distributors are called "Promotional Consultants" or "promotional product distributors."

Distributors have the ability to source & supply tens of thousands of products from across the globe. Even with the advent and growth of the Internet this supply chain has not changed, for a few reasons:

Promotional products by definition are custom printed with a logo, company name or message usually in specific PMS colors

Many distributors operate on the internet and/or in person. Many suppliers wish not to invest in the staffing to service end-users' needs, which is the purpose of merchandise distributor companies.

Promotional merchandise - Products and uses
Promotional merchandise is used globally to promote brands, products, and corporate identity. They are also used as giveaways at events, such as exhibitions and product launches. Promotional products can be used for non-profit organizations to promote their cause, as well as promote certain events that they hold, such as walks or any other event that raises money for a cause.

Almost anything can be branded with a company’s name or logo and used for promotion. Common items include t-shirts, caps, keychains, posters, bumper stickers, pens, mugs, or mouse pads. The largest product category for promotional products is wearable items, which make up more than 30% of the total. Eco-friendly promotional products such as those created from recycled materials and bamboo, a renewable resource, are also experiencing a significant surge in popularity.

Most promotional items are relatively small and inexpensive, but can range to higher-end items; for example celebrity|celebrities at film festivals and award shows are often given expensive promotional items such as expensive perfumes, leather goods, and electronics items

Brand awareness is the most common use for promotional items

Promotional items are also used in politics to promote candidates and causes. Promotional items as a tool for non-commercial organizations, such as schools and charitable organization|charities are often used as a part of fund raising and awareness-raising campaigns. A prominent example was the livestrong wristband, used to promote cancer awareness and raise funds to support cancer survivorship programs and research.

Collecting certain types of promotional items is also a popular hobby. In particular, branded antique point of sale items that convey a sense of nostalgia are popular with collectors and are a substantial component to the antique industry.[ The Importance of Branded Point of Sale Items]

The giving of corporate gifts vary across international borders and cultures, with the type of product given often varying from country to country.

In addition to this the promotional merchandise distributors also provide full support in processing orders, artwork, proofing, progress chasing delivery of promotional products from multiple manufacturing sources.

Promotional merchandise - Trade associations
In the UK, the industry has two main trade bodies, Promota (Promotional Merchandise Trade Association) founded in 1958, and the BPMA (British Promotional Merchandise Association) established in These trade associations represent the industry and provide services to both manufacturers distributors of promotional merchandise.

Promotional merchandise - Trade associations
In the United States, PPAI (the Promotional Products Association International) is the not for profit association, offering the industry's largest tradeshow (The PPAI Expo), as well as training, online member resources, and legal advocacy. Another organization, The Advertising Specialty Institute, promotes itself as the largest media and marketing organization serving the advertising specialty industry.

Promotional merchandise - Top companies in the United States
According to the Advertising Specialty Institute's Counselor Magazine Awards, 2010's top 40 promotional product distributors are as follows:

Promotional merchandise - UK market statistics
In July 2009 published research demonstrated that the top 10 promotional merchandise products were Promotional item|promotional pens, bags, clothing, plastic items, USB memory sticks, mugs, leather items, polyurethane conference folders, and umbrellas

Promotional merchandise - Top 10 Promotional Products Stores
TopTenREVIEWS, a review aggregator has published a list of 2013 Best Promotional Product Stores. Each store is evaluated on basis of how they rank individually and collectively for following features – Graphic Design Services, Item Selection, Website Features, Shipping Services, Help & Customer Support.

Promotional merchandise - Top 10 Promotional Products Stores
2013 Rank Promotional Products Store Rating

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation - Merchandising
Established in 2002, the CBC/Radio Canada merchandising business operates retail locations and cbcshop.ca, its educational sales department CBC Learning sells CBC content and media to educational institutions, CBC Merchandising also licenses brands such as Hockey Night in Canada and Coronation Street.

Mad Men - Licensed merchandise
For the third season, the clothing store Banana Republic partnered with Mad Men to create window displays at its U.S. stores, showing clothing inspired by the fashion of the show. The store also ran a "casting call" competition, in which participants were asked to mail photos of themselves in period fashion for a chance at a walk-on part in the show; two winners were announced in October 2010.

Another clothing promotion from the series' third season includes a "Mad-Men Edition" suit offered by American clothing retailer Brooks Brothers. The suit is designed by the show's costume designer, Janie Bryant, and is based on an actual style sold by Brooks Brothers in the early 1960s.

The fourth season saw the announcement of a collaboration between Janie Bryant and Californian-based company, Nailtini, to produce a limited-edition line of Mad Men nail polish. The four shades are entitled Bourbon Satin, French 75, Deauville and Stinger and are reported to have been inspired by the fabrics used to make cocktail dresses in the 1960s. The Mad Men nail polish line went on sale in the U.S. in late 2010.

False advertising - Undisclosed dishonest business practices
Banks, for example, will sometimes reorder charges against an account to maximize the number of overdrafts

WANdisco WANdisco, plc. dually Headquartered in Sheffield, England and San Ramon, California in the US, is a public software company specialised in the area of distributed computing. They are a corporate contributor to Hadoop, Subversion and other open source projects.

WANdisco - History The name WANdisco is an acronym for wide area network distributed computing. Initially offering a replicated multisite product for the Concurrent Versions System (CVS), this was expanded to include CVSNT, Apache Subversion, JIRA, Git and Apache Hadoop in subsequent years.

Founded by David Richards, Yeturu Aahlad and James Campigli.
WANdisco - History Founded by David Richards, Yeturu Aahlad and James Campigli.

CVS Multisite product launched
WANdisco - History CVS Multisite product launched

Subversion Multisite product launched
WANdisco - History Subversion Multisite product launched

Access Control for CVS and Subversion products launched
WANdisco - History Access Control for CVS and Subversion products launched

Subversion Support Services launched
WANdisco - History Subversion Support Services launched

Opens European Software Development Centre in Sheffield, UK
WANdisco - History Opens European Software Development Centre in Sheffield, UK

WANdisco - History Awarded £500,000 grant by Yorkshire Forward to support expansion of the Sheffield, UK location

WANdisco - History Forrester Research publish Total Economic Impact study shows a 167% return on investment and nine month payback period for WANdisco product

WANdisco - History Hyrum Wright, Subversion project's release manager joins as Director of Opensource and other core Subversion Opensource Committers hired

WANdisco - History Inaugural Subversion Live - The first Subversion user conference, hosted in Silicon Valley, Boston MA and London, UK

Sponsors the Apache Software Foundation (ASF)
WANdisco - History Sponsors the Apache Software Foundation (ASF)

300% oversubscribed IPO on the London Stock Exchange raises $24m
WANdisco - History 300% oversubscribed IPO on the London Stock Exchange raises $24m

Acquires SmartSVN Subversion Client
WANdisco - History Acquires SmartSVN Subversion Client

Git Multisite and Support products launched
WANdisco - History Git Multisite and Support products launched

China operation opens in Chengdu, China
WANdisco - History China operation opens in Chengdu, China

WANdisco Hadoop 2 Distribution (WDD) launched
WANdisco - History WANdisco Hadoop 2 Distribution (WDD) launched

WANdisco - History Becomes Kit sponsor of Sheffield Wednesday Football Club for the 2013–14 season.

Appoints CFO Paul Harrison, formerly from Sage Group
WANdisco - History Appoints CFO Paul Harrison, formerly from Sage Group

WANdisco - Technology WANdisco's Distributed Coordination Engine (DConE) is the shared component for WANdisco clustering products. The DConE system allows multiple instances of the same application to operate on independent hardware without sharing any resources. All of the application servers are kept in synchronisation by DConE regardless of whether the servers are on the same LAN or globally separated and accessible only over a wide area network (WAN).

WANdisco - Technology WANdisco's replication technology was the work of Yeturu Aahlad who had previously worked for Sun, Netscape and IBM and was involved in developing the CORBA Framework. Aahlad theorized a model for effective Active replication over a WAN. In the development of DConE, WANdisco has taken the Paxos algorithm as a baseline and added significant innovations relevant to mission-critical high, transaction volume distributed environments.

WANdisco - Technology WANdisco provides replicated products for CVS, Apache Subversion, Git and Apache Hadoop. In addition support, consultancy and training services are offered. In 2011 WANdisco announced uberSVN, a deployment of Apache Subversion which included a web based management console and the ability to add additional application lifecycle management features. The uberSVN download was available through mid-2013.

WANdisco - Technology The company's website lists companies such as AT&T, APC, Avaya, Bally Technologies, Thales Group, Verisign, Sun Microsystems, Honda, NTT, Intel, John Deere, Disney, Symantec, Barclays, Merrill Lynch and Motorola.

WANdisco - Open source contributions
In September 2013 WANDisco announced it is an official sponsor of the UC Berkeley AMPLab, a five-year collaborative effort at the University of California, Berkeley.

WANdisco - Hadoop WANdisco has three Apache Hadoop committers on staff: Konstantin Shvachko, Jagane Sundar and Konstantin Boudnik. In February 2013 WANdisco released a free distribution of Hadoop containing additional components developed by WANdisco.

WANdisco - Subversion WANdisco's involvement in the Apache Subversion open source project started in 2008 and they employ five contributors to work on the Subversion project with two working full-time. Namely Philip Martin, Julian Foad, Branko Čibej, Stefan Fuhrmann and Ben Reser, all of whom were Subversion contributors prior to working at WANdisco.

WANdisco - Subversion WANdisco also runs an annual conference for the Apache Subversion community, SVN Live, featuring core committers for the SVN project.

WANdisco - Server binaries
WANdisco provides Subversion binary downloads for Windows, Debian, CentOS, Solaris (operating system), Ubuntu (operating system) and RHEL via its website. These binaries use the default package management system for each Linux distribution.

WANdisco - Project announcements
In December 2010, WANdisco announced their intention to develop some features for the Subversion project, specifically aimed at improving branching and merging functionality.

WANdisco - Project announcements
The Apache Foundation and some Subversion developers said the announcement contained unfounded claims and insinuations about community involvement and the lack of development on these features. According to Apache, these features were already being worked on at the time. David Richards from WANdisco clarified this position to the Subversion community and followed up by announcing WANdisco's sponsorship and ongoing support for the work of the Apache Software Foundation.

WANdisco - Apache Bloodhound
Apache Bloodhound is a software development collaboration tool, based on the Trac project. It includes an Apache Subversion repository browser, wiki, and defect tracker. In addition to the standard Trac installation, Bloodhound incorporates a number of popular modules into the core distribution, and includes additional improvements developed (as plugins) outside the Trac project. WANdisco maintains a staff of four full time developers on this project.

Unified messaging - Indistinct definitions
Unified messaging is an indistinct term that can refer to the typical definition of simple inclusion of incoming faxes and voic in one's inbox, all the way to dictating a message into a cell phone and the intelligent delivery of that message to the intended recipient in a variety of possible formats like text , fax, or voice recording

Unified messaging - Indistinct definitions
Unified messaging is not to be mistaken for Unified communications, although the two share some similarities. Hosted UC services lack real-time contacts like IM and presence-based telephone connections because those features are considered “frilly features” not demanded by the majority of hosted SMB customers. So while Unified Messaging can be included in Unified communications, not all Unified communication services are related to Unified Messaging.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Long title An act to prohibit discrimination on the basis of genetic information with respect to health insurance and employment.

