1. Progressive Reforms, American Foreign Policy, World War 1
United States History 2
Standards 13—15:
Progressive Reforms, American Foreign Policy, World War 1

2. United States History Standard 13:
Identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era.
Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and federal oversight of the meatpacking industry.
Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and the role of women in reform movements.
Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.
Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker.
Describe progressive reforms: initiative, recall, and referendum; direct election of senators; reform of labor laws; and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities.

3. The Progressive Era (1890-1920)
Around the 1890s, the Social Gospel movement inspired many middle-class white Christians to clean up social problems caused by Gilded Age industrialism:
Reforms included improving living conditions in urban slums, child labor, factory safety, women’s rights, alcohol abuse, & political corruption

4. Muckraking Journalism
History of Standard Oil helped push for the break-up of monopolies
The Jungle led the gov’t to pass the Meat Inspection Act in 1906
New “muckraking” journalism drew attention to social problems:
Popular magazines used investigative journalism & photos
Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil revealed John Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle led to inspections in meatpacking & improved sanitation

5. Progressive Reform in the States
Progressives made state governments more democratic:
Initiatives—citizens (not politicians) can put an issue on a state ballot & vote to make laws
Referendums—citizens vote on an issue (such as tax increases) suggested by state legislatures
Recalls—citizens can remove an elected official by popular vote
17th amendment allowed for the direct election of Senators

6. Progressive Reform in the States
Progressive presidents used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act & the Clayton Anti-Trust Act to break-up monopolies & created laws to regulate industries like the railroads
President Teddy Roosevelt thought monopolies (trusts) were OK but needed to be regulated to avoid corrupt business practices

7. Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago
Women Progressives
Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago
Some of the 1st reformers were educated, middle-class women:
Jane Addams created a settlement house in Chicago to give medicine, baths, & food to poor men in slums
Women led the movement to pass the 18th Amendment which outlawed alcohol (prohibition)
Their greatest success came with the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote

8. African-American Progressives
The condition of blacks in the early 20th century remained poor:
80% lived in rural areas, most as sharecroppers in the South
Faced segregation & violence
Niagara Movement (1905) led by W.E.B. Du Bios led to the formation of the National Assoc for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
Jim Crow Laws

9. Progressives Populists Socialists Muckrakers
Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and dangerous practices of the nation’s businesses in the early 20th century: 13 24 10
Progressives
Populists
Socialists
Muckrakers 1 2 3 4 5

10. The 19th amendment to the Constitution allowed for12 24
direct election of U.S. senators.
women's suffrage.
term limits for the presidency.
separate but equal public facilities. 10 1 2 3 4 5

11. Progressives Populists Socialists Muckrakers
They supported governmental regulation, not governmental ownership, of the nations industries and resources: 13 24 10
Progressives
Populists
Socialists
Muckrakers 1 2 3 4 5

12. This muckraking book exposed the unsanitary practices in the meat packing industry13 24 10
The Jungle
The Pit
The Octopus
Looking Backward 1 2 3 4 5

13. This was passed by Congress in 1890 in an attempt to regulate big business:13 24 10
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Monopoly Act
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1 2 3 4 5

14. United States History Standard 14:
Explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the 20th century.
Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast
Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism
Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal

15. Reasons for U.S. Expansion
Before 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on Manifest Destiny
Expansion after 1890s was different
Industrialism made Americans want more naval bases & markets in major trade routes
Social Darwinism pressured whites to “civilize” the world through democracy & Christianity
Europeans were imperializing so Americans felt pressure to as well

16. American Imperialism: From 1867 to 1899, the USA bought Alaska from Russia, annexed Hawaii, & declared an Open Door Policy (free trade) in China

17. Spanish-American War (1898)
Americans had always wanted to annex Cuba, but President McKinley promised to help (not take) Cuba
The key event in U.S. foreign policy was the Spanish-American War
When Cuba declared independence from Spain, the USA was not involved, until:
American newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” to boost sympathy for Cubans
In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

18. Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines
Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba
“What a splendid little war.”
—John Hay, Secretary of State
under President McKinley
The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle)

19. Effects of the Spanish-American War
When the war ended, the USA was seen as a world power & gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines, many Pacific islands

21. U.S. Dominance in Latin America
Teddy Roosevelt used “big stick” diplomacy to accomplish U.S. goals
Supported a revolution against Colombia to build the Panama Canal
When opened in 1914, the canal gave the USA a huge economic advantage in the Western Hemisphere

22. U.S. Dominance in Latin America
He issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claiming “police powers” to protect Latin America:
Roosevelt warned Europeans to stay out AND warned Latin Americans to be more responsible OR the U.S. would intervene

23. Who did American newspapers blame for the explosion on the USS Maine battleship that began the Spanish-American War? 18 24 10
American businessmen
The Cubans
The Spanish
The British 1 2 3 4 5

24. Against what country did the U.S. declare war in 1898?17 24 10
Cuba
Spain
Philippines
France 1 2 3 4 5

25. Who won the Spanish-American War?18 24 10
The United States
Mexico
Spain
The Philippines 1 2 3 4 5

26. negotiating with Columbia. buying Panama from Columbia.
How did the United States gain control of the land it needed to build the Panama Canal? 19 24
negotiating with Columbia.
buying Panama from Columbia.
Winning the Spanish-American War.
encouraging a revolution in Panama. 10 1 2 3 4 5

27. Europe Africa Latin America Canada
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine said that the United States would protect which part of the world? 10
Europe
Africa
Latin America
Canada 1 2 3 4 5

28. United States History Standard 15:
Analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I
Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare
Explain the domestic impact of World War I and the Great Migration
Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations
Describe passage of the 18th Amendment, (creation of Prohibition) and the 19th Amendment (establishing woman suffrage)

29. World War I
World War I began among European nations in 1914 because of:
Militaries—everyone expanded their armies & navies so no one would mess with them
Alliances—countries signed treaties to help each other
Imperialism—industrial nations competed for the same colonies
Nationalism—Some people wanted to form new countries

30. Outbreak of World War I
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by members of a Serbian terrorist group; this led to the outbreak of WWI

31. The Fight Starts
Germany invaded Belgium, a neutral country, and ally of Great Britain.

32. The Fight Starts
Germany initiated the Schlieffen Plan which strategized a holding action against Russia, while trying to catch the rest of Europe off guard by quickly invading Belguim on the way to Paris, France.

33. Schlieffen Plan

34. The Fight Starts
Great Britain immediately declares war on Germany and Germany's ally Austria-Hungary.

35. Europe during the war Europe before the war The Allied Powers
The Eastern Front
The Western Front
WW1 is a two-front war because Germany has to fight the Allies on both sides
The Central Powers

36. New, industrial weapons made this an unexpectedly deadly war which neither side seemed able to win
Both the Allies & Central Powers used total war by converting industrial factories to make war supplies, drafted men to fight, used propaganda, & rationed necessary goods in order to win

37. New Weapons (technology and types of Warfare)
Trench warfare- trenches were dug on both sides and both allies and central powers fought for an advantage. Only 7 yards of ground changed hands w/ a final casualty of over 1.2 m.

38. Trench Warfare

39. Technology at War
Both sides used new technology to attack more soldiers from greater distances.
Machine Guns
Airplanes and Airships
Poison Gas/ Gas Masks
Tanks
Submarines and U-Boats

40. The War at Home Espionage and Sedition Acts-
A person could be fined up to $10,00 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the war effort.
This clearly violated the 1st amendment, but there were nearly 2,000 prosecutions.

41. The USA enters WWI
When war was declared in Europe in 1914, President Wilson declared American neutrality; But the USA joined the war in 1917 due to:
German unrestricted submarine warfare & violation of free trade
Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico
Wilson hoped to “make the world safe for democracy”
The USA provided badly needed troops & supplies to the Allies

42. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning.

43. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy. A string of attacks on merchant ships followed, culminating in the sinking of the British ship Lusitania by a German U-boat on May 7, Although the Lusitania was a British ship and it was carrying a supply of munitions—Germany used these two facts to justify the attack—it was principally a passenger ship, and the 1,201 people who drowned in its sinking included 128 Americans. The incident prompted U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to send a strongly worded note to the German government demanding an end to German attacks against unarmed merchant ships. The German navy was persuaded to suspend U-boat warfare altogether.

44. U-Boat or German Submarine

45. Germany used “u-boats” to blockade England; sank many American ships

46. “Emotional” Wartime Propaganda
“The Flag of Liberty represents us all” Which groups are these posters targeting?
“Emotional” Wartime Propaganda

47. A Bureaucratic War
To coordinate the war effort, 5,000 new gov’t agencies were created
War Industries Board (WIB) oversaw all factories, decided priorities, & fixed prices
Food Admin supplied food to soldiers by appealing to civilians
Fuel Admin rationed coal & oil
RR Admin, War Shipping Board, & War Trade Board helped move resources to troops
Imposed “gasless” days & shut down factories for days to divert or conserve fuel
Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed “meatless” & “wheatless” days & encouraged Americans to plant “victory gardens” 18

48. New bureaucracies were created to mobilize America for participation in World War 1

49. Workers in the War
Because America needed more workers, women were able to better-paying jobs & many Southern blacks moved north for industrial jobs 20

50. How was WW1 a “world war”?

51. Russia was devastated by WWI, Vladimir Lenin & the Bolsheviks overthrew the gov’t & made Russia the world’s first Communist government

52. Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations
When WWI ended, U.S. president Wilson presented Fourteen Points
Wanted new nations formed out of Germany & Austria-Hungary
Wanted freedom of the seas & weaker militaries
Wanted a League of Nations to solve future problems

53. The Treaty of Versailles
President Wilson compromised many of his Fourteen Points to get a treaty as long as a League of Nations was created
The treaty was harsh on Germany & led to the outbreak of World War 2 in 1939

54. Russia turns Communist (USSR)
Europe before the war
Europe after the war
New countries!
Divided empires!
New countries!
New countries!
New countries!
New countries!
Divided empires!
New countries!
Russia turns Communist (USSR)

55. The USA never signed the treaty or joined the League of Nations because “strong reservationists” & “irreconcilables” in the Senate were afraid joining the League would pull the USA into future European wars

56. imperialism isolationism territorialism mercantilism
Which term best describes American non-involvement in world affairs before World War 1 12 24 10
imperialism
isolationism
territorialism
mercantilism 1 2 3 4 5

57. In 1914, the Central Powers included
Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.
Britain, France, and Russia.
Britain, France, and United States.
Switzerland, Turkey, and Romania. 12 24 10 1 2 3 4 5

58. The gathering of resources and the preparation of war is called:12 24 10
nationalism
propaganda
armistice
mobilization 1 2 3 4 5

59. Which event was most responsible in bringing the United States into World War I?12 24
German unrestricted submarine warfare.
formation of a system of European alliances.
proclamation of the Fourteen Points.
assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary 10 1 2 3 4 5

60. Titanic Maine Chesapeake Lusitania
In 1915, 128 Americans died as a result of the German submarine attack of: 12 24
Titanic
Maine
Chesapeake
Lusitania 10 1 2 3 4 5

61. Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan at the end of World War 1 was known as12 24 10
Zimmerman Note
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Versailles
Fourteen Points 1 2 3 4 5

62. The “irreconcilables” and “strong reservationists” in the U. S
The “irreconcilables” and “strong reservationists” in the U.S. Senate opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations because: 12 24
It would lead to a world-wide economic depression
It would hurt the United States economy
It would violate Wilson’s Fourteen Points
It would drag the USA into future European conflicts 10 1 2 3 4 5