1. Properties of Matter

2. What is matter?
Anything made of particles. It has mass and volume (takes up space). Matter can be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.

3. Physical Property- A trait of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of the matter. No chemical reactions allowed!

4. 1. Color – how the object absorbs and reflects light

5. 2. Texture – how the substance looks and feels.

6. 3. Temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles in a substance.

7. 4. Mass
The amount of matter in an object (in g or kg).

8. 5. Volume
The amount of space an object occupies (in mL, L, cm3, m3, etc.)

9. 6. Density – the ratio of mass to volume; reflects the degree of packing of particles in matter.
D = m/v

10. Lowest density element:
Hydrogen
g/cm3

11. Highest density element:
Osmium
23 g/cm3

12. 7. Luster
The way that a substance reflects light (metallic, non-metallic, glassy, pearly, dull).

13. 8. Ductility
Ability of a substance to be stretched into a wire.

14. 9. Malleability
Ability of a substance to be hammered flat and to retain the new shape.

15. 10. State (phase) of matter
What is the 4th state of matter (rare on Earth)?

16. Melting Point/Freezing Point -
The exact temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid or a liquid becomes a solid.
For H2O, what temperature is this?
12) Boiling Point/ Condensation Point -
The exact temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas or a gas becomes a liquid.
EVERY PURE SUBSTANCE HAS AN EXACT MELTING/FREEZING POINT AND AN EXACT BOILING/CONDENSATION POINT!

17. Intensive vs. Extensive Properties of Matter
Intensive property- One that DOES NOT depend on the amount of the substance present.
Examples so far:
Extensive property- One that DOES depend on the amount of the substance present.

18. Intensive properties are determined by the chemical composition of the particles and their structure (arrangement). (intensive ~ internal)

19. Extensive Properties
Depend only on the number of particles, not on their composition or internal arrangement.
(extensive ~ external)

20. Chemical Property- A trait of matter that can only be observed if a substance has the property. In the process of testing the chemical property, the substance changes composition if it has that property. i.e. Does the substance chemically “react with” something else?

21. Reactivity with oxygen :
rusting (iron)
tarnishing (silver, copper, brass, etc)

22. 2) Reactivity with water:

23. 3) Reactivity with acids or bases:

24. Combustibility or Flammability:

25. 5) Chemical formula (chemical composition):
What something is made of is always a chemical property.
Ex: rust is Fe2O3
water is H2O
diamond is C

26. All chemical properties are intensive. None are extensive.
Why?
Because chemical properties never depend on how much of a substance is present, but only on what kind of particles make up the substance.

27. What is a Characteristic Property?

28. A characteristic property is
- a distinctive property that helps you determine the identity of a material.
Properties that ARE characteristic:
Properties that are NOT characteristic:

29. Take out your notes from yesterday…
A few more physical properties that have to do with today’s lab activity…….

30. 13. Hardness Measure of how easily a material is scratched.
MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE 10
Diamond
6.5
Ceramic
5.5
Glass
3.5
Penny
2.5
Fingernail 1
Talc

31. What is the hardness of a material that scratched your fingernail but not a penny?
MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE 10
Diamond
6.5
Ceramic
5.5
Glass
3.5
Penny
2.5
Fingernail 1
Talc

32. The color left behind when a material is rubbed against a porcelain plate (warning: streak can be white).
14. Streak

33. 14. Shape (the shape of crystals is called “habit”).

34. Some common crystal shapes/habits.
Cubic
Octahedral
Rhombohedral
Amorphous

35. Which are better characteristic properties?
Intensive properties, or
Extensive properties?

36. Intensive properties make the best characteristic properties because…
Intensive properties are determined by the composition and structure of matter. They never change!