Enacted by the 110th United States Congress

Act(s) amended Employee Retirement Income Security Act

Internal Revenue Code of 1986

Social Security Act of 1965

U.S.C. section(s) amended 29 USC §216(e)

Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 493 by Louise Slaughter (D-NY) on January 16, 2007

Committee consideration by: Education and Labor, Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Health, and Ways and Means

Passed the House on April 25, 2007 (420-3)

Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 21, 2008

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (Pub.L

In 2008, on April 24 H.R. 493 passed the Senate The bill was then sent back to the House of Representatives and passed on May 1; the lone dissenter was Congressman Ron Paul. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on May 21, 2008.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act - Legislative history
In the 104th Congress (1995–1996) several related bills were introduced.

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance Act of 1995, H.R. 2748: Rep. Louise Slaughter and S. 1694: Sen. Olympia Snowe

In 1997, the Coalition for Genetic Fairness (CGF)was formed by several patient and civil rights groups to spearhead genetic nondiscrimination legislation on Capitol Hill. The CGF became the primary non-governmental driver of Federal genetic non-discrimination legislation.

In 2003, GINA was introduced as H.R. 1910, by Representative Slaughter, D-NY, and as S by Senator Snowe, R-ME.

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives as H.R. 493 by Representatives Slaughter, Biggert, Eshoo, and Walden. It passed the House by a vote on April 25, 2007.

The same bill was introduced into the United States Senate as S. 358 by Senators Olympia Snowe, Ted Kennedy, Mike Enzi, and Christopher Dodd. On , the Senate approved the bill 95-0, with five Senators not voting (including presidential candidates McCain, Clinton, and Obama). It had been subject of a "hold" placed by Tom Coburn, M.D., Republican U.S. Senator from Oklahoma.

The bill was then sent back to the House of Representatives and passed on May 1, 2008 (the lone dissenter was Congressman Ron Paul). President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on May 21, The text of the final approved version of GINA is here.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act - Arguments for
Along with an overview of the topic, the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute states that "NHGRI believes that legislation that gives comprehensive protection against all forms of genetic discrimination is necessary to ensure that biomedical research continues to advance

The Coalition for Genetic Fairness presents some arguments for genetic nondiscrimination. As of 2007, their argument makes the claim that because all humans have genetic anomalies, this would prevent them from accessing medication and health insurance. The Coalition also cites the potential for misuse of genetic information.

The GINA legislation has historically received support from the majority of both Democrats and Republicans, as evidenced by the vote in 2007 by the House.

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act - Arguments against
The National Association of Manufacturers, the National Retail Federation, the Society for Human Resource Management, the United States Chamber of Commerce, and other members of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination in Employment Coalition (GINE) say the proposed legislation is overly broad and are concerned the bills would do little to rectify inconsistent state laws and hence might increase frivolous litigation and/or punitive damages as a result of ambiguous record-keeping and other technical requirements

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act - Arguments against
While GINA has been cited as a strong step forward, some say that the legislation does not go far enough in enabling personal control over genetic testing results. The law does not cover life insurance nor long-term care insurance, which has already created problems for some patients who have undergone genetic testing.

Dominicus Gundissalinus
'Dominicus Gundissalinus' also known as Domingo Gundisalvo (flourished ca. 1150) may have been a converted Jew and was the archdeacon of Segovia, Spain and a Scholasticism|scholastic philosopher. He was one of the most active members of the Toledo School of Translators and its first official director.

Among his important translations were those of Jewish philosopher ibn Gabirol's Fons Vitæ (Meqor Hahayim), which was mistakenly thought for several centuries to be the work of a Christian scholastic named Avicebron or Avecebrol. Gundissalinus also translated works of the major Muslim philosophers Avicenna and al-Ghazali|al-Ghazâlî.

In addition to Gundissalinus' translation of Meqor Hahayim, the Aristotelianism|Aristotelian ideas of ibn Gabirol were also communicated to the Latin West through Gundissalinus' own writings On the Soul, On the Immortality of the Soul, On Unity, and The Procession of the World.

The classification of the Artes Mechanicae as applied geometry was introduced to Western Europe by Gundissalinus under the influence of his readings in Arabic scholarship. This view of Artes Mechanicae was later adopted by Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.

Chris Jericho - Feud with The Rock, Heel Turn and Undisputed WWF Champion (2001–2002)
On December 9, at Vengeance (2001)|Vengeance, Jericho defeated both The Rock for the WCW Championship (unbranded and only referred to as the World Championship following Survivor Series) and Stone Cold Steve Austin for his WWF Championship on the same night to become the first wrestler to hold both championships at the same time, which made him the first-ever Undisputed WWF Champion

Foreign trade of Argentina - Merchandise exports and imports
Argentine foreign trade in 2010 by type of product (million US$).

A non-official source, , has compiled a list of principal , and , as well as for export statistics, among which are the principal , , and .

Argentine foreign trade trade in 2010 by leading export destinations, and chief exports and imports with each (million US$).

Argentine exports in 2010 by province and top two exports from each (million US$).

Jurassic Park (film) - Sequels and merchandise
After the enormous success of the film, Spielberg requested Michael Crichton to write a sequel novel, leading to the 1995 book The Lost World (Crichton novel)|The Lost World, which in turn was adapted as The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997, also directed by Spielberg and written by David Koepp

Tauriel - Merchandising
Tauriel is part of Lego set No titled Middle-earth Lego sets|Escape from Mirkwood Spiders, together with minifigures of Legolas and the Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves Fíli and Kíli.

Toy Story (franchise) - Merchandising and software
A variety of merchandise was released during the film's theatrical run and its initial VHS release including toys, clothing, and shoes, among other things

Mercosur - Merchandise trade
Intra-Mercosur merchandise trade (excluding Venezuela) grew from US$10 billion at the inception of the trade bloc in 1991, to US$88 billion in 2010; Brazil and Argentina each accounted for 43% of this total. The trade balance within the bloc has historically been tilted toward Brazil, which recorded an intra-Mercosur balance of over US$5 billion in 2010.

Mercosur - Merchandise trade
The EU and China maintained a nearly balanced merchandise trade with Mercosur in 2010, while the United States reaped a surplus of over US$14 billion; Mercosur, in turn, earned significant surpluses (over US$4 billion each in 2010) in its trade with Chile and Venezuela

Minecraft - Merchandise
A Lego set based on Minecraft called Lego Minecraft|Lego Minecraft was released on June 6, The set, called Micro World, centers around the game's default player character and a Creeper. Mojang submitted the concept of Minecraft merchandise to Lego in December 2011 for the Lego Cuusoo program, from which it quickly received 10,000 votes by users, prompting Lego to review the concept. Lego Cuusoo approved the concept in January 2012 and began developing sets based around Minecraft.

Minecraft - Merchandise
Mojang collaborates with Jinx (clothing)|Jinx, an online game merchandise store, to sell Minecraft merchandise, such as clothing, foam pickaxes, and toys of creatures in the game. By May 2012, over 1 million dollars were made from Minecraft merchandise sales. T-shirts and socks were the most popular products. In March 2013 Mojang signed a deal with the children's book publisher Egmont Group|The Egmont Group to create Minecraft handbooks, Annual publication|annuals, poster books, and magazines.

Planet B - Merchandise Other than the podcast, the first two series of Planet B have been made available as a purchasable download from Audible.com between the 6–7 June 2011.

Left 4 Dead (series) - Merchandise and other products
Within Left 4 Dead 2, a fictional southern rock band called the Midnight Riders (band)|Midnight Riders was introduced

Left 4 Dead (series) - Merchandise and other products
In June 2011, it was confirmed that Valve had signed a deal with National Entertainment Collectibles Association|NECA, to produce exclusive action figures, which includes Left 4 Dead and other Valve series. There are currently two figures produced so far, Left 4 Dead 's Boomer (Which was released in June), and Left 4 Dead 2 's Smoker (Which is to be released in November).

HBO GO - Merchandising Various products have been marketed that have used the HBO trademark and/or are based around the channel's programming

Portal (series) - Merchandise
Valve has sold several Portal-based prints, t-shirts, and other memoribilia through its own store, often riding on the popularity of certain memes that the series has created. When first released, both were sold out in under 24 hours. Valve has also teams with other vendors for similar merchandise. WizKids will be releasing collectible miniatures of the turrets within the game.

Portable media player - SanDisk Sansa
In May 2005, flash memory maker SanDisk entered the PMP market with the SanDisk Sansa|Sansa line of players, starting with the e100 series, and then following up with the m200 series, and c100 series. The Sansa View was slated for 2007 but was shelved before the plans went into effect. Other discontinued series include Connect, Express, Shaker, Clip, Fuze, e200, and c200. The current series include the slotPlayer, Clip Zip, Clip+, and Fuze+.

Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show) - Merchandise
Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies

Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show) - Merchandise
Additionally, several Wheel of Fortune video games|video games based on the show have been released for personal computers, the Internet, and various gaming consoles spanning multiple History of video games|hardware generations.

Doctor Who - Merchandise
Since its beginnings, Doctor Who has generated hundreds of products related to the show, from toys and games to collectible picture cards and postage stamps. These include board games, card games, gamebooks, computer games, roleplaying games, action figures and a pinball game. Many games have been released that feature the Daleks, including Dalek#Computer games|Dalek computer games.

Code Lyoko - Merchandise
Several Code Lyoko products have been released, including DVDs, a series of cine-manga by Tokyopop, a series of four novels by Italian publisher Atlantyca, apparel and other accessories. In 2006, Marvel Toys released a line of Code Lyoko toys and action figures. A series of four chapter books was released and distributed in Italy and other countries.

The Game Factory has released three video games based on the show: Code Lyoko (video game)|Code Lyoko and Code Lyoko: Fall of X.A.N.A. for the Nintendo DS, and Code Lyoko: Quest for Infinity for the Wii, PlayStation Portable|PSP, and PlayStation 2. There have been other games released through various mediums, one being Facebook.CL Presentation MIPTV 2012 Retrieved News article about social game. Kidscreen Retrieved

As of January 2011, all four seasons of Code Lyoko have been released on iTunes in the US and in France by MoonScoop Holdings

Dota 2 - Merchandise The rising popularity of Dota 2 led Valve to produce apparel, accessories, prints, and a number of other products exhibiting stylized elements of characters and other elements from the game

Red Dwarf - Spin-offs and merchandise
The show's logo and characters have appeared on a wide range of merchandise.Howarth Lyons (1993) p

Jeopardy! - Merchandise
Over the years, the Jeopardy! brand has expanded beyond television and been licensed into products of various formats

Jeopardy! - Merchandise
A DVD titled Jeopardy!: An Inside Look at America's Favorite Quiz Show, released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on November 8, 2005, features five memorable episodes of the Trebek version (the 1984 premiere and four episodes from Jennings' run) and three featurettes discussing the show's history and question selection process

Stargate SG-1 - Merchandise
Stargate SG-1 spawned an industry of spin-off products

The X-Files - Merchandise
The X-Files spawned an industry of spin-off products

Blake's 7 - Merchandise Terry Nation had done well financially from commercial exploitation of the Doctor Who Daleks, and recognised the potential for merchandise related to Blake's 7. Nation and his agent Roger Hancock discussed this with Ray Williams of BBC Merchandising in December By May 1977 twenty-seven items of merchandise had been proposed for release by companies including Palitoy, Letraset and Airfix. However only a small quantity of these was ever made available.

A small number of toys and models were produced
Blake's 7 - Merchandise A small number of toys and models were produced

Blake's 7 - Merchandise The children's programme Blue Peter offered a cheaper home-made alternative to fans who wanted merchandise. In its 23 February 1978 show, presenter Lesley Judd demonstrated how to create a replica Liberator teleport bracelet from common household objects. This was followed up on 6 June 1983 when presenter Janet Ellis demonstrated a similar method of making a replica Scorpio bracelet.

Futurama - Merchandise
While relatively uncommon, several action and tin figurines of various characters and items from the show have been made and are being sold by various hobby/online stores

I-Men released five two-packs of high figures: Fry and List of recurring Futurama characters#Calculon|Calculon; Zoidberg and List of recurring Futurama characters#Morbo|Morbo; Professor Farnsworth and List of recurring Futurama characters#Officer URL|URL; List of recurring Futurama characters#Robot Devil|Robot Devil and Bender; Leela and List of recurring Futurama characters#Roberto|Roberto. Each figure comes with a corresponding collectable coin that can also double as a figure stand.

The collectible releases include a set of bendable action figures, including Lieutenant List of recurring Futurama characters#Kif Kroker|Kif Kroker, Turanga Leela, and Bender

Toynami produced new Futurama figures

In August 2009 Kidrobot released 3-inch vinyl mini figurines of some of the cast. These are sold in blind box form and each comes with an accessory. Probability of receiving each of the characters is printed on the side, with two special mystery characters having unknown probabilities.

Han Solo - Merchandising
Solo has been Merchandising|merchandised in multiple media, including action figures, video games, and other collectibles. A Han Solo action figure with human proportions was released in 1977 to coincide with the release of the original Star Wars, while a figure created for the films' mid-1990s re-release was criticized as unrealistically muscled.

Karlsson-on-the-Roof - Merchandise
Lev Razumovsky, Russian sculptor, created a Karlsson toy in the 1970s.

Fullmetal Alchemist - Other merchandise
Action figures, busts, and statues from the Fullmetal Alchemist anime and manga have been produced by toy companies, including Medicom and Southern Island

Stargate Atlantis - Merchandise
In total, there have been released 12 books and novels about Stargate Atlantis entitled Rising, Reliquary, The Chosen, Halcyon, Exogenesis, Entanglement, Casualties of War, Blood Ties, Mirror Mirror, Nightfall, Angelus and Brimstone

This is a list of The List of Stargate audiobooks|Stargate Atlantis audiobooks by Big Finish Productions, are each narrated by one of the main Stargate franchise characters and feature a second, guest-star voice along with music and sound effects. Kavan Smith (as Evan Lorne), David Nykl (as Radek Zelenka), Paul McGillion (as Carson Beckett) and Torri Higginson (as Elizabeth Weir) have lent their voices for one Stargate Atlantis audiobook each.

In late 2005, Fandemonium Press, which also publishes many books for the Stargate SG-1 series, launched a new series of books based on Stargate Atlantis

While Stargate Worlds (SGW) was mainly about the story arc to Stargate SG-1, the first expansion pack was planned to be about Stargate Atlantis. Atlantis and the Pegasus Galaxy (Stargate)|Pegasus Galaxy would have presented much additional content, with all List of Stargate Atlantis episodes|five seasons' worth aired by the time of the game's release. It was ideal for an expansion, and this was what the developers intended for this facet of the Stargate franchise at that stage.

Superman - Merchandising
The popularity of such merchandise increased when Superman was licensed to appear in other media, and Les Daniels has written that this represents the start of the process that media moguls of later decades would describe as 'synergy.'Daniels (1998), p

Superman - Merchandising
Superman's appeal to licensees rests upon the character's continuing popularity, cross market appeal and the status of the S shield, the stylized magenta and gold S emblem Superman wears on his chest, as a fashion symbol. The S shield by itself is often used in media to symbolize the Superman character.

Calvin and Hobbes - Merchandising
Bill Watterson insists that cartoon strips should stand on their own as an art form, and has resisted the use of Calvin and Hobbes in merchandising of any sort. Watterson explained in a 2005 press release:

Almost no legitimate Calvin and Hobbes merchandise exists outside of the book collections. Exceptions produced during the strip's original run include two 16-month calendars (1988–1989 and 1989–1990), and the textbook Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes, which has been described as perhaps the most difficult piece of official Calvin and Hobbes memorabilia to find.

On July 16, 2010 the United States Postal Service released a set of postage stamps honoring five comic strips, one of them Calvin and Hobbes.

Uclick, the digital division of Andrews McMeel Universal, offers licensed prints of Calvin and Hobbes strips through its website.

The strip's immense popularity has led to the appearance of various counterfeit items such as window decals and T-shirts that often feature Off-color humor|crude humor, binge drinking and other themes that are not found in Watterson's work.#CITEREFWatterson1995|Watterson (1995), p

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - Other merchandising
Along with the rest of the Star Trek franchise, DS9 has been the subject of much merchandizing

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - Other merchandising
DS9 was well represented at Star Trek: The Experience, an attraction at the Las Vegas Hilton which recreated both Quark’s Bar Restaurant and the Promenade. The former served Star Trek-style food and drinks, and hosted gatherings such as conventions. The latter (called the Shopping Promenade) sold various souvenirs and rarities; among the items for sale were official Starfleet uniforms and action figures. The attraction closed in September 2008.

For the third season, the clothing store Banana Republic (clothing retailer)|Banana Republic partnered with Mad Men to create window displays at its U.S. stores, showing clothing inspired by the fashion of the show. The store also ran a casting call competition, in which participants were asked to mail photos of themselves in period fashion for a chance at a walk-on (actor)|walk-on part in the show; two winners were announced in October 2010.

Another clothing promotion from the series' third season includes a Mad-Men Edition suit offered by American clothing retailer Brooks Brothers. The suit is designed by the show's costume designer, Katherine Jane Bryant|Janie Bryant, and is based on an actual style sold by Brooks Brothers in the early 1960s.

Quantum field theory - Physical meaning of particle indistinguishability
The second quantization procedure relies crucially on the particles being identical particles|identical. We would not have been able to construct a quantum field theory from a distinguishable many-particle system, because there would have been no way of separating and indexing the degrees of freedom.

Quantum field theory - Physical meaning of particle indistinguishability
Many physicists prefer to take the converse interpretation, which is that quantum field theory explains what identical particles are

Visual merchandising 'Visual merchandising' is the activity and profession of developing the floor plans and three-dimensional displays in order to maximise sales.

Visual merchandising Both goods or services can be displayed to highlight their features and benefits. The purpose of such visual merchandising is to attract, engage, and motivate the customer towards making a purchase.

Visual merchandising Visual merchandising commonly occurs in retail spaces such as retail stores and trade shows.

Visual merchandising - History
When the giant nineteenth century dry goods establishments like Marshall Field Co. shifted their business from wholesale to retail, the visual display of goods became necessary to attract the general consumers. The store windows were often used to attractively display the store's merchandise. Over time, the design aesthetic used in window displays moved indoors and became part of the overall interior store design, eventually reducing the use of display windows in many suburban malls.

Visual merchandising - History
In the twentieth century, well-known artists such as Salvador DalíHow Much is that Dali in the Window, On This Day in Fashion, Kristine Lloyd, On This Day in Fashion, 16 March 2011, and Andy Warhol Andy Warhol, 'Window Display for the Bonwit Teller Deprtment Store', New York, Photograph by Mike Kelley, Warhol Gagosian Gallery, retrieved 5 December 2013, created window displays.

Visual merchandising - Principles
The purpose of visual merchandising is to:

*Make it easier for the customer to locate the desired category and merchandise.

*Recommend, highlight and demonstrate particular products at strategic locations.

*Educate the customer about the product in an effective creative way.

*Make proper arrangements in such a way to increase the sale of unsought goods.

Visual merchandising - Techniques
Visual merchandising builds upon or augments the retail design of a store. It is one of the final stages in setting out a store in a way customers find attractive and appealing.

Visual merchandising - Techniques
Many elements can be used by visual merchandisers in creating displays including color, lighting, space, product information, sensory inputs (such as smell, touch, and sound), as well as technologies such as digital displays and interactive installations.

Visual merchandising - Tools
A planogram allows visual merchandisers to plan the arrangement of merchandise by style, type, size, price or some other category. It also enables a chain of stores to have the same merchandise displayed in a coherent and similar manner across the chain.

Visual merchandising - Tools
Visual merchandisers use window display data bases such as WindowsWear in order to gain inspiration and insight about trends for their merchandise arrangements.

Visual merchandising - Window displays
Window displays can communicate style, content, and price.

Visual merchandising - Window displays
Display windows may also be used to advertise seasonal sales or inform passers-by of other current promotions.

Visual merchandising - Food merchandising
Restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, etc. use visual merchandising as a tool to differentiate themselves in a Market saturation|saturated market.

Personalization - Promotional merchandise
Promotional items (mugs, T-shirts, keychains, balls etc.) are regularly personalized. Personalized children’s storybooks — wherein the child becomes the protagonist, with the name and image of the child personalized — are also popular. Personalized CDs for children also exist. With the advent of digital printing, personalized calendars that start in any month, birthday cards, cards, e-cards, posters and photo books can also be obtained.

The X Factor (UK) - Merchandise
* Series 1: The X Factor Revealed: The Greatest Auditions Ever (2005)

* Series 2: The X Factor: The Greatest Auditions Ever (2006)

* Series 5: Top Trumps X Factor – card game (2008)

* Series 6: The X Factor Annual (2009)

* Series 7: The Xtra Factor Annual (2010)

*X Magazine – weekly publication to accompany the seventh series in 2010.

The X Factor brand has also appeared on clothing, jewellery, perfume, make-up, toiletries, bedding, gifts, confectionery, soft drinks and pizzas. The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun newspaper reported that the parents of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge were using The X Factors logo without permission to publicise party accessories sold through their mail-order business.

Promotional merchandise
'Promotional merchandise', 'promotional items', 'promotional products', 'promotional gifts', or 'advertising gifts', sometimes nicknamed 'swag' or 'schwag', are articles of merchandise (often branded with a logo) used in marketing and communication programs

The first known promotional products in the United States are campaign button|commemorative buttons dating back to the election of George Washington in During the early 19th century, there were some advertising calendars, rulers, and wooden specialties, but there wasn’t an organized industry for the creation and distribution of promotional items until later in the 19th century.

The real explosion in the growth of the promotional merchandise industry took place in the 1970s

In later years these catalogues could be over-branded to reflect a distributor’s corporate image and distributors could then give them to their End-user|end user customers as their own. In the early years promotional merchandise catalogues were very much sales tools and customers would buy the products offered on the pages.

In the early 21st century the role of a promotional merchandise catalogue started to change, as it could no longer fully represent the vast range of products in the Marketplace|market place

This service is purely for vetted trade promotional merchandise distributor companies is not available to corporate end user companies.

Promotional merchandise is, in the main, purchased by corporate companies in USA, Canada, the UK Ireland through promotional merchandise distributor companies. In the United States and Canada, these distributors are called Promotional Consultants or promotional product distributors.

Distributors have the ability to source supply tens of thousands of products from across the globe. Even with the advent and growth of the Internet this supply chain has not changed, for a few reasons:

Promotional products by definition are custom printed with a logo, company name or message usually in specific Pantone#Original_Pantone_Color_Matching_System|PMS colors

Micronation - Exercises in personal entertainment or self-aggrandisement
With literally thousands in existence, micronations of the second type are by far the most common

* The Aerican Empire, a Monty Pythonesque micronation founded in 1987 and known for its tongue-in-cheek interplanetary land claims, smiley-faced flag and a range of national holidays (called niftydays, because there's nothing holy about them) that includes Topin Wagglegammon amongst others.

*Republic of Molossia, a desert-based micronation of 0.5 ha (1.3 acres) located near Reno, Nevada ruled by President Kevin Baugh, founded in There is a nationwide ban on smoking.

*Grand Duchy of Flandrensis, a micronation that has claimed five islands of the West Antarctica ,issued its own identity cards, currency and newspaper.

Cavendish Laboratory The 'Cavendish Laboratory' is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory.

Cavendish Laboratory Cavendish's work aroused Maxwell's intense admiration and he decided to call the Laboratory (formerly known as the Devonshire Laboratory) the Cavendish Laboratory and thus to commemorate both the Duke and Henry Cavendish.[ James Clerk Maxwell], Cambridge University

Cavendish Laboratory , 29 Cavendish researchers have won Nobel Prizes.[ mdash; Nobel Prize Winners who have worked for considerable periods of time at the Cavendish Laboratory

Cavendish Laboratory - About the department
Physical Chemistry (originally the department of Colloid Science under Eric Rideal) left the Cavendish site earlier, subsequently locating as the Department of Physical Chemistry (under RG Norrish) in the then new chemistry building with the Department of Chemistry (under Lord Todd) in Lensfield Road: both chemistry departments merged in the 1980s

Cavendish Laboratory - About the department
The current head of the Cavendish is Andy Parker (physicist)|Andy Parker. The Cavendish Professor of Physics|Cavendish Professorship of Physics is currently held by Richard Friend|Sir Richard Friend.

Cavendish Laboratory - Nuclear physics
In World War II the laboratory carried out research for the MAUD Committee, part of the British Tube Alloys project of research into the Atomic Bomb. Researchers included Nicholas Kemmer, Allan Nunn May, Anthony French, Samuel Curran and the French scientists including Lew Kowarski and Hans von Halban. Several transferred to Canada in 1943; the Montreal Laboratory and some later to the Chalk River Laboratories.

Cavendish Laboratory - Nuclear physics
The production of plutonium and neptunium by bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons was predicted in 1940 by two teams working independently: Egon Bretscher and Norman Feather at the Cavendish and Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.

Cavendish Laboratory - Biology
For their work while in the Cavendish Laboratory, they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962, together with Maurice Wilkins of King's College London, himself a graduate of St

Sir Lawrence Bragg, the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, where Watson and Crick worked, gave a talk at Guy's Hospital Medical School in London on Thursday 14 May 1953 which resulted in an article by Ritchie Calder in The News Chronicle of London, on Friday 15 May 1953, entitled Why You Are You

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at University of Cambridge|Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology

Cavendish Laboratory - Groups
Areas in which the Laboratory has been very influential since 1950 include:-

* Shoenberg Laboratory for Quantum Matter [ (under Gil Lonzarich)

* Superconductivity Josephson junction (under A Brian Pippard)

* Theory of Condensed Matter, which is the dominant theoretical group.

* Electron Microscopy Group [ (under Archibald Howie|Archie Howie)

* Radio Astronomy (under Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish), with the Cavendish Astrophysics Group|Radio Astronomy Group's telescopes being based at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.

* [ Semiconductor Physics]

Currently, there are 15 research groups including the following recent additions since 2007:

* [ Atomic, Mesoscopic and Optical Physics (AMOP) Group] (headed by Mete Atature)

* [ Nanophotonics Group] (headed by Jeremy Baumberg)

* [ Structure and Dynamics Group] (headed by Jacqui Cole)

* [ Laboratory for Scientific Computing] (headed by Nikos Nikiforakis)

Cavendish Laboratory - Nobel Prize winning Cavendish researchers
* Sir Aaron Klug (Chemistry, 1982)

Cavendish Laboratory - Cavendish professors of physics
The Cavendish Professors were the Heads of the Department up to Professor Pippard, when the roles were made separate.

Cavendish Laboratory - Cavendish professors of physics
* John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh 1879–1884

Berlin U-Bahn - Films, music and merchandising
The Berlin U-Bahn has appeared in numerous films and music videos. Offering access to stations, tunnels, and trains, the BVG cooperates with film-makers, although a permit is required.

Whether set in Berlin or elsewhere, the U-Bahn has had at least a minor role in a large number of movies and television programmes, including Emil und die Detektive (2001), Otto – Der Film (1985), Peng! Du bist tot (1987) featuring Ingolf Lück, Run Lola Run (1998), and several Tatort episodes. The previously unused Reichstag station was used to shoot scenes of the movies Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil and Equilibrium (film)|Equilibrium.

Möbius 17, by Frank Esher Lämmer and Jo Preussler from Berlin, tells the story of an U-Bahn train that, caught in a Möbius strip, travels through Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate universes after a new line is built

Since 2001, the Berlin U-bahn has hosted the annual short-film festival Going Underground. Short films (up to 90seconds long) are shown on the monitors found in many of the U-Bahn trains.

Sandy Mölling, former singer of the pop band No Angels, shot the video for her single Unnatural Blonde in the U-Bahn station Deutsche Oper. Kate Ryan, Overground, Böhse Onkelz, Xavier Naidoo, Die Fantastischen Vier, and the DJ duo Blank Jones have all used the U-Bahn and its stations for their videos as well.

Linie 1, a musical performed by Berlin's Grips-Theater, is set completely in stations and trains of the Berlin U-Bahn; a movie version has also been produced.

In 2002, the BVG cooperated with design students in a project to create underwear with an U-Bahn theme, which, in English, they named Underwear

Transmetropolitan - Merchandise
Some items of Transmetropolitan merchandise have been made, Robertson himself having produced one T-shirt: a black shirt with a three-eyed smiley|smiley face on the front with the text I Hate It Here in yellow on the back

Are You Being Served? - Merchandise
Seven early episodes were novelised for a book, written by Jeremy Lloyd, called Are You Being Served? – Camping In and other Fiascos. This was written in 1976, and republished in 1997 by KQED Books. The seven episodes featured are Camping In, Up Captain Peacock, Wedding Bells, His and Hers, Coffee Morning, The Hand of Fate and The Clock.

In 1995, KQED Books published Are You Being Served – The Inside Story by Adrian Rigelsford, Anthony Brown, and Geoff Tibbals, with a foreword by Jeremy Lloyd, and sub-titled: The Inside Story of Britain's Funniest – and Public Television's Favorite – Comedy Series. In 212 pages, the book's six chapters cover: The Cast of Characters, Behind the Scenes, The Episodes, The Spin-offs, Trivia Quiz, and Glossary. ISBN

In 1999, I'm Free! The Complete Are You Being Served?, a guide to the series, was published by Orion Books. It was written by Richard Webber, with contributions from David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd.

A board game was also produced in the 1970s. Players moved round a board resembling the shop floor to purchase one item from each of the four counters and leave the store, before their opponents and without going over budget.

Geoffrey A. Landis 'Geoffrey Alan Landis' (born May 28, 1955) is an American scientist, working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on planetary exploration, interstellar propulsion, solar power and photovoltaics. He holds eight patents, primarily in the field of improvements to solar cells and photovoltaic devices and has given presentations and commentary on the possibilities for interstellar travel and construction of bases on the Moon and Mars.

Geoffrey A. Landis Supported by his scientific background Landis also writes hard science fiction.

Geoffrey A. Landis For these writings he has won a Nebula Award, two Hugo Awards, and a Locus Award, as well as two Rhysling Awards for his poetry.

He contributes science articles to various academic publications.
Geoffrey A. Landis He contributes science articles to various academic publications.

Geoffrey A. Landis - Biography
Landis was born in Detroit, Michigan and lived in Virginia, Maryland, Philadelphia, and Illinois during his childhood. His senior education was at New Trier High School, Winnetka, Illinois. He holds undergraduate degrees in physics and electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a PhD in solid-state physics from Brown University. He is married to science fiction writer Mary A. Turzillo and lives in Berea, Ohio.

Geoffrey A. Landis - Career
After receiving his doctorate at Brown University, Landis worked at the NASA Lewis Research Center (now Nasa Glenn) and the Ohio Aerospace Institute before accepting a permanent position at the Glenn Research Center|NASA John Glenn Research Center, where he does research on Mars missions, solar energy, and interstellar propulsion

Landis said, This is the first meeting to really consider interstellar travel by humans

Landis has commented on the practicalities of generating oxygen and creating building materials for a future Colonization of the Moon|Moon base in New Scientist, and on the possibilities of using readily available metallic iron to manufacture steel on Mars.

Geoffrey A. Landis - Academic positions
In 2005–2006, he was named the Ronald E. McNair Visiting Professor of Astronautics at MIT, and won the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|AIAA Abe M. Zarem Educator Award in 2007.AIAA Honors Awards: [ Abe M. Zarem Educator Award] recipients (Retrieved Sep. 2011

Landis has also been a faculty member of the International Space University; in 1998 he was on the faculty of the Department of Mining, Manufacturing, and Robotics in the Space Studies Program, and in 1999 he was on the faculty of the 12th Space Studies Program at the Suranaree University of Technology in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

As a writer, he was an instructor at the Clarion Workshop|Clarion Writers Workshop at Michigan State University in He was a guest instructor at the Launch Pad workshop for 2012.Mike Brotherton, [ Launch Pad 2012 Guest Instructor will be Geoffrey Landis] August 29, 2011

Geoffrey A. Landis - History
Landis first science fiction story, Elemental, appeared in Analog in December 1984, and received a nomination for a Hugo awardLocus Magazine, Geoffrey A. Landis: Hands on Science, January 2000 [ online version here], accessed September 11, 2011) as well as earning him a nomination for the John W. Campbell award for Best New Writer.

In the field of science fiction, Landis has published over 70 works of short fiction, and two books.This page lists a selection of Landis' works in print. He won the 1989 Nebula Award for best short story for Ripples in the Dirac Sea (Asimov's Science Fiction, October 1988), the 1992 Hugo Award for A Walk in the Sun (story)|A Walk in the Sun (Asimov's Science Fiction, October 1991), and the 2003 Hugo for his short story Falling Onto Mars (Analog Science Fiction and Fact, July/Aug 2002).

His 2010 novella The Sultan of the Clouds won the Sturgeon award for best short science fiction story,Locus, [ McDonald and Landis Win Cambbell and Sturgeon Awards], July 2011 (access date August 21, 2011) and was nominated for both the Nebula and Hugo awards.Locus, [ Hugo and Campbell Awards Winners] (Retrieved date August 21, 2011)

He attended the Clarion Workshop in 1985, with other emerging SF writers such as Kristine Kathryn Rusch, Martha Soukup, William Shunn, Resa Nelson, Mary Turzillo and Robert J. Howe.

Geoffrey A. Landis - Collections
* Impact Parameter (and Other Quantum Realities) (16 shorts)

** Into the Blue Abyss

** Outsider's Chance

** The Singular Habits of Wasp

* A Walk in the Sun (Great Science Fiction Stories) 2004

Geoffrey A. Landis - Poetry
Landis has also published a number of poems, most of it involving science fiction or science themes

Geoffrey A. Landis - Poetry
His poetry collection Iron Angels was published in 2009.

Geoffrey A. Landis - Major awards
* 1989 Nebula Award for best short story for Ripples in the Dirac Sea

* 1992 Hugo Award for A Walk in the Sun (story)|A Walk in the Sun

* 2001 Locus Award for best first novel for Mars Crossing

* 2003 Hugo Award for best short story Falling Onto Mars

* 2011: Theodore Sturgeon Award for best short science fiction for The Sultan of the Clouds

*2014 Robert A. Heinlein Award bestowed for outstanding published works in science fiction and technical writings that inspire the human exploration of space.SFWA, [ Geoffrey A. Landis to Receive 2014 Robert A. Heinlein Award] (Retrieved February 3, 2014)

Geoffrey A. Landis - Other writing
Landis has also written non-fiction and popular science articles, encyclopedia articles and columns for a large range of publications, including Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Space Sciences, Asimov's Science Fiction, Spaceflight, and Science Fiction Age. His article The Demon Under Hawaii won the Analog Analytical Laboratory Award for best science article in 1993.

Starship Troopers (film) - Merchandise
In 1997, Avalon Hill released Starship Troopers (board wargame)|Starship Troopers: Prepare For Battle!, a board game based on the film version rather than Heinlein's book

Starship Troopers (film) - Merchandise
The film was released simultaneously with a graphic novelization, which retold events from the film

Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Mountie merchandise
There are products and merchandise that are made in the image of the RCMP, like Mounties statues or hats. Before 1995, the RCMP had little control over these products.

Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Mountie merchandise
The RCMP Heritage Centre is a multi-million dollar museum designed by Arthur Erickson that opened May 2007 in Regina, Saskatchewan at the RCMP Academy, Depot Division. It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the force in Canada's history.

Commander Shepard - Promotion and merchandise
The default male Shepard was used heavily in marketing, being featured on the covers for all three games and most trailers

Commander Shepard - Promotion and merchandise
Outside of the Mass Effect series, Shepard has also made cameo appearances in other Electronic Arts games

Philosophy of mathematics - Indispensability argument for realism
This argument, associated with Willard Quine and Hilary Putnam, is considered by Stephen Yablo to be one of the most challenging arguments in favor of the acceptance of the existence of abstract mathematical entities, such as numbers and sets. The form of the argument is as follows.

#One must have ontological commitments to all entities that are indispensable to the best scientific theories, and to those entities only (commonly referred to as all and only).

#One must have ontological commitments to mathematical entities.Putnam, H. Mathematics, Matter and Method. Philosophical Papers, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, nd. ed., 1985.

The justification for the first premise is the most controversial

Claire's merchandise directly mimics higher end style trends

Claire's - Merchandise Claire's also carries an assortment of holiday items such as Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, Easter, Independence Day (United States)|4th of July, Halloween, and Christmas items.

Claire's - Merchandise Nearly all Claire's locations also offer Earring|ear piercing as all the staff are full trained in using the Studex 'gun'. Claire's does not pierce the cartilage of people under 13.

The store carries its own perfumes.
Claire's - Merchandise The store carries its own perfumes.

Claire's - Merchandise One of their most popular items right now are their laced bows. Comes in a variety of colors.

Fireball XL5 - Theme song and merchandising
Fireball XL5 had separate opening instrumental theme music and a closing theme song

In addition to the theme song, the series spawned a number of other licensed merchandising spin-offs including toys, an MPC playset with rocket ship and figures, model kits including a plastic kit of Fireball XL5 itself, puppets, ray guns, comic strips and annuals

During the mid 1960s there were also three soft cover colouring/puzzle books published in Britain and one soft cover colouring/story book published in the United States.

Call of Duty - Merchandise
The Call of Duty Real-time Card Game was announced by card manufacturer Upper Deck Company|Upper Deck.

In 2004, Activision, in cooperation with the companies Plan-B Toys and Radioactive Clown, released the Call of Duty: Series 1 line of action figures, which included three American soldiers and three German soldiers from the World War II era. While the American G.I. action figure was made in 2004, Plan-B Toys later discontinued a controversial Nazi SS Guard action figure based on the Nazi Totenkopf officer seen in the Call of Duty computer/video game.

In 2008, McFarlane Toys announced their partnership with Activision to produce action figures for the Call of Duty computer/video game series. McFarlane Toys' first series of action figures were released in October 2008 and consists of four different figures: Marine with Flamethrower, Marine Infantry, British Special Ops, and Marine with Machine Gun.

TARDIS - Merchandising
As one of the most recognisable images connected with Doctor Who, the TARDIS has appeared on numerous items of merchandise associated with the programme

With the 2005 series revival, a variety of TARDIS-shaped merchandise has been produced, including a TARDIS coin box, TARDIS figure toy set, a TARDIS that detects the ring signal from a mobile phone and flashes when an incoming call is detected, TARDIS-shaped wardrobes and DVD cabinets, and a USB hub in the shape of the TARDIS. The complete 2005 season DVD box set, released in November 2005, was issued in packaging that resembled the TARDIS.

One of the original-model TARDISes used in the television series' production in the 1970s was sold at auction in December 2005 for Pound sterling|£10,800.

Renaissance art - Early Netherlandish art, 1400–1525
The earliest Netherlandish oil paintings are meticulous and detailed like tempera paintings

Renaissance art - Early Netherlandish art, 1400–1525
The Dutch painters did not approach the creation of a picture through a framework of linear perspective and correct proportion

Toy - Promotional merchandise
Many successful films, television programs, books and sport teams have official merchandise, which often includes related toys. Some notable examples are Star Wars (a science fiction film series) and Arsenal, an English Football (soccer)|football club.

Toy - Promotional merchandise
Promotional toys can fall into any of the other toy categories; for example they can be dolls or action figures based on the characters of movies or professional athletes, or they can be balls, yo-yos, and lunch boxes with logos on them

SanDisk became a publicly traded company on NASDAQ in November 1995

SanDisk - Description SanDisk’s flash memory storage products include solid-state drives (SSDs) and caching software for laptop, PC and enterprise applications; memory cards for smartphones and cameras; embedded flash drives for mobile phones and tablets, USB flash drives; and other flash-based products.

SanDisk - Description The company markets its products directly to businesses, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and consumers, as well as through a new distribution channel that offers SanDisk SSDs to a wider set of business customers including VARs, e-tailers and system integrators.

SanDisk - Description SanDisk is headquartered in Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California, US. The company has manufacturing facilities in China and Japan. It also has sales, operations, research and development, and administration in the US, China, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Russia, Scotland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates. The company has more than 5,500 employees worldwide.

SanDisk - Description SanDisk's product portfolio includes flash-based enterprise storage; flash memory cards for mobile phones, digital cameras and camcorders; digital audio/video players; USB flash drives for consumers and the enterprise; embedded memory for mobile devices; and solid state drives for computers. SanDisk is a Silicon Valley-based SP 500 company, with more than half its sales outside the United States.

SanDisk - History Dr. Eli Harari developed the Floating Gate EEPROM which proved the practicality, reliability, manufacturability and endurance of semiconductor-based data storage. This pioneering work laid the foundation for the flash memory market that would significantly impact the consumer electronics industry, enabling new products across multiple categories.

SanDisk - History In 1988, Dr. Harari launched the company that would become SanDisk with former Intel colleague Sanjay Mehrotra (now SanDisk President and Chief Executive Officer), and former Hughes Electronics colleague Jack Yuan.

SanDisk - History Early on, SanDisk (then known as 'SunDisk') had recognized that digital cameras would need removable flash memory storage, and computers could become ever more mobile and light and would require a similar storage technology.

SanDisk - History Dr. Harari offered the removable flash memory card technology to Kodak for inclusion in their cameras in Kodak offered to fund the development with the condition that SanDisk offer a three-year exclusive contract for the “digital film” under the Kodak brand. Dr. Harari and SanDisk rejected the offer because he wanted competition in the marketplace to encourage growth of the flash memory industry.

SanDisk - Core markets Flash memory has an extremely small form factor, helping it fit into ultra-slim electronics devices such as tablets, smartphones and thin-and-light laptops. Because flash memory contains no moving mechanical parts, it consumes less power and is considered rugged and more reliable than hard disk drives (HDDs).

SanDisk - Core markets 'Enterprise' – The explosive growth and consumption of data in cloud computing and data centers is increasingly requiring network architectures that can enable real-time analytics and low latency, providing fast and reliable access to information. SanDisk serves this market with its enterprise SSDs and enterprise software products.

SanDisk - Core markets 'Computing' – Tablets and ultra-thin notebooks carry with them certain requirements from manufacturer and technology suppliers, such as “instant on” functionality, a thin form factor, durability and low-power consumption. Because of these, flash memory has become the main storage technology for these computing devices. SanDisk supplies embedded flash drives and removable memory cards to virtually every major tablet and ultra-thin laptop manufacturer.

SanDisk - Core markets 'Mobile' – Flash memory has become an essential component in smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices due to its large capacity storage and “mass market” price points, low power consumption and ruggedness inherent with no moving parts. SanDisk provides embedded flash drives and removable memory cards to almost every major smartphone and tablet maker.

SanDisk - Core markets 'Consumer Electronics' – Flash technology is used in memory cards that go into digital cameras, USB storage drives, and portable music and video players. SanDisk creates and sells its own brand of USB flash drives and SanDisk Sansa|Sansa line of MP3 audio players.

SanDisk - Key product lines
Music Video Players

SanDisk - Corporate acquisitions
*SanDisk acquired SMART Storage Systems, a developer of enterprise solid state drives based on the SATA and SAS storage protocols, in 2013.

*SanDisk acquired Schooner Information Technology, Inc., an enterprise software company that develops flash-optimized database and data store solution in 2012.

*SanDisk acquired FlashSoft Corporation, a provider of innovative caching software products in 2012.

*SanDisk acquired Pliant Technology, Inc., a developer of enterprise solid state drives in 2011.

*SanDisk acquired msystems Ltd., a developer of flash memory storage products in 2006.

*SanDisk acquired Matrix Semiconductor, Inc., a company that pioneers and supplied 3D-based one-time programmable chip technology in 2006.

SanDisk - Patent portfolio
SanDisk currently holds more than 4,900 patents worldwide. The company’s patent portfolio is consistently recognized as one of the strongest in the technology industry.

SanDisk - Patent portfolio
Thomson Reuters named SanDisk as one of the “Top 100 Global Innovators” in and 2013, and IEEE Spectrum ranked SanDisk as having one of the strongest patent portfolios out of 5,000 companies and organizations.

SanDisk - Corporate social responsibility
Since its inception in 2003, the SanDisk Foundation has donated more than $16 million to more than 800 charitable organizations in the US and other countries where the company has a significant presence.

SanDisk won the 2012 Golden Peacock Global Corporate Social Responsibility Award and won Israel's 2012, 2011 and 2010 Maala Award for excellence in a range of corporate social responsibility issues.

In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated SanDisk the third highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.

Gerry Anderson - Other merchandise
Over the years, various British Comic book|comics have featured strips based on Anderson's creations. These started with TV Comic during the early 1960s, followed by TV Century 21 and its various sister publications: Lady Penelope (comic)|Lady Penelope, TV Tornado, Solo and Joe 90. In the 1970s there was Countdown (comic)|Countdown (later renamed TV Action). There were also tie-in annuals that were produced each year featuring Anderson's TV productions.

Thunderbirds (TV series) - Merchandise
To compensate for the high demand for Thunderbirds media, AP Films established three additional subsidiaries: Century 21 Merchandising|AP Films Merchandising, AP Films Records (or AP Films Music) and AP Films Toys.Archer and Nicholls, p.111.Bignell, p.80

Christmas 1992 sales were exceptionally high, and the series' tie-in merchandising campaign surpassed the success of that of the Star Wars trilogy

A comic strip featuring the characters of Lady Penelope and Aloysius Parker|Parker debuted in the first issues of APF Publishing's children's title TV Century 21 in early 1965.Bentley 2005, p.104

APF Records released 19 Thunderbirds audio episodes on vinyl Extended play|EPs between 1965 and 1967.Bentley 2008, p.349.Bentley 2005, p.100

The first Thunderbirds video game, developed by Firebird Software for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum home computers, was released in 1985

Xenogears - Merchandise
There have been several Japanese books and comics published concerning the Xenogears franchise

Capital requirement - Undisclosed Reserves
Undisclosed reserves are not common, but are accepted by some regulators where a Bank has made a profit but this has not appeared in normal retained profits or in general reserves.

8th arrondissement of Paris
According to the 1999 census, it was the place of employment of more people than any other single arrondissement of the capital

8th arrondissement of Paris - Population Density
The arrondissement had its highest population of 107,485 in 1891.

8th arrondissement of Paris - Population Density
In 2006, with almost a third of that number, (39,088) it was Paris' 16th least densely populated arrondissement with 1.8% of the total.

8th arrondissement of Paris - Economy
40 rue de Courcelles Paris, France Air China and China Southern Airlines have their Paris offices in the arrondissement.[ Worldwide offices Europe]

At one time Alcatel-Lucent's head office was located in the arrondissement.[ Alcatel-Lucent Website Terms of Use]

8th arrondissement of Paris - Places of interest
* Automobile Club de France

* Maxim's Art Nouveau Collection 1900|Maxim's Art NouveauCollection 1900

* Musée Nissim de Camondo|Musée Nissimde Camondo

* Luxor Obelisk|The Obelisk (Obélisque)in the Place de la Concorde

* Palais de la Découverte

* Pinacothèque de Paris

8th arrondissement of Paris - Districts or neighborhoods
* Quartier du Faubourg-du-Roule

8th arrondissement of Paris - Streets
* Avenue Ferdousi

* Avenue Franklin-D.-Roosevelt

* Avenue du Général-Eisenhower

* Avenue Myron-T.-Herrick

* Avenue du Président-Wilson

* Avenue Winston-Churchill

* Boulevard des Batignolles

* Cours Albert-Ier

* Impasse Bourdin

* Impasse du Docteur-Jacques-Bertillon|Impasse du Docteur-Jacques-Bertillon

* Passage Saint-Philippe-du-Roule|Passage Saint-Philippe-du-Roule

* Rond-point des Champs-Élysées-Marcel-Dassault|Rond-point des Champs-Élysées-Marcel-Dassault

* Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré

* Rue Pierre Charron, Paris|Rue Pierre Charron

* Rue Boissy-d'Anglas

* Rue du Chevalier-de-Saint-George|Rue du Chevalier-de-Saint-George

* Rue du Commandant-Rivière

* Rue de Constantinople

* Rue François-Ier

* Rue La Boétie

* Rue de La Trémoille

* Rue Louis-Murat

* Rue Montalivet

* Rue de Rome (Paris)|Rue de Rome

* Rue Saint-Florentin

* Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule

* Rue de Saint-Pétersbourg

* Rue Tronchet, Paris|Rue Tronchet

* Rue Washington

* Villa Nouvelle

8th arrondissement of Paris - Squares
* Place de l'Europe (Paris)|Place de l'Europe

* Place Georges-Guillaumin

* Place de la République-Dominicaine

* Square de la Fondation Rothschild

Microsoft ScanDisk 'Microsoft ScanDisk' (also called 'ScanDisk'), is a diagnostic utility included in MS-DOS and Windows 9x. It checks and repairs file systems errors on a disk drive. It was first introduced in MS-DOS 6.2 and succeeded its simpler predecessor, CHKDSK#DOS-based CHKDSK|CHKDSK.

Microsoft ScanDisk ScanDisk included a more user-friendly interface than CHKDSK, more configuration options, and the ability to detect and (if possible) recover from physical errors on the disk. This replaced and improved upon the limited ability offered by the MS-DOS Recover utility. Unlike CHKDSK, ScanDisk would also repair crosslinked files.

Microsoft ScanDisk In Windows 95 onwards, ScanDisk also had a graphical user interface, although the text-based user interface continued to be available for use in single-tasking (DOS) mode.

Microsoft ScanDisk However, ScanDisk cannot check NTFS disk drives, and therefore it is unavailable for computers that may be running Windows NT|NT based (including Windows 2000, Windows XP, etc.) versions of Windows; for the purpose, a newer CHKDSK is provided instead - this is not to be confused with the older MS-DOS CHKDSK.

Microsoft ScanDisk On Unix-like systems there are tools like fsck_msdosfs to do the same task.

Australian Football League - Merchandising
The AFL runs a chain of stores that sell merchandise from all clubs. Merchandise is also available from other retailers.

Galoob - Franchises licensed to Galoob for merchandising
*Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers (not released in America)

*Battle Squads Military Action Fleet

*Bouncing Babies

*Dinosaucers (not released in America)

*Titanium series Micro Machines Transformers

*Terminator 2: Judgment Day

*Ultraforce (comics)

HBOGO - Merchandising Various products have been marketed that have used the HBO trademark and/or are based around the channel's programming

Tencent QQ - Merchandise
Tencent has taken advantage of the popularity of the QQ brand, and has set up many Q-Gen stores selling QQ branded merchandise such as bags, watches, clothing as well as toy penguins.

Leslie Cochran - Merchandising
Cochran was featured in a set of collectible Leslie dress-up refrigerator magnets, with outfits like a leopard-print dress, cheerleader uniform and a miniskirt

Leslie Cochran - Merchandising
In 2009, Costa Systems created the iLeslie iPhone application, sold by the Apple Inc.|Apple iTunes App Store. The application contains an assortment of sound bites by Cochran and two interviews where he recounted select experiences in Austin. Half of all profits went to Cochran.[ iLeslieBy Costa Systems], Apple.com, accessed January 7, 2011.

The '7th arrondissement of Paris' is one of the 20 Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements (administrative districts) of Paris|the capital city of France. It includes some of the major tourist attractions of Paris, such as the Eiffel Tower and the Hôtel des Invalides (Napoléon's resting place), and a concentration of such world-famous museums as the Musée d'Orsay, Musee Rodin, and the Musée du quai Branly.

Situated on the Rive Gauche—the Left, or Southern, bank of the River Seine—this central arrondissement, which includes the historical aristocratic neighbourhood of Faubourg Saint-Germain, contains a number of French national institutions, among them the French National Assembly and numerous Ministry (government department)|government ministries. It is also home to many foreign diplomatic embassies, some of them occupying outstanding Hôtels particuliers.

The district has been so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg—referring to the ancient name of the current 7th arrondissement—has been used to describe French nobility ever since.Balzac explains the very specific Faubourg's aristocratic way of life in his novel La Duchesse de Langeais France's 2nd richest district in average income and Paris' 1st, this arrondissement is part of Paris Ouest, alongside the 6th arrondissement of Paris|6th, 8th arrondissement of Paris|8th, 16th arrondissement of Paris|16th arrondissements and Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly, and is usually considered the most aristocratic district of the area.

7th arrondissement of Paris - History
During the 17th century, French high nobility started to move from the central Le Marais|Marais, the then-aristocratic district of Paris where nobles used to build their urban mansionsHotels particuliers in French (see Hotel de Soubise) to the clearer, less populated and less polluted Faubourg Saint-Germain that soon became the new residence of French highest nobility.

The district became so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg has been used to describe French nobility ever since. The oldest and most prestigious families of the French nobility built outstanding residences in the area, such as the Hôtel Matignon, the Hôtel de Salm, or the Hôtel Biron.

After the French Revolution|Revolution many of these mansions, offering magnificent inner spaces, many receptions rooms and exquisite decoration, were confiscated and turned into national institutions. The French expression les ors de la Republique (literally the golds of the Republic), referring to the luxurious environment of the national palaces (outstanding official residences and priceless works of art) comes from that time.

During the Restauration, the Faubourg recovered its past glory as the most exclusive high nobility district of Paris and was the political heart of the country, home to the Ultra-royalist|Ultra Party. After the Fall of Charles X, the district lost most of its political influence but remained the center of French upper class' Interpersonal relationship|social life.

During the 19th century, the arrondissement hosted no less than five Universal Exhibitions (Exposition Universelle (1855)|1855, Exposition Universelle (1867)|1867, Exposition Universelle (1878)|1878, Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889, Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900) that have immensely impacted its cityscape, the Eiffel Tower and the Gare d'Orsay|Orsay building have been built for these Exhibitions (respectively in 1889 and 1900).

7th arrondissement of Paris - Demography
The 7th arrondissement attained its peak population in 1926 when it had 110,684 inhabitants. Because it is the location of so many French government bodies, this arrondissement has never been as densely populated as some of the others. In 1999, the population was 56,985, while the arrondissement provided 76,212 jobs.

Important places include:

* Musée national de la Légion d'Honneur et des Ordres de Chevalerie

* Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération

* Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po)

Octave Gréard Paris, France and Valode Pistre have their head offices in this arrondissement.[ Valode Pistre] - Select Contact

7th arrondissement of Paris - Government
The Ministry of Agriculture (France)|Ministry of Agriculture, the Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education have their head offices in the arrondissement.[ Mentions légales]

7th arrondissement of Paris - Sport
The arrondissement hosted the Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|equestrian events for the 1900 Summer Olympics.[ Summer Olympics official report]. p. 16. Accessed 14 November 2010.

Britain’s Got Talent - Merchandise
* Best of The Auditions DVD (2009)

List of The Warriors characters - Adaptations and merchandise
While The Warriors was adapted from a novel (itself adapted from the Ancient Greek text Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis by Xenophon), the film has been adapted as well

The Warriors (video game)|The Warriors video game, based on the movie, was released by Rockstar Games on October 17, Levels 1 through 13 acts as a prequel to the film, creating backstory and elaborating on the characters from the film. Levels 14 through 18 recreates much of the film's events. Several of the actors from the movie returned to perform the voices for their original characters.

Warner Bros. Entertainment released a downloadable title for the Xbox 360 titled The Warriors: Street Brawl. The game plays differently from the Rockstar Games version, being a side-scrolling brawler. In 2009, Dabel Brothers Productions began a five issue comic book adaption of the film. Following that was a four issue mini series entitled The Warriors: Jail Break which takes place several months after the film's events.

StarCraft (series) - Merchandise
A number of action figures and collectable statues based upon the characters and units in StarCraft have been produced by ToyCom

Leeroy Jenkins - Merchandise
The character's popularity resulted in his inclusion in the World of Warcraft Trading Card Game released on October 25, with art by Mike Krahulik

Ethnic minorities in China - Undistinguished ethnic groups
Undistinguished ethnic groups are ethnic groups that have not been officially recognized or classified by the central government. The group numbers more than 730,000 people, and would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China if taken as a single group. The vast majority of this group is found in Guizhou Province.

These undistinguished ethnic groups do not include groups that have been controversially classified into existing groups. For example, the Mosuo are officially classified as Nakhi people|Naxi, and the Chuanqing are classified as Han Chinese, but they reject these classifications and view themselves as separate ethnic groups.

Citizens of mainland China who are of foreign origin are classified using yet another separate label: foreigners naturalized into the Chinese citizenship (外国人入中国籍). However, if a newly naturalized citizen already belongs to a recognized existing group among the 56 ethnic groups, then he or she is classified into that ethnic group rather than the special label.

Incentive program - Merchandise
Merchandise rewards can range anywhere from small branded key chains to high-end electronics. In a 2005 study conducted by the Center for Concept Development, 73% of respondents agreed that more stimulating, memorable incentive programs can be built around merchandise as opposed to cash rewards.

Supermarkets - Typical supermarket merchandise
Larger supermarkets in North America and in Europe typically sell a great number of items among many brands, sizes and varieties, including:

* Baby foods and baby-care products such as disposable diapers

* Breads and bakery products (many stores may have a bakery on site that offers specialty and dessert items)

* Books, newspapers, and magazines, including supermarket tabloids

* Bulk dried foods such as legumes, flour, rice, etc. (typically available for self-service)

* CDs, Audio cassettes, DVDs, and Videotape|videos (including Renting|video rentals)

* Cigarettes and other tobacco products (as country/State (administrative division)|state/province|provincial and/or local laws allow)

* Dairy products and Egg (food)|eggs

* Electrical products such as Incandescent light bulb|light bulbs, extension cords, etc.

* Financial services and products such as mortgages, credit cards, savings accounts, wire transfers, etc. (typically offered in-store by a partnering bank or other financial institution)

* Frozen foods and crushed ice

* Fresh produce, fruits and vegetables

* House-cleaning products

* Housewares, crockery|Dishware and cooking utensils, etc. (typically limited)

* Laundry products such as detergents, fabric softeners, etc.

* Meats, fish and seafoods (some stores may offer live fish and seafood items from aquarium tanks)

* Medicines and First aid kit|first aid items (primarily over-the-counter drugs, although many supermarkets also have an on-site pharmacy) (as country/State (administrative division)|state/province|provincial and/or local laws allow)

* Nonalcoholic beverages such as soft drinks, juices, bottled water, etc. (some stores may have a juicer|juice bar that prepares ready-to-drink freshly squeezed juices, smoothies, etc.)

* Personal hygiene and grooming products

* Tea and Coffee (some stores may have a commercial-style coffee preparation|grinder, typically available for self-service, and/or a staffed coffeehouse|coffee bar that prepares ready-to-drink coffee and tea beverages)

In some countries, the range of supermarket merchandise is more strictly focused on food products, although the range of goods for sale is expanding in many locations as typical store sizes continue to increase globally.

Film promotion - Merchandising
* Paid co-branding (Eragon in American Chopper-two episodes), or co-advertising (Aston Martin and James Bond films) of a product with the film

Film promotion - Merchandising
* Promotional giveaways: branded drink cups, promotional toy|toys, or food combinations at fast food chains

Vanderbilt University - 2011–2012 nondiscrimination controversy
Controversy continued to surround this issue throughout 2011 and 2012, culminating in a proposed state law exempting student organizations from nondiscrimination policies

try to sell branded merchandise articles (e.g
Business models for open-source software - Selling of branded merchandise try to sell branded merchandise articles (e.g

Grateful Dead - Merchandising and representation
Hal Kant was an entertainment industry attorney who specialized in representing musical groups. He spent 35 years as principal lawyer and general counsel for the Grateful Dead, a position in the group that was so strong that his business cards with the band identified his role as Czar.Barnes, Mike (October 22, 2008). [ Grateful Dead lawyer Hal Kant dies]. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24, 2008.

Kant brought the band millions of dollars in revenue through his management of the band's intellectual property and merchandising rights. At Kant's recommendation, the group was one of the few rock 'n roll pioneers to retain ownership of their music masters and publishing rights.

Rhino is managing the Dead's business interests, including the release of musical recordings, merchandising, and marketing

Dilbert - Merchandise * Corporate Shuffle by Richard Garfield — 1997; A Dilbert-branded card game similar to Wizard of the Coast's The Great Dalmuti and the drinking game President (game)|President

Dilbert - Merchandise * The Dilberito, a vegetarian burrito with 100% Daily Value of 23 vitamins and minerals

Dilbert - Merchandise * Day-by-Day calendars featuring the comic strip are available every year.

Dilbert - Merchandise * Dilbert: Escape From Cubeville was released in 2010 in the Dilbert store section of dilbert.com

Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising
The 'Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising' ('FIDM') is a for-profit school|for-profit private college in California. It offers courses in fashion, entertainment, beauty, interior design and graphic design. The college was founded in 1969 by Tonian Hohberg, who is the president and CEO.[ President's message]. Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising.

Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising - Courses and accreditation
The college offers 21 Associate of arts degree programs, and a Bachelor of Science degree in business management, which is also available via distance learning.[ Statement of Accreditation Status: Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising]. WASC Senior College and University Commission. Accessed January 2014.

Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising - Courses and accreditation
Since August 2013 the college has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission, with Initial accreditation status.[ Commission action letter August 2013]

Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising - Campuses
The college has four campuses, in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, and Orange County, California|Orange County.[ 4 Colleges found for fidm]. Peterson's. Accessed January 2014.

The San Francisco campus is located in Union Square and currently enrolls 750 students.[ FIDM/The Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising, San Francisco Campus]. Peterson's. Accessed January 2014.

The San Diego campus occupies about on the third floor of a high-rise office building.[ Recipient | AIA Institute Honor Awards for Interior Architecture: FIDM San Diego Campus]. The American Institute of Architects. Accessed January 2014.

Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising - Alumni
* Lubov Azria, fashion designer

* Lauren Conrad, author and fashion designer

* Surily Goel, fashion designer, costume designerhttp://

* Sassa Jimenez, fashion designer, Philippineshttp://

* Karen Kane, fashion designer[ Alumni Stores: Karen Kane]

* Monique Lhuillier, fashion designer

* Leanne Marshall, fashion designer, Project Runway 5 winner

* Santino Rice, fashion designer, Project Runway 2 finalist[ Project Runway - Santino Rice's Bio is Available Online - Official Bravo TV Site]

* Nick Verreos, fashion designer[ Nick Verreos : Alumni : Fashion Design : Associate of Arts : FIDM]

* Kym McClay, fashion designer, co-founder of Navenhttp://

Hugo Grotius - De Indis and Mare Liberum
The Dutch were at Eighty Years' War|war with Spain and Portugal when the loaded merchant ship Santa Catarina (ship)|Santa Catarina, a Portuguese carrack, was captured by captain Jacob van Heemskerk off present-day Singapore in 1603

Not only was the legality of keeping the prize (law)|prize questionable under Dutch statute, but a faction of shareholders (mostly Mennonite) in the Company also objected to the forceful seizure on moral grounds, and of course, the Portuguese demanded the return of their cargo

The result of Grotius' efforts in was a long, theory-laden treatise that he provisionally entitled De Indis (On the Indies)

The manuscript was not made public until it was uncovered from Grotius' estate (law)|estate in 1864 and published under the title, De Jure Praedae (On the Right of Capture). The principles that Grotius developed there, however, laid the basis for his mature work on international justice, De jure belli ac pacis, and in fact one chapter of the earlier work did make it to the press in the form of the influential pamphlet, Mare Liberum.

In The Free Sea (Mare Liberum, published 1609) Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. Grotius, by claiming 'free seas' (Freedom of the seas), provided suitable ideological justification for the Dutch breaking up of various trade monopoly|monopolies through its formidable naval power (and then establishing its own monopoly).

England, competing fiercely with the Dutch for domination of world trade, opposed this idea and claimed That the Dominion of the British Sea, or That Which Incompasseth the Isle of Great Britain, is, and Ever Hath Been, a Part or Appendant of the Empire of that Island.Selden, John

As conflicting claims grew out of the controversy, maritime states came to moderate their demands and base their maritime claims on the principle that it extended seawards from land. A workable formula was found by Cornelius Bynkershoek in his De dominio maris (1702), restricting maritime dominion to the actual distance within which cannon range could effectively protect it. This became universally adopted and developed into the three-mile limit.

The dispute would eventually have important economic implications. The Dutch Republic supported the idea of free trade (even though it imposed a special trade monopoly on nutmeg and cloves in the Maluku Islands|Moluccas). England adopted the 1651 Navigation Act|Act of Navigation (1651), forbidding any goods from entering England except on English ships. The Act subsequently led to the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654).

Brian Griffin - Merchandise
Brian is featured on the Family Guy: Live in Vegas CD, and also plays a significant part in Family Guy Video Game!, the first Family Guy video game, which was released by Sierra Entertainment in He (along with Stewie) features at the center of Family Guy's second video game, Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse.

MacFarlane recorded exclusive material of Brian's voice and other Family Guy characters for a 2007 pinball machine of the show by Stern Pinball. In 2004, the first series of Family Guy toy figurines was released by Mezco Toyz, each member of the Griffin family had their own toy, with the exception of Stewie, of whom two different figures were made. Over the course of two years, four more series of toy figures have been released.

As of 2009, six books have been released about the Family Guy universe, all published by HarperCollins since 2005

A book written from Brian's point of view (actually written by Andrew Goldberg (writer)|Andrew Goldberg) was published in It was called Brian Griffin's Guide to Booze, Broads and the Lost Art of Being a Man.

Angry Boys - Merchandise
S.mouse's song Animal Zoo was made available for Music download|digital download on the Australian iTunes Store on 26 May 2011

Angry Boys - Merchandise
Following the broadcast of the last episode on 27 July 2011, the series' soundtrack was released the next day

Peter Griffin - Merchandise
Alongside the action figures, Peter has been included in various other Family Guy-related merchandise.

Peter Griffin - Merchandise
In 2008, the character appeared in advertisements for Subway (restaurant)|Subway, promoting the restaurant's massive feast sandwich

Twin Peaks - Merchandise
The popularity of Twin Peaks led to a merchandising industry; ranging from books and audio tapes of the series. In addition, there have been DVD and VHS releases of the series.

Astronomical radio source - Undiscovered phenomena
Explaining their recent discovery of a powerful bursting radio source, NRL astronomer Dr. Joseph Lazio stated: Amazingly, even though the sky is known to be full of transient objects emitting at X- and gamma-ray wavelengths, very little has been done to look for radio bursts, which are often easier for astronomical objects to produce. The use of coherent dedispersion algorithms and the computing power provided by the SETI network may lead to discovery of previously undiscovered phenomena.

Virus (1999 film) - Merchandise
A line of action figures, the Virus Collector Series, was developed by ReSaurus to promote the film

A Europe-only tie-in game, Virus: It is Aware, was also developed and published by Cryo Interactive for the Sony PlayStation

Virus (comics)|The original comics were re-released in graphic novel format with alternate cover artwork based on the film's climax.

Hellboy Animated - Merchandise
Gentle Giant Ltd, famed for its statues, has been given the license for the Hellboy Animated action figures. A first-look Hellboy figure shrinkwrapped to a copy of the Blood and Iron DVD was released as a Best Buy exclusive.

Game of Thrones - Merchandise and exhibition
HBO has issued licenses for a broad range of Merchandising#Licensing|merchandise based on Game of Thrones. These include Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire#Games|various games, replica weapons and armor, jewellery, bobblehead dolls by Funko, beer by Ommegang, and various items and apparel. Top-end merchandise includes Ulysse Nardin wristwatches for $10,500 and resin replicas of the Iron Throne for $30,000.

Game of Thrones - Merchandise and exhibition
In 2013 and 2014, a traveling exhibition of costumes, props, armor and weapons from the series visited or is to visit several major cities in Europe and the Americas.

Parade's End (TV series) - Merchandise
BBC Books produced a tie-in edition of Parade's End with Cumberbatch, Hall and Clemens on the cover. It was made available in the UK on 16 August 2012.

A Parade's End companion book by Tom Stoppard from Faber Faber was also made available. It contains the script and includes production stills and deleted scenes not included in the broadcast.

The soundtrack by Dirk Brossé was released in digital and physical copies on 2 October 2012.

DVD and Blu-ray copies of the series were released by the BBC on 8 October They include behind the scenes footage and selected interviews with crew and cast members.

Stewie Griffin - Merchandise and appearances in other media
Stewie is one of the show's biggest merchandising icons, and he has been included on Family Guy T-shirts, baseball caps, bumper stickers, cardboard standups, refrigerator magnets, posters, and several other items.

Stewie appears in the Family Guy Video Game!,[ 2K Announces Voice Talent for Family Guy Video Game; Will the Real Baby Stewie Please Stand up!; Family Guy Show Creator Seth MacFarlane and the Main Cast Sign on with 2K to do Voice Over Roles for the Upcoming Family Guy Video Game.] where Stewie discovers Bertram attempting to outdo him in taking over the world

Stewie is also a playable character (along with Brian) in the show's second video game, Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse, where the pair travel through the multiverse again, in order to defeat Bertram.

Stewie appeared in Bones (TV series)|Bones, eventually revealed to be the result of FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth's (David Boreanaz) brain tumor. Seth MacFarlane wrote all of Stewie's dialog for the episode.

The character appeared in a Coca-Cola[ Clipta.com] commercial during Super Bowl XLII, he and Brian appeared in a commercial for Wheat Thins, he presented a musical number at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards with Brian, and he appeared at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards.[ Livevideo.com][ Videosift.com] He was on the Late Show with David Letterman to present Top Ten Things You Don't Want To Hear From Your Child.

Family Guy - Merchandise
As of 2009, six books have been released about the Family Guy universe, all published by HarperCollins since 2005

Family Guy - Merchandise
Family Guy has been commercially successful in the home market

The Dark Knight Returns - Merchandise
In 1996, to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the graphic novel, DC Direct released a limited edition statuette of Robin.[ Dark Knight Returns statue] Under the Giant Penny (August 8, 2010)

Glee (TV series) - Merchandise
Three soundtrack albums were released to accompany Glee first season: Glee: The Music, Volume 1, Glee: The Music, Volume 2 and Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers

Glee has been released on several DVD and Blu-ray box-sets

Little, Brown and Company|Little, Brown Books is in the process of publishing five Glee–related Young-adult fiction|young adult novels, which are being developed in collaboration with the show's producers and writers

Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products have plans for a line of Glee–related merchandise including games, electrical products, greeting cards, apparel and stationery. Macy's carry a line of Glee–related clothing, and Claire's stock accessories.

Stand Up and Cheer! - Merchandise
In 1958, Temple's television show, Shirley Temple's Storybook went into production. At that time, she persuaded various manufacturers to release ancillary merchandise including the Baby Take a Bow polka-dot dress (Edwards 233).

Identity of indiscernibles
A related principle is the indiscernibility of identicals, discussed below.

(However, the term Leibniz's Law is also commonly used for the Converse (logic)|converse of the principle, the indiscernibility of identicals (described below), which is logically distinct and not to be confused with the identity of indiscernibles.)

Some philosophers have decided, however, that it is important to exclude certain predicates (or purported predicates) from the principle in order to avoid either triviality or contradiction

Willard Van Orman Quine thought that the failure of substitutivity in intensional contexts (e.g., Sally believes that p or It is necessarily the case that q) shows that modal logic is an impossible project.Quine, W

Associated with this principle is also the question as to whether it is a logical principle, or merely an empirical principle.

Shirley Temple - Temple-related merchandise and endorsements
Many Temple-inspired products were manufactured and released during the 1930s. Ideal Toy Company|Ideal Toy and Novelty Company in New York City negotiated a license for dolls with the company's first doll wearing the polka-dot dress from Stand Up and Cheer!. Shirley Temple dolls realized $45 million in sales before 1941.Black 85–6 A mug, a pitcher, and a cereal bowl in cobalt blue with a decal of Temple were given away as a premium with Wheaties.

Shirley Temple - Temple-related merchandise and endorsements
Before 1935 ended, Temple's income from licensed merchandise royalties would exceed $100,000, doubling her income from her movies

List of Dutch inventions and discoveries - Dutch-Flemish gable architecture (Netherlandish gabled roof) (1400s-1600s) The Dutch gable was a notable feature of the Dutch-Flemish Renaissance architecture (or Mannerist architecture) that spread to northern Europe from the Low Countries, arriving in Britain during the latter part of the 16th century

List of Dutch inventions and discoveries - Dutch realism / Netherlandish realism (1400s–1600s)
Two aspects of Realism (arts)|realism were rooted in at least two centuries of Netherlandish tradition: conspicuous textural imitation and a penchant for ordinary and exaggeratedly comic scenes

Murder, She Wrote - Merchandise
In December 2009, casual game developer and publisher Legacy Interactive, under license with Universal Pictures Digital Platforms Group (UPDPG), announced the release a PC and Macintosh video game based on the television series. In the game, players help Jessica Fletcher to solve five unusual murders. A sequel, Murder She Wrote 2, was launched by Legacy Interactive in November 2012.

Lost (TV series) - Licensed merchandise
Furthermore, ABC sold a myriad of Lost merchandise in their online store, including clothing, jewelry and other collectibles

Mars One - Donations and merchandise
The recent donation update adds the Indiegogo campaign ($313,744) to the private donation and merchandise total

Mars One - Donations and merchandise
The pie-chart alongside shows the break-up of Mars One's revenues into different areas. Over three quarters of the investment is in concept design studies. Mars One states that income from donations and merchandise have not been used to pay salaries. To date, no financial records have been released for public viewing.

Dexter (TV series) - Merchandise
EMCE Toys has planned the release of action figures based on the series. Dark Horse Comics released a 7-inch bust of Dexter Morgan in March 2010, as part of its Last Toys on the Left series, and released a Trinity Killer Bobble Head in April 2010.

There is also a variety of items available from Showtime, including t-shirts, blood slide key rings and coasters, pens made to look like syringes of blood, an apron, mugs and glasses, posters, and even bin bags.

In January 2014, an auction was held for several props used in the series, with part of the auction's proceeds donated to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.

Chinese immigration to the United States - Indispensable workforce
Supporters and opponents of Chinese immigration affirm that Chinese labor was indispensable to the economic prosperity of the west

Manufacturers depended on the Chinese workers because they had to reduce labor cost to save money and the Chinese labor was cheaper than the Caucasian labor. The labor from the Chinese was cheaper because they did not live like the Caucasians, they needed less money because they lived with lower standards.Saxton, Alexander, “The indispensable enemy; labor and the anti-Chinese movement in California”, p.5-6

The Chinese were often in competition with African-Americans in the labor market. In the south of the United States, July 1869, at an immigration convention at Memphis, a committee was formed to consolidate schemes for importing Chinese laborers into the south like the African-American.Aarim-Heriot, Najia, “Chinese immigrants, African Americans, and racial anxiety in the United States, ”, p.123

House (TV series) - Merchandise
For a charity auction, T-shirts bearing the phrase Everybody Lies were sold for a limited time starting on April 23, 2007, on Housecharitytees.com

Nettwerk released the House M.D. Original Television Soundtrack album on September 18, The soundtrack includes full length versions of songs featured in House and previously unreleased songs especially recorded for the series. In 2008, the Spanish game company Exelweiss designed a cellphone game for the show, which was released in both Spanish and English versions.

In June 2009, Legacy Interactive announced a licensing agreement with Universal Pictures Digital Platforms Group (UPDPG) to develop a video game based on the series, in which players step into the roles of House's diagnostic team to deal with five unusual medical cases

